Comparison of the Precision and Accuracy of Digital Versus Analogue Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Systems Used in INAA for Evaluation of Homogeneity and Certification of Reference Materials of the IAEA

Performance of three commercial gamma-ray spectrometric systems was evaluated for precision and accuracy prior to use in characterization of reference materials. Two of the systems were based on fast processing of the analogue signal from the amplifier (EGG Ortec model 672) using a loss free counting module (Canberra model LFC 599) interfaced to one of two analog-to-digital converters (Canberra models 8713 or 8715). The third system was based on a digital signal processor (Canberra model DSP 9660). Performance of the systems was tested over a range of count rates up to a maximum of 70,000 counts per second (dead time up to 90%) using ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs sources. Best resolution was achieved with an analogue system with ADC 8713. The analytical results obtained with the digital system show the lowest and well-quantified uncertainty.     

Use of INAA, PIXE and XRF in Homogeneity Testing of New IAEA Reference Air Filters

About 250 sets of polycarbonate (Nuclepore, Costar) membrane filters loaded with two urban air particulate matter (APM) obtained in Vienna and Prague were prepared by filtration of a watter suspension of the above APM materials. The homogeneity of both bulk APM materials and the loaded filters was tested by determining a number of elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and micro-X-ray fluorescence (-XRF). Relative standard deviations due to inhomogeneity (s _inh ) were below 3% for many elements in the bulk APM materials. In the loaded filters, the s _inh values increased significantly. Nevertheless, for up to 20 elements important in air pollution studies the s _inh values were below 15%, allowing target values with a reasonably low uncertainties (up to 20%) to be derived for the future use of the filters in proficiency testing of laboratories involved in air pollution monitoring.     

NAA Study on Homogeneity of Reference Materials and their Suitability for Microanalytical Techniques

Homogeneity of the existing (Virginia Tobacco Leaves CTA-VTL-2 (ICHTJ), Apatite Concentrate CTA-AC-1 (ICHTJ), Fine Fly Ash CTA-FFA-1 (ICHTJ) and candidate certified reference materials (CRMs) (IAEA-338 Lichen, IAEA-413 Algae, Spruce Shoots RMF II (Germany)) was studied by neutron activation analysis (NAA). Several samples of small mass (ca. 1 or 10 mg) taken from various containers were analyzed by instrumental NAA and the results for several elements were compared by Fisher's test and t-test with analogous series of results for samples taken from one container. In the second approach, sampling variance was estimated for some elements from overall variance and the components of analytical variance. The results were interpreted with the aid of Ingamells' sampling constant. Particle size distribution of the reference materials was also measured by several techniques. In addition quantitative determinations for some elements were performed and results compared with the certified values. The results of the present study were discussed with reference to suitability of CRMs to microanalytical techniques. It was pointed out that the term "microanalysis" itself is not always unequivocally understood and used.     

X射线荧光光谱法在电气石标准物质均匀性检验中的应用

采用粉末压片–X射线荧光光谱法对电气石标准物质候选物的均匀性进行检验。选择Si,Al,Mg,Fe,Ca,Na等6个元素作为检验元素,样品以随机方式进行测量,根据单因素方差分析的F值和测定值的相对标准偏差(RSD)判定样品的均匀性,并计算了检测方法的误差和样品不均匀误差。结果表明,方差检验的F计算值在0.80~1.93之间,小于F临界值1.96,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于0.9%;检测方法相对标准偏差和样品不均匀度(以RSD表示)均小于0.5%,说明制备的电气石标准物质候选物具有良好的均匀性。通过公式计算,确定最小取样量为200 mg。该方法无需湿法分解样品,绿色环保,简便快速,测定结果精密度高。     

Determination of Cesium,Thorium and Uranium in IAEA Standard Reference Materials by ICP-MS

The collaborative analysis of the selected biological reference materials for use in Coordinated Research Programme. A method has been presented for determination of Reference Values of Cs,Th and U in 6 Kinds of SRM including NIST-SRM 1548 and 1548a Total Diet,SRM 1486 Bone Meal,SRM 8414 Bovine Muscle Powder,SRM 1575 Pine Needles and SRM 1566a Oyster Tissue provided by IAEA useing Elan 5000 ICP-MS (P-E/SCIEX).     

An investigation of homogeneity within micro-areas of IAEA Urban Dust reference materials by the scanning proton microprobe technique

In order to develop new reference materials for microanalytical nuclear techniques, the Scanning Proton Microprobe (SPM) technique was used to determine homogeneity levels within 100 × 200 μm² areas on small pieces of IAEA Urban Dust reference materials. The experimental methods are described in detail. The results show that IAEA-396A/M Vienna Urban Dust is homogeneous enough for an SRM (≤ 10% for Si, S, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) for small sample analysis.     

金属化学标准样品均匀性复检计算优化方案

根据本所多年制作金属化学标准样品和原子吸收光谱仪器进行各种标准样品均匀性复检的实际工作经验,对全国通用的该均匀性复检的统计数学模式所存在的问题从数理和实际运用上加以探讨。加了重要的模式计算的限定条件,编制了更合理优化的计算机程序。以使得各类化学和仪器的分析的标准样品的均匀性复检统计荼更准确可靠。     

Analysis of thin films for industrial applications with a Scanning Auger Microprobe

Summary A commercial type Scanning Auger Microprobe has been applied to the analysis of industrial thin-film systems. The structure of sputter deposited WSi_x multilayer systems for microelectronic applications has been studied by ion beam produced tapered sections, and small inclusions within the sublayer have been identified by AES. Discoloured dots in a heat and sun protective layer structure have been referred to pinholes in the outermost oxidic sublayer and to the contamination of the reactive species S and Cl.

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Analyse von industriellen Dünnschichtproben mit der Scanning-Auger-Mikrosonde

     

XRF检验标准物质中痕量元素的匀性

本文讨论了用Ｘ射线荧光光谱检验标准物质中痕量元素的均匀性时，可根据峰和背景强度确定能否用ＸＲＦ进行检验，以及相应于一定精度度要求的浓度下限（可检浓度），并以大米和岩石标准物质为例，计算了Ｃ－的可检浓度。还指出，作为均匀性检验量应采用浓度或净强度，尤其是对于痕量元素，最后说明了样品基体对可检浓度和最小样品量的影响。     

Certified Reference Materials for Micro-Analysis of Carbon and Nitrogen

Quantitative analysis by electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) is usually carried out by reference to materials of known composition (standards) but because of the low X-ray yield arising from electron bombardment of low atomic number elements there is a particular problem when analysing these elements. This paper addresses the problem by describing briefly the production and certification of reference materials for two elements, carbon and nitrogen. Cementite (Fe₃C), a line compound, was chosen as a suitable material for carbon and -Fe₄N for nitrogen. The compounds were produced by, respectively, carburising or nitriding pure iron under carefully controlled conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on a homogeneity study, background correction methods and methodology validation using these reference materials. A linear relationship was established between the certified content of the material and zero. Certified values (6.69±k 0.13wt% C and 5.77±k 0.094wt% N) were assigned for the composition, where k is the coverage factor.     

化肥成分分析系列标准物质研制

研制了尿素、磷酸氢二铵、氯化钾、高氮磷低氯复合肥、高氮低氯复合肥、高钾硫基复合肥、高钾中氯复合肥、高磷低氯复合肥和平衡型硫基复合肥系列化肥标准物质,样品严格按照相关标准要求进行采集、加工制备、均匀性检验、稳定性检验,由15家不同行业的权威实验室进行协作定值,并对不确定度进行评定。结果表明,样品粒度分布满足样品加工要求,具有良好的均匀性和稳定性。本系列化肥标准物质共定值45项元素(指标),包括N、P_2O_5、水溶性P_2O_5、有效性P_2O_5、K_2O、S、Cl、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、B、Se、Ge、Fe、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、Ti、V、Mn、Co、Sr、Mo、Ba、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu,量值准确可靠、不确定度范围评估合理,符合国家一级标准物质的要求。研制的9个化肥化学成分标准物质定值的元素含量梯度范围合理,填补了国内复合肥料标准物质空白,可为化肥样品分析质量控制、实验室仪器校准、分析方法和实验室检测能力验证与评价提供基础技术支撑。     

碳化硼成分分析标准物质的研制

介绍碳化硼成分分析标准物质的制备方法。以硼酸和蔗糖为原材料,酯化反应得到硼酸酯沉淀,经过烧结制备碳化硼粉体。用低温前驱体裂解法制备碳化硼成分分析标准物质,并进行了均匀性检验、稳定性考察,采用8家实验室协作定值,对定值结果的不确定度进行了评定。结果表明,研制的碳化硼成分分析标准物质具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,量值准确可靠,定值结果的相对扩展不确定度为0.003 1%~0.13%(k=2)。     

酶标分析仪波长标准物质的研制

以硫化锌为高折射材料和冰晶石为低反射材料,利用真空镀膜技术、光学极值法检测膜厚技术镀制了窄带全介质干涉滤光片,K9玻璃为薄膜保护层,采用切割、粗磨、精磨、抛光、镀膜等光学工艺制得酶标分析仪波长标准物质,经均匀性、稳定性考核合格后,由紫外可见近红外分光光度计标准装置对标准物质定值。研制的酶标分析仪波长标准物质定制结果扩展不确定度为0.7 nm(k=2),使用方便,量值准确、稳定,技术指标满足酶标分析仪波长示值误差及重复性检定/校准工作的需要。     

国外标准参考物研制信息

美国国家标准与工艺研究所(NIST)以制作和供应标准参考物著称于世,现将该所研制参考物的动态报道如下。     

Reference Materials for the Analysis of Organic Compounds of Environmental and Occupational Concern

Summary

The requirements, preparation, purification, characterisation, determination and certification of purity, utilisation and handling of reference materials for the analysis of organic pollutants found in the environment and workplace are reviewed in relation to specific groups of organic compounds.     

化肥成分分析系列标准物质研制

研制了尿素、磷酸氢二铵、氯化钾、高氮磷低氯复合肥、高氮低氯复合肥、高钾硫基复合肥、高钾中氯复合肥、高磷低氯复合肥和平衡型硫基复合肥系列化肥标准物质,样品严格按照相关标准要求进行采集、加工制备、均匀性检验、稳定性检验,由15家不同行业的权威实验室进行协作定值,并对不确定度进行评定。结果表明,样品粒度分布满足样品加工要求,具有良好的均匀性和稳定性。本系列化肥标准物质共定值45项元素(指标),包括N、P₂O₅、水溶性P₂O₅、有效性P₂O₅、K₂O、S、Cl、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、B、Se、Ge、Fe、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、Ti、V、Mn、Co、Sr、Mo、Ba、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu,量值准确可靠、不确定度范围评估合理,符合国家一级标准物质的要求。研制的9个化肥化学成分标准物质定值的元素含量梯度范围合理,填补了国内复合肥料标准物质空白,可为化肥样品...     

ITO成分分析标准物质的研制

研制3种掺杂铁、铜、铅、锌、钙、镁金属元素的氧化铟锡(ITO)成分分析标准物质。采用溶胶凝胶和共沉淀相结合的方法制备标准物质候选物,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法对其进行均匀性、稳定性检验及定值分析。采用8家具有资质的实验室对研制的标准物质进行协作定值,对定值结果的不确定度进行评定。结果表明:研制的ITO成分分析标准物质具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,3种标准物质中氧化锡含量在1%~10%之间,相对扩展不确定度为0.7%~6.6%(k=2);6种掺杂元素含量在0.05%~0.30%之间,相对扩展不确定度为3.4%~11%(k=2)。