Solution of two-dimensional scattering problem in piezoelectric/piezomagnetic media using a polarization method

Using a polarization method, the scattering problem for a two-dimensional inclusion embedded in infinite piezoelectric/piezomagnetic matrices is investigated. To achieve the purpose, the polarization method for a two-dimensional piezoelectric/piezo-magnetic "comparison body" is formulated. For simple harmonic motion, kernel of the polarization method reduces to a 2-D time-harmonic Green's function, which is ob-tained using the Radon transform. The expression is further simplified under condi-tions of low frequency of the incident wave and small diameter of the inclusion. Some analytical expressions are obtained. The analytical solutions for generalized piezoelec-tric/piezomagnetic anisotropic composites are given followed by simplified results for piezoelectric composites. Based on the latter results, two numerical results are provided for an elliptical cylindrical inclusion in a PZT-5H-matrix, showing the effect of different factors including size, shape, material properties, and piezoelectricity on the scattering cross-section.     

Analysis of the electromechanical behavior of ferroelectric ceramics based on a nonlinear finite element model

A nonlinear finite element (FE) model based on domain switching was proposed to study the electromechanical behavior of ferroelectric ceramics. The incremental FE formulation was improved to avoid any calculation instability. The problems of mesh sensitivity and convergence, and the efficiency of the proposed nonlinear FE technique have been assessed to illustrate the versatility and potential accuracy of the said technique. The nonlinear electromechanical behavior, such as the hysteresis loops and butterfly curves, of ferroelectric ceramics subjected to both a uniform electric field and a point electric potential has been studied numerically. The results obtained are in good agreement with those of the corresponding theoretical and experimental analyses. Furthermore, the electromechanical coupling fields near (a) the boundary of a circular hole, (b) the boundary of an elliptic hole and (c) the tip of a crack, have been analyzed using the proposed nonlinear finite element method (FEM). The proposed nonlinear electromechanically coupled FEM is useful for the analysis of domain switching, deformation and fracture of ferroelectric ceramics.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10025209, 10132010 and 90208002), the Research Grants of the Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (HKU7086/02E) and the Key Grant Project of the Chinese Ministry of Education (0306)     

Semi-permeable crack analysis in a 2D magnetoelectroelastic medium based on the EMPS model

For a crack in a magnetoelectroelastic plane under the electrically and magnetically semi-permeable boundary condition, we derive the non-linear analytical solution of the strip electric–magnetic polarization saturation (EMPS) model. Using the extended dislocation theory and integral equation method, we obtain the electric and magnetic yielding zones, as well as the field intensity factor and local J-integral. Adapting an iterative method, numerical examples were performed to analyze the effect of different boundary conditions and the electric–magnetic saturated properties on the electric displacement and magnetic induction in the crack cavity, electric and magnetic yielding zones, stress intensity factor and local J-integral.     

The behavior of a crack in functionally graded piezoelectric/piezomagnetic materials under anti-plane shear loading

Summary In this paper, the behavior of a crack in functionally graded piezoelectric/piezomagnetic materials subjected to an anti-plane shear loading is investigated. To make the analysis tractable, it is assumed that the material properties vary exponentially with the coordinate parallel to the crack. By using a Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with the help of a pair of dual integral equations in which the unknown variable is the jump of the displacements across the crack surfaces. These equations are solved using the Schmidt method. The relations among the electric displacement, the magnetic flux and the stress field near the crack tips are obtained. Numerical examples are provided to show the effect of the functionally graded parameter on the stress intensity factors of the crack.The authors are grateful for financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Hei Long Jiang Province (A0301), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50232030, 10172030), the Natural Science Foundation with Excellent Young Investigators of Hei Long Jiang Province(JC04-08) and the National Science Foundation with Excellent Young Investigators (10325208).     

动力模型修正中逆特征值问题的数值解法

本文提出了一种参数型动力模型修正的方法．因为这种方法与经典的逆特征值问题的提法是一致的，所以先建立起与逆问题等价的关于设计参数的非线性方程组，然后构造出可以用Ｎｅｗｔｏｗ法求解的格式．数值仿真结果表明本文方法具有较好的收敛性和较高的计算精度．     

Development and validation of a viscoelastic finite element model of an L2/L3 motion segment

The prediction of the time dependent response of the spine to dynamic loading conditions is essential in understanding the injury mechanisms leading to occupationally related low back disorders (OLBD). Many previous finite element (FE) models of the lumbar spine have over-simplified the geometry and the material properties of their elements, yielding results limited generalizability. This study reports on the development and validation of a nonlinear viscoelastic FE model that can quantify the mechanical responses of the L2/L3 motion segment to time varying external loads. This model was developed by consideration of the intrinsic material properties of its individual constituents. A piecewise parameter identification method was adopted due to the inherent complexity in determining the role and contribution of each element to the overall behavior of the motion segment. The results of simulation of four loading conditions (quasistatic, constant loading rate, creep and cyclic relaxation) showed a satisfactory agreement with experimental observations in the literature. The detailed estimates of the state of stress/strain of this validated FE model can be used to test the role of epidemiological risk factors such as prolonged awkward posture, speed of lift (strain rate effect) and complex repetitive loading in OLBD.     

A finite element/volume method model of the depth‐averaged horizontally 2D shallow water equations

Analysis of surface water flows is of central importance in understanding and predicting a wide range of water engineering issues. Dynamics of surface water is reasonably well described using the shallow water equations (SWEs) with the hydrostatic pressure assumption. The SWEs are nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations that are in general required to be solved numerically. Application of a simple and efficient numerical model is desirable for solving the SWEs in practical problems. This study develops a new numerical model of the depth‐averaged horizontally 2D SWEs referred to as 2D finite element/volume method (2D FEVM) model. The continuity equation is solved with the conforming, standard Galerkin FEM scheme and momentum equations with an upwind, cell‐centered finite volume method scheme, utilizing the water surface elevation and the line discharges as unknowns aligned in a staggered manner. The 2D FEVM model relies on neither Riemann solvers nor high‐resolution algorithms in order to serve as a simple numerical model. Water at a rest state is exactly preserved in the model. A fully explicit temporal integration is achieved in the model using an efficient approximate matrix inversion method. A series of test problems, containing three benchmark problems and three experiments of transcritical flows, are carried out to assess accuracy and versatility of the model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Introduction of turbulent model in a mixed finite volume/finite element method

The aim of this work is to present a new numerical method to compute turbulent flows in complex configurations. With this in view, a k-? model with wall functions has been introduced in a mixed finite volume/finite element method. The numerical method has been developed to deal with compressible flows but is also able to compute nearly incompressible flows. The physical model and the numerical method are first described, then validation results for an incompressible flow over a backward-facing step and for a supersonic flow over a compression ramp are presented. Comparisons are performed with experimental data and with other numerical results. These simulations show the ability of the present method to predict turbulent flows, and this method will be applied to simulate complex industrial flows (flow inside the combustion chamber of gas turbine engines). The main goal of this paper is not to test turbulence models, but to show that this numerical method is a solid base to introduce more sophisticated turbulence model.     

Incorporation of twinning into a crystal plasticity finite element model: Evolution of lattice strains and texture in Zircaloy-2

A crystal plasticity finite element code is developed to model lattice strains and texture evolution of HCP crystals. The code is implemented to model elastic and plastic deformation considering slip and twinning based plastic deformation. The model accounts for twinning reorientation and growth. Twinning, as well as slip, is considered to follow a rate dependent formulation. The results of the simulations are compared to previously published in situ neutron diffraction data. Experimental results of the evolution of the texture and lattice strains under uniaxial tension/compression loading along the rolling, transverse, and normal direction of a piece of rolled Zircaloy-2 are compared with model predictions. The rate dependent formulation introduced is capable of correctly capturing the influence of slip and twinning deformation on lattice strains as well as texture evolution.     

基于内聚力理论的二维二次界面单元在ABAQUS中的UEL程序实现

依据有限元理论,结合内聚力模型法则,推导出二维二次粘结界面单元在大位移情况下的数值格式,得到用形函数表示的单元位移模式、载荷向量和刚度矩阵,并进行了离散化。基于ABAQUS软件的自定义扩展模块,编制了相应的用户单元子程序UEL,通过数值算例验证了该程序的准确性和有效性。这一成果能为在ABAQUS软件中开展相关数值研究,以及开发其他类型的内聚力界面有限单元提供思路和参考。     

An implementation of the Spalart–Allmaras DES model in an implicit unstructured hybrid finite volume/element solver for incompressible turbulent flow

In this paper, we describe an implicit hybrid finite volume (FV)/element (FE) incompressible Navier–Stokes solver for turbulent flows based on the Spalart–Allmaras detached eddy simulation (SA‐DES). The hybrid FV/FE solver is based on the segregated pressure correction or projection method. The intermediate velocity field is first obtained by solving the original momentum equations with the matrix‐free implicit cell‐centered FV method. The pressure Poisson equation is solved by the node‐based Galerkin FE method for an auxiliary variable. The auxiliary variable is closely related to the real pressure and is used to update the velocity field and the pressure field. We store the velocity components at cell centers and the auxiliary variable at vertices, making the current solver a staggered‐mesh scheme. The SA‐DES turbulence equation is solved after the velocity and the pressure fields have been updated at the end of each time step. The same matrix‐free FV method as the one used for momentum equations is used to solve the turbulence equation. The turbulence equation provides the eddy viscosity, which is added to the molecular viscosity when solving the momentum equation. In our implementation, we focus on the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of the SA‐DES model in a hybrid flow solver. This paper will address important implementation issues for high‐Reynolds number flows where highly stretched elements are typically used. In addition, some aspects of implementing the SA‐DES model will be described to ensure the robustness of the turbulence model. Several numerical examples including a turbulent flow past a flat plate and a high‐Reynolds number flow around a high angle‐of‐attack NACA0015 airfoil will be presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our current implementation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A 2D finite element based on a nonlocal constitutive model describing localization and propagation of phase transformation in shape memory alloy thin structures

Here, the effects of localization and propagation of martensitic phase transformation on the response of SMA thin structures subjected to thermo-mechanical loadings are investigated using nonlocal constitutive model in conjunction with finite element method. The governing equations are derived based on variational principle considering thermo-mechanical equilibrium and the spatial distribution of the nonlocal volume fraction of martensite during transformation. The nonlocal volume fraction of martensite is defined as a weighted average of the local volume fraction of martensite over a domain characterized by an internal length parameter. The local version of the thermo-mechanical behavior model derived from micromechanics considers the local volume fraction of martensite and the mean transformation strain. A 4-noded quadrilateral plane stress element with three degrees of freedom per node accounting for in-plane displacements and the nonlocal volume fraction of martensite is developed. Numerical simulations are conducted to bring out the influence of material and geometrical heterogeneities (perturbations/defects) on the localization and propagation of phase transformation in SMA thin structures. Also, a sensitivity analysis of the material response due to the localization and the other related model parameters is carried out. The detailed investigation done here clearly shows that the localization of phase transformation has significant effect on the response of shape memory alloys.     

渤、黄、东海二维潮汐模式底摩擦系数的反演研究

一种新的底摩擦系数处理方法是假定底摩擦系数具有空间分布特征,即在海区中选取一些点作为独立底摩擦系数,计算区域中任意点的底摩擦系数都可由这些独立底摩擦系数通过线性插值得到。采用伴随同化方法对空间分布底摩擦系数的研究表明,与传统的底摩擦系数处理方法相比,空间分布的底摩擦系数模拟精度更高。探讨了根据地形的空间分布特征选取独立底摩擦系数的做法,所做的孪生实验和实际实验均表明,与均匀选取的结果相比,在独立变量个数减少三分之一的情况下,数值模拟的精度反而得以提高。得到的渤、黄、东海底摩擦系数分布表明,东海等深水区及地形复杂的区域底摩擦系数比较大。     

k‐Version of finite element method in 2‐D polymer flows: Oldroyd‐B constitutive model

In this paper, a new mathematical framework based on h, p, k and variational consistency (VC) of the integral forms is utilized to develop a finite element computational process of two‐dimensional polymer flows utilizing Oldroyd‐B constitutive model. Alternate forms of the choices of dependent variables in the governing differential equations (GDEs) are considered and is concluded that u, v, p, τ choice yielding strong form of the GDEs is meritorious over others. It is shown that: (a) since, the differential operator in the GDEs is non‐linear, Galerkin method and Galerkin method with weak form are variationally inconsistent (VIC). The coefficient matrices in these processes are non‐symmetric and hence may have partial or completely complex basis and thus the resulting computational processes may be spurious. (b) Since the VC of the VIC integral forms cannot be restored through any mathematically justifiable means, the computational processes in these approaches always have possibility of spurious solutions. (c) Least squares process utilizing GDEs in u, v, p, τ (strong form of the GDEs) variables (as well as others) is variationally consistent. The coefficient matrices are always symmetric and positive definite and hence always have a real basis and thus naturally yield computational processes that are free of spurious solutions. (d) The theoretical solution of the GDEs are generally of higher order global differentiability. Numerical simulations of such solutions in which higher order global differentiability characteristics of the theoretical solution are preserved, undoubtedly requires local approximations in higher order scalar product spaces . (e) LSP with local approximations in spaces provide an incomparable mathematical and computational framework in which it is possible to preserve desired characteristics of the theoretical solution in the computational process. Numerical studies are presented for fully developed flow between parallel plates and a lid driven square cavity. M1 fluid is used in all numerical studies. The range of applicability of the Oldroyd‐B model or lack of it is examined for both model problems for increasing De. A mathematical idealization of the corners where stationary wall meets the lid is presented and is shown to simulate the real physics when the local approximations are in higher order spaces and when h_d→0. For both model problems shear rate is examined in the flow domain to establish validity of the Oldroyd‐B constitutive model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.