Conjugate heat transfer with radiation from a vertical circular pin in a non-newtonian ambient medium

An analysis is presented for the heat transfer characteristics of a steady, laminar, mixed convective flow of power-law type non-Newtonian fluid over a circular pin by the conjugate convection-conduction theory including radiative effects under optically thick limit approximation. Numerical results are presented for the dimensionless heat transfer coefficients, local and overall heat fluxes and temperature distribution of the pin by a simultaneous solution of the convective boundary layer equations of the fluid and the energy equation of the pin.     

Distribution of Friction Heat Between a Stationary Pin and Rotating Ring

The analysis of the heat distribution between a stationary pin and rotating ring was considered. To solution of the governing quasi-stationary heat conductivity equation the finite Fourier transform was used. The convective cooling from outer and internal surface of the ring as the boundary conditions were considered. The ring surface temperature, the average temperature on the ring surface and the heat distribution coefficient for the studied system were determined. The numerical results for the temperatures and heat distribution coefficient which demonstrated the effects of the Biot number and internal radius of the ring on them, were presented.     

在氮气介质中WC-Co/Ti6Al4V摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能研究

在THT07-135型高温摩擦磨损试验机上采用销-盘式接触形式,研究了WC-Co硬质合金/Ti6Al4V钛合金摩擦副在氮气介质中的摩擦磨损性能,并与空气介质中的摩擦磨损性能进行对比.结果表明:与空气介质相比,在氮气介质中WC-Co/Ti6Al4V摩擦副的摩擦系数稍低;WC-Co硬质合金比Ti6Al4V钛合金的磨损量低得多,氮气介质具有一定的减磨作用;钛合金材料的主要磨损机理为摩擦副之间产生较强的犁沟与挤压撕裂,而硬质合金的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损与粘结剥落.     

超高分子量聚乙烯/Al_2O_3生物摩擦学特性的研究

在自制销 -盘摩擦磨损试验机上评价了超高分子量聚乙烯 (UHMWPE)与 Al2 O3陶瓷摩擦副在干摩擦和生理盐水、蒸馏水及人血浆润滑条件下的摩擦学特性 ,用扫描电镜观察试样磨损表面形貌并分析磨损机理 .结果表明 :在干摩擦和生理盐水及蒸馏水润滑条件下的起始摩擦系数较接近 ,血浆润滑条件下的起始摩擦系数最低 ;稳态摩擦系数在干摩擦时最大 ,蒸馏水润滑条件下最小 ,生理盐水和人血浆润滑条件下较接近并比蒸馏水润滑下的高 ;干摩擦下UHMWPE的磨损率最大 ,血浆润滑条件下的最小 .干摩擦下 UHMWPE磨损表面可见大量不规则的细小纤维状磨屑 ,蒸馏水润滑下 UHMWPE磨损表面可见明显的塑性变形和疲劳剥落迹象 ,而血浆润滑条件下 UHMWPE磨损表面则可见大量的疲劳微裂纹     

Multi‐objective optimization of a rotating cooling channel with staggered pin‐fins for heat transfer augmentation

A rotating channel with staggered pin‐fins is formulated numerically and optimized for performance (heat transfer/required pumping power) using a Kriging meta‐model and hybrid multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm. Two design variables related to cooling channel height, pin diameter, and spacing between the pins are selected for optimization, and two‐objective functions related to the heat transfer and friction loss are employed. A design of experiment is performed, and 20 designs are generated by Latin hypercube sampling. The objective function values are evaluated using a Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes solver, and a Kriging model is constructed to obtain a Pareto‐optimal front through a multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm. Rotation in a cooling channel with staggered pin‐fins induces Coriolis force that causes a heat transfer discrepancy between the trailing (pressure) and leading (suction) surfaces, with a higher Nusselt number on the trailing surface. The tradeoff between the two competing objective functions is determined, and the distribution of the Pareto‐optimal solutions in the design space is discussed through k‐means clustering. In the optimal designs, with a decrease in spacing between the pins, heat transfer is enhanced whereas friction loss is increased. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transient forced convection heat transfer in a channel

A numerical analysis is made of incompressible transient turbulent flow heat transfer between two parallel plates when there is a step jump in space along the channel in wall heat flux or wall temperature. The variation of the fluid velocity and effective diffusivity over the channel cross section are accounted for. The fluid is assumed to have a fully-developed turbulent velocity profile throughout the length of the channel. The thermal responses of the system are obtained by solving energy equation for air by a digital computer. The results are presented in graphical forms. The stability of the finite difference solution is studied and condition for the stability of the difference solution is derived. A method is given to obtain velocity distributions from the distribution of turbulent eddy diffusivity of momentum. Variations of Nusselt numbers are obtained as a function of time and space. Steady-state values are also given and compared with the published results.     

Influence of the temporal profile of the contact pressure on the maximal temperature in pad/disc tribosystem

The solution to a thermal problem of friction during braking for a pad/disc (strip/semi-space) tribosystem with a time-dependence upon friction power is obtained. The convective cooling on an upper surface of a strip and the heat transfer through a contact surface are considered, too. The influence of duration of increase in pressure from zero (at the initial moment of time) to nominal value (at the moment of a stop) on the maximal temperature for a friction pair metal-ceramic pad/cast iron disc is studied.     

Numerical solution of moving boundary problem in a finite domain

The temperature distribution in two regions and the location of moving interface during freezing in a finite domain is studied numerically. The differential equations governing the process of heat transfer in two regions are converted to initial value problem of vector matrix form. The solution of this initial value problem is utilized iteratively in the interface heat flux equation to determine interface location as well as the temperature distribution in two regions. The whole analysis is presented in a nondimensional form and the results thus obtained are discussed in detail. Received on 4 March 1998     

Numerical study of sliding wear caused by a loaded pin on a rotating disc

A computational approach is proposed to predict the sliding wear caused by a loaded spherical pin contacting a rotating disc, a condition typical of the so-called pin-on-disc test widely used in tribological studies. The proposed framework relies on the understanding that, when the pin contacts and slides on the disc, a predominantly plane strain region exists at the centre of the disc wear track. The wear rate in this plane strain region can therefore be determined from a two dimensional idealisation of the contact problem, reducing the need for computationally expensive three dimensional contact analyses. Periodic unit cell techniques are used in conjunction with a ratchetting-based failure criterion to predict the wear rate in the central plane strain region. The overall three dimensional wear rate of the disc is then determined by scaling the plane strain wear rate with a conversion factor related to the predicted shape of the wear track. The approach is used to predict pin-on-disc test data from an Al-Si coating using a tungsten carbide pin. The predicted results are found to be consistent with measured data.     

力学环境约束下剪切销可靠性分析及优化设计

剪切销是火工装置关键部件,其可靠性不仅表现为点火作用下可靠剪断,还表现为受力学环境激励不发生断裂。本文中以多项式混沌展开方法为基础,建立了力学环境约束下的剪切销分析模型,结合序贯优化与可靠性分析方法,提出了剪切销可靠性优化设计的思路。以某型火工作动装置为应用实例,依据实用的力学环境,进行了剪切销可靠性分析及优化设计,揭示了设计参数与力学环境之间的关系,并获得了影响可靠性的关键参数。最后,开展了优化后的火工作动装置实验测试,结果佐证了优化设计的有效性。     

钢—铜摩损过程中磨粒积聚的分形研究

在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上考察45^#钢-铜合金摩擦副的磨损性能,按一定时间间隔收集磨损过程中积聚的金属磨粒,然后用光学显微镜对不同粒径范围内的磨粒进行计数和分形研究。研究结果表明：不同粒径的金属磨粒所对应的积聚数呈现明显的分形特征,小磨粒积聚和大磨粒积聚表现出不同的分形特征,并具有双重分形现象;磨损过程中的磨粒积聚分形特征对应于某一粒径尺度的分形转折点,该分形转折点的坐标位置与磨损状态相关,因此确定分形转折点有助于甄别磨损状态。     

Convective heat transfer and pressure loss in rectangular ducts with drop-shaped pin fins

It has been experimentally researched that convective heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics in rectangular channels with staggered arrays of drop-shaped pin fins in crossflow of air. The effects of arrangements of pin fins on heat transfer and resistance are discussed and the row-by-row variations of the mean Nusselt numbers are presented. By means of the heat/mass transfer analogy and the naphthalene sublimation technique, the heat transfer coefficients on pin fins and on endwall (base plate) of the channel have been achieved respectively. The total mean heat transfer coefficients of pin fin channels are calculated and the resistance coefficients are also investigated. The experimental results show that heat transfer of a channel with drop-shaped pin fins is higher than that with circular pin fins while the resistance of the former is much lower than that of the latter in the Reynolds number range from 900 to 9000. Received on 20 January 1997     

Assessment of Non-Adiabatic Behaviour in Thermoelastic Stress Analysis of Small Scale Components

The classical thermoelastic equation and the generalized heat conduction equation are developed to deal with a non-adiabatic response in thermoelastic stress analysis. A FE simulation procedure is set up to solve the heat conduction equation over a range of loading frequencies. A small disc (20 mm diameter) loaded under three-point diametric compression is used to examine the effect of in-plane heat conduction. As the disc has regions of zero, moderate and high stress gradients it is an ideal component for this analysis. A regime is developed that provides a basis for an assessment of the nature of the response and allows a minimum loading frequency to be identified so that adiabatic behaviour is obtained. This validity of this approach is demonstrated on steel disc of 20 mm diameter. A special loading device has been designed to obtain the three-point loading and a recently introduced Instron Electropuls test machine is used to achieve the high levels of cyclic loading required for the adiabatic conditions.     

盘式制动器摩擦界面接触压力分布研究

在考虑具有可变效应的移动热源影响、制动盘与片的弹性影响以及界面摩擦热流影响等的耦合作用下,建立了一个三维瞬态盘式制动器热-结构耦合模型,利用大型有限元软件ANSYS的非线性多场耦合分析方法,分别数值模拟了不同状态下的制动器摩擦接触界面上的压力场分布情况.发现制动接触压力并非均匀分布,而是与制动盘和片的变形、摩擦力以及摩擦热-结构耦合有关.     

Heat transfer from extended surfaces subject to variable heat transfer coefficient

The present article investigates the effect of locally variable heat transfer coefficient on the performance of extended surfaces (fins) subject to natural convection. Fins of different profiles have been investigated. The fin profiles presently considered are namely; straight and pin fin with rectangular (constant diameter), convex parabolic, triangular (conical) and concave parabolic profiles and radial fins with constant profile with different radius ratios. The local heat transfer coefficient was considered as function of the local temperature and has been obtained using the available correlations of natural convection for each pertinent extended surface considered. The performance of the fin has been expressed in terms of the fin efficiency. Comparisons between the present results for all fins considered and the results obtained for the corresponding fins subject to constant heat transfer coefficient along the fin are presented. Comparisons, i.e. showed an excellent agreement with the experimental results available in the literature. Results show that there is a considerable deviation between the fin efficiency calculated based on constant heat transfer coefficient and that calculated based on variable heat transfer coefficient and this deviation increases with the dimensionless parameter m.     

Approximate analysis for transient heat conduction with radiation in a slab

In an attempt to minimize the numerical computations associated with the solution of transient heat conduction with radiation in a slab, a perturbation type of analysis is being applied to the temperature field and radiation heat flux simultaneously. The resulting partial differential equations for the perturbation functions for the temperature are solved in explicit forms by use of the energy integral methods, while the radiation heat flux is determined by an appropriate scheme of approximating the temperature distribution in the slab. Included in the analysis are the effects of the parameters: the optical thickness, the ratio of conduction transport to radiation and the wall emissivity. It is found that, in a wide range of these governing parameters, the results compare very favorably with those obtained by the numerical solution of the formulated integro-differential equation. With the present analysis, the temperature, conduction and radiation heat fluxes can be predicted without resorting to lengthy numerical analysis.     

Experimental investigation in heat transfer of triangular and pin fin arrays

The experiments were conducted with triangular and pin fin array at constant heat flux. Nu is determined as a function of Re_max at Pr=0.7 for both sets of experiments. For each fin array, an equation is obtained to determine Nu as a function of Re_max using experimental results. These regressions are accurate within the accuracy of the measurements (±15) at Re_max ranging between 100 and 700. Received on 22 December 1997     

On moving heat sources

The two-dimensional thermal problem due to relative motion of a medium and a suddenly activated circular heat source is solved for several boundary conditions. The solutions can be interpreted as for a moving heat source in a stationary medium or a medium moving past a stationary heat source. Uniform and non-uniform temperature, and uniform and non-uniform heat flux boundary conditions are considered. The effect of velocity and radial direction on the temperature distribution is examined. Average, steady-state Nusselt numbers are derived. The transient response of a continuous line source is obtained as a limiting case of the prescribed heat flux solution. Received on 24 September 1996     

Effect of heat transfer on a third grade fluid in a flat channel

The heat transfer analysis on the laminar flow of an incompressible third grade fluid through a porous flat channel is examined. The lower plate is assumed to be at a higher temperature than the upper plate. Analytical solution for temperature distribution is obtained for various values of the controlling parameters and discussed. The obtained analytical solution is also compared with the numerical solution. The comparison shows the fact that the accuracy is remarkable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

45钢/PA66配副干滑动摩擦磨损性能研究

采用45钢销和尼龙PA66盘,运用正交试验法在MMW-1A万能摩擦磨损试验机上研究干滑动摩擦条件下速度、载荷和金属销表面粗糙R_a对45钢/PA66配副摩擦学性能的影响. 通过极差分析与方差分析发现:载荷、粗糙度对摩擦系数与磨损量有显著影响,而速度影响相对较小. 当载荷为50 N,速度为11.25 m/s,R_a为0.60 μm时,摩擦系数与磨损量最小. 基于正交试验的最优结果,开展控制变量试验,试验结果表明:载荷小于90 N时,PA66以黏着磨损为主;载荷为90 N时,PA66磨损形式为犁削磨损和黏着磨损. 载荷为140 N时,PA66的磨损形式为黏着磨损并伴有胶合现象的产生. R_a小于0.46 μm时,PA66以黏着磨损为主;R_a为0.46 μm时,PA66的磨损形式为黏着磨损和犁削磨损且在对偶金属销表面上形成连续的转移膜;R_a大于0.46 μm时,PA66以犁削磨损为主.