自适应光学系统的数值模拟：直接斜率控制法

采用直接斜率控制法完整地实现了对自适应光学（ＡＯ）系统的数值模拟，系统研究了带自适应光学校正的激光大气传输规律。提出了对计算出的位相进行了“剪接”的办法，解决了残余位相方差与自适应光学的校正效果没有对应关系的问题。证明可以把快速傅里叶变换法（ＦＦＴ）用于透镜成像的聚焦计算，与积分法得到相同的结果，报道了对于一定的延迟时间，当大气横向风速大于一个阈值时，自适应光学补偿比安全相位补偿的效果还要好，表明     

强激光系统光学元件波前相位梯度分析

 介绍了在高功率固体激光系统中用于评价光学元件对光束聚焦特性影响的参数——波前相位梯度及其检测原理和计算方法，并与常用的光学元件评价参数P V值、RMS值以及新引入的评价方式——PSD进行了比较。得到了高功率激光系统中几种典型光学元件的相位梯度分析结果，结果表明利用相位梯度分析方法能够有效的对光学元件的加工质量进行评价。     

基于层析传感的自适应光学眼底成像系统

为了解决传统自适应光学系统校正视场小的问题,提出了一种层析自适应光学眼底成像系统。以Zemax为工具,Liou-Brennan(LB)眼模型为仿真对象,研究了层析自适应光学眼底成像系统的性能。分析了20°视场内的眼底像差特性,用Zernike边缘多项式描述眼底像差,获得了不同视场内眼底像差的类型和大小。对比了传统自适应光学和层析自适应光学眼底成像系统的性能。结果表明,相较于传统自适应光学,层析自适应光学系统可将校正视场从1.2°扩大至3°。确定了传统自适应光学和层析自适应光学眼底成像系统中变形镜的最佳共轭位置,均位于出瞳面前3mm,此位置与人眼角膜共轭。     

自适应光学控制系统的有效带宽分析

分析了自适应光学控制系统中闭环带宽和对湍流校正的有效带宽的关系，比较了采用比例积分控制和纯滞后补偿控制的自适应光学控制系统的带宽。分析结果认为自适应光学控制系统应当具有较高的有效带宽。较低的闭环带宽，系统中的时间延迟是限制自适应光学控制系统有效带宽的主要因素。     

高数值孔径聚焦三维光链的研究

通过设计衍射光学元件对入射矢量光进行调制，在高数值孔径聚焦系统焦点附近产生沿光轴方向的三维多点光俘获结构——光链.并针对不同的入射矢量偏振、聚焦透镜的数值孔径以及衍射光学元件结构，对光链性能的影响分别进行了系统的分析，实现对该独特光俘获结构的可控性研究. 关键词： 衍射光学元件 矢量光 光镊     

偏振相移与相位共轭结合的散射光聚焦技术研究

散射介质对光的随机散射作用是制约其光学聚焦和成像的重要因素，光学相位共轭技术能够通过对散射光场共轭还原实现透过散射介质的光学聚焦和成像，其中散射光场相位的获取是共轭还原的核心。阐述了偏振相移的基本原理，将偏振相移与相位共轭技术相结合，设计了新的基于偏振相移的数字光学相位共轭系统。采用633 nm的HeNe激光器作为系统光源，毛玻璃作为散射介质开展散射光聚焦实验研究。实验结果表明:该装置能够成功实现透过散射介质的光学聚焦，其中聚焦点与背景光强的比值可达约400倍。     

聚焦光在亚表面损伤介质中的散射特性

针对光学元件的亚表面缺陷,结合基于激光共焦层析的亚表层检测方法,建立聚焦光束在亚表面损伤介质中的传输模型,并采用有限元分析方法,仿真研究K9玻璃光学元件亚表层缺陷对聚焦光束的散射调制特性,特别对颗粒状和微裂纹两类特殊缺陷的光学调制特性进行研究和分析,探索了波长、缺陷大小、缺陷折射率及缺陷方向对聚焦光束散射特性的影响规律,通过分析包含亚表面损伤缺陷信息的光场分布图和强度变化曲线,获得了亚表面损伤缺陷的信息,并对其进行评价。     

基于自适应光学技术的太阳光栅光谱仪的像差校正方法研究

太阳光栅光谱仪是研究太阳大气分层结构特性的重要仪器,其性能受到大气扰动及系统装配误差等引入的波前像差的限制,需要采用自适应光学进行校正。由于光栅光谱仪中的狭缝对波前像差的滤波作用,使得传统自适应光学无法直接用于光栅光谱仪中。研究了狭缝对自适应光学技术波前校正能力的影响,提出了一种基于狭缝滤波灵敏度的差别校正方法并进行了数值模拟仿真分析。数值仿真结果表明:自适应光学校正后,由像差引起的光谱分辨率衰减量总体上优于1%,从而说明了该校正方法能有效地抑制大气扰动和系统静态像差所引起的光谱展宽,从而提高了光谱分辨率。自适应光学校正后能够有效地提高能量利用率η,当狭缝宽度为3倍艾里斑直径时,η由校正前的约20%提高到了90%以上。     

自由曲面补偿飞秒激光成丝系统像差的应用

针对飞秒激光远距离成丝系统所产生的像差,基于光学自由曲面较强的像差补偿能力,提出了在飞秒激光成丝系统中使用透射式自由曲面相位板补偿系统像差的方法。首先,在光学设计软件中对实际系统像差特性进行了仿真建模。然后,对透射式自由曲面相位板进行了优化设计,优化后系统的像差得到了有效补偿,飞秒激光光斑质量得到了改善。最后,对优化设计后的自由曲面相位板进行了公差分析,并利用加工后的透射式自由曲面相位板开展了实验研究。结果表明,飞秒激光聚焦系统引入光学自由曲面相位板后,聚焦光斑形状规则,在聚焦位置处光斑的均方根（RMS）半径小于0.5 mm,飞秒激光成丝系统的像差得到了有效补偿,远距离飞秒激光的成丝强度得到了有效提高。     

600mm望远镜液晶自适应系统成像光路设计

为了与600 mm望远镜匹配以验证液晶自适应光学的有效性,利用Zemax光学设计软件进行了液晶自适应光学系统的设计和优化.根据望远镜的参量、大气湍流的特性和液晶的特点提出设计要求,然后进行光学系统设计和Zemax软件模拟优化,设计出了满足要求的系统.对该光学系统进行性能评价.设计出的系统与望远镜的组合焦距为35 m, F数为58.求得光学系统在像面处的极限线分辨力为44.8 μm,成像CCD的像元尺寸为16 μm,满足采样定理.液晶自适应光学系统的调制传递函数与衍射极限传递函数非常接近,而且系统的光程差像差在0.1λ左右,说明系统具备优良的光学性能.     

Automatic compensation of laser beam focusing parameters for flying optics

Flying optics technologies are used for a range of applications such as a large workpiece processing and laser texturing. It is essential to compensate the variations of laser beam focus parameters while the focus head is moving. A flying optics automatic compensation approach is proposed to achieve invariable laser focal size, focus depth and focus position through computer controlled objective lens and focus lens position. A simple mechanical control method is also presented for the realization of constant beam parameters for flying optics. Numerical simulation is illustrated for a CO₂ laser texturing application. The flying optics parameters compensation is simple and easy to control.     

CO2 laser beam modulating for surface texturing machining

Laser texturing is a novel technique that may be used to texture a cold roller in the process of manufacturing high quality steel sheets. With the aim of improving the quality of the textured roller by using a CO₂ laser, a new laser beam modulating device is proposed. An optical beam expander with a fast rotating chopper system is designed. The laser pulse is split into two parts by the chopper blades; one is the preheating pulse that is reflected onto optical loop mirrors; the other is the directly transmitted pulse that creates the craters at the preheated spots. The preheating beam focus spot size and position can be adjusted. The focusing characteristics and optical parameter compensation for the flying optics are investigated. The heat transfer and melt process of laser texturing are numerically simulated. The effects of the double pulses on the texturing are analyzed. The effect of preheating the sample ahead of the laser texturing pulse is examined. The surface profile and bump hardness show improvements by using this approach.     

Phase‐space analysis and experimental results for secondary focusing at X‐ray beamlines

Micro‐focusing optical devices at synchrotron beamlines usually have a limited acceptance, but more flux can be intercepted if such optics are used to focus secondary sources created by the primary optics. Flux throughput can be maximized by placing the secondary focusing optics close to or exactly at the secondary source position. However, standard methods of beamline optics analysis, such as the lens equation or matching the mirror surface to an ellipse, work poorly when the source‐to‐optics distance is very short. In this paper the general characteristics of the focusing of beams with Gaussian profiles by a `thin lens' are analysed under the paraxial approximation in phase space, concluding that the focusing of a beam with a short source‐to‐optics distance is distinct from imaging the source; slope errors are successfully included in all the formulas so that they can be used to calculate beamline focusing with good accuracy. A method is also introduced to use the thin‐lens result to analyse the micro‐focusing produced by an elliptically bent trapezoid‐shaped Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror. The results of this analysis are in good agreement with ray‐tracing simulations and are confirmed by the experimental results of the secondary focusing at the 18‐ID Bio‐CAT beamline (at the APS). The result of secondary focusing carried out at 18‐ID using a single‐bounce capillary can also be explained using this phase‐space analysis. A discussion of the secondary focusing results is presented at the end of this paper.     

飞行光学导光系统中的空气热透镜效应

研究了激光加工用大功率ＣＯ２激光束在飞行光学导光系统中传输所产生的空气热透镜效应。实验发现当飞行光学导光系统中的空气静止时将产生空气热透镜效应,而充以一定压力的压缩空气却可以消除空气热透镜效应,实验表明无热透镜效应时,光束遵循高斯光束传输规律,而秀热透镜效应时,光束偏离高斯光束的传输规律,并影响到激光束聚焦焦点的大小和位置。另外通过激光空气热透镜效应的非线性模型计算了热透镜效应所引起的光束传输相对     

Retinal axial focusing and multi-layer imaging with a liquid crystal adaptive optics camera

With the help of adaptive optics(AO) technology, cellular level imaging of living human retina can be achieved.Aiming to reduce distressing feelings and to avoid potential drug induced diseases, we attempted to image retina with dilated pupil and froze accommodation without drugs. An optimized liquid crystal adaptive optics camera was adopted for retinal imaging. A novel eye stared system was used for stimulating accommodation and fixating imaging area. Illumination sources and imaging camera kept linkage for focusing and imaging different layers. Four subjects with diverse degree of myopia were imaged. Based on the optical properties of the human eye, the eye stared system reduced the defocus to less than the typical ocular depth of focus. In this way, the illumination light can be projected on certain retina layer precisely.Since that the defocus had been compensated by the eye stared system, the adopted 512 × 512 liquid crystal spatial light modulator(LC-SLM) corrector provided the crucial spatial fidelity to fully compensate high-order aberrations. The Strehl ratio of a subject with-8 diopter myopia was improved to 0.78, which was nearly close to diffraction-limited imaging. By finely adjusting the axial displacement of illumination sources and imaging camera, cone photoreceptors, blood vessels and nerve fiber layer were clearly imaged successfully.     

Multi-conjugate solar adaptive optics at the Vacuum Tower Telescope on Tenerife

We present a breadboard multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) system for high angular resolution solar observations which we operate at the Vacuum Tower Telescope. We have developed methods to estimate quantitatively the performance of solar adaptive optics from science data. Several sets of short exposure images of the solar photosphere were analyzed to assess the performance of the MCAO. We demonstrate that a 30 arcsec field of view is substantially improved when the MCAO system is turned on. This compares favourably with an improvement of a 10 arcsec field with conventional solar adaptive optics. We also show how irradiance fluctuations in the MCAO compensated focus can be suppressed. To cite this article: O. von der Lühe et al., C. R. Physique 6 (2005).     

非线性热晕效应自适应光学位相补偿

采用已建立的一套较完整的包括真实自适应光学位相补偿系统仿真的高能激光大气传输的数值模拟程序，对非线性热晕应相偿进行了计算。分析了非线性热晕效应位相补偿不稳定性的基本特征。     

时域分析自适应光学中的非等晕性

本文利用时域分析方法讨论了自适应光学中的非等晕性以及相位梯度法克服非等晕性的适用性,并将位相补偿和位相梯度法补偿情况下的剩余位相结构函数和Strehl比的一般表达式,统一用传递函数H(f)来描述。该关系式不仅可分析非等晕性,同时可讨论大气平均风场和系统响应带宽对自适应光学系统补偿效率的影响。     

微变形镜在自适应光学中的应用与发展

自适应光学系统主要用于校正由大气湍流等引起的波前畸变,经过半个多世纪的发展,自适应光学系统已经应用到了许多领域。传统自适应光学系统中的变形镜在许多情况下已经不能满足自适应光学新发展的需要。随着微制造技术的发展,用微制造技术制作的新型微变形镜大大提高了致动单元的集成度,简化了电源,提高了可靠性,降低了自适应光学系统的体积和造价。综述了微变形镜技术的发展情况及其在自适应光学中的应用,并且讨论了其发展前景。     

毫米波速调管电子光学系统的研究

电子光学系统是毫米波速调管长寿命和整管性能实现的关键,毫米波速调管零件尺寸较小,为了在Ka波段和W波段实现千瓦量级的输出功率,要求具有高的电子注通过率及低的阴极负荷。对Ka波段和W波段电子光学系统特性进行了分析,确定了Ka波段10 kW分布作用速调管和W波段1 kW分布作用速调管电子光学系统的设计方案,利用软件对电子枪和聚焦系统的结构进行计算,并采用CST仿真软件对设计的电子枪发射的电子注在聚焦磁场中的状态进行优化。设计出的Ka波段速调管电子光学系统,电子枪工作电压26 kV,发射电流2 A,互作用区长度30 mm,磁场强度大于0.6 T,流通达到100%。设计的W波段速调管电子光学系统,电子枪工作电压17 kV,电流0.65 A,互作用区长度20 mm,磁场大于0.9 T,流通达到100%。已制成Ka波段速调管和W波段速调管,设计的电子光学系统能够满足速调管工程化需求。