用指数函数拟合长链分子超极化率时目标函数的选择

长链体系的轴向单元(超)极化率的饱和值Δp(∞),需要对有限的计算数据用函数拟合,再根据拟合函数外推求得。以a-be-cn作为拟合函数,有两拟合公式:p(n)-p(n-1)=a-be-cn和p(n)/n=a-be-cn。从理论上探讨了两公式目标函数不同存在的本质区别,结论是应该使用p(n)-p(n-1)作为目标函数,即合理的公式是前者。并用氢分子链,氟化氢分子链和聚乙烯为例,表明后者在链增长时没有正确的渐近行为,原因是当后者还原为对p(n)的拟合函数时含有一个ne-cn的项,而这一项会影响拟合后外推的饱和值的正确性。     

端基取代的长链硅烷二阶超极化率的量子化学研究

对端基取代的一维无限长反位硅烷H₂N-(SiH₂-SiH₂)_n-NO₂的二阶超极化率进行了系统的量子化学研究. 通过仔细检验和选择外场强度, 采用9个外场强度(0.0000, ±0.0008, ±0.0012, ±0.0016, ±0.0020 a.u.)计算的体系能量来确定4阶场强展开式中的5个系数, 从而得到可靠的二阶超极化率. 建议数据拟合时用二阶超极化率单元值的平均值形式γ(n)/n作为拟合对象, 同时用1/n的2阶多项式作为拟合函数, 以得到无限长链的二阶超极化率极限值. 拟合数据范围的选择应该使该数据范围得到的极限值与其临近数据范围得到的极限值的均方偏差最小. 分子构型的优化使计算的二阶超极化率增加大约20%, 在基组中增加极化函数使二阶超极化率在无限长链时的极限值减少大约15%. 相关效应的影响最大, MP2的结果比RHF的结果增加近一倍. 根据本文最高水平MP2/6-31G(d)//RHF/6-31G的计算, 端基取代的一维无限长反位硅烷H₂N-(SiH₂-SiH₂)_n-NO₂的二阶超极化率的每单元极限值为0.8364×10⁶ a.u.     

长链分子超极化率的单元平均值和差分值的不同渐近性质

由于电子离域, 长链体系的轴向超极化率随链长增长而增加, 直到达到饱和. 由于不能计算无限长体系的超极化率, 需要对有限的数据用函数拟合, 再根据拟合函数外推求得饱和值. 每单元超极化率有两种表示方法, 于是有两个拟合函数γ(n)/n＝a＋b/n＋c/n²和γ(n)－γ(n－1)＝a＋b/n＋c/n². 用聚乙烯、氢分子链、聚乙炔和长链硅烷为例, 表明后者在链增长时没有正确的渐近行为. 其原因是后者与γ(n)的一个含有对数项的拟合函数等价, 而这个对数项是不需要的.     

Ne原子的精确二阶超极化率

为了获得精确的Ne原子的二阶超极化率,基组必须包括三部分φ=φ^(0) φ^(1) φ^(2)。其中φ^(0)由s,p函数组成,必须能较完备地描述无外电场时原子的波函数,使无微扰能量E0接近Hartree-Fock极限值,同时对远离核的区域的电子云有较好的描述。Φ^(1)由d函数组成,必须能较完备地描述外场引起的一阶微扰,使极化率α接近Hartree-Fock极限值。Φ^(2)由f函数组成,必须能较完备地描述外场引起的二阶微扰,使超极化率γ接近Hartree-Fock极限值。基组的三部分依次分别对E0,α和γ进行优化,从而排除了基组选择过程中的任意性,使计算结果随着基组的扩大而无限趋近Hartree-Fock极限值。用35s20p10d7f基组的计算结果是γ(SCF)=68．83,可用来纠正数字轨道的结果。用其收缩后的基组17s11p10d7f计算的相关水平的结果与实验值符合。     

聚并苯同系分子稳定性及电子极化率规律的研究

引入外电场微扰的量子化学ＣＮＤＯ／２方法，计算了聚并苯同系分子（Ｃ４ｎ＋２Ｈ２ｎ＋４）的能量和电子极化率，结果表明：全价电子极化率和π电子极化率均随并苯数目的增加而增大，但增率逐渐降低，当ｎ值足够大时，增率趋于一常数；极化率沿分子链增长方向的增率远远大于其它方向；π电子极化率的增率高于全价电子，聚并苯同系分子的稳定性规律为：顺反型相当，二者强于均键长型，分子链每增加一个单元（Ｃ４Ｈ２）体系能量降低     

聚炔体系H~2N-(C≡C)~n-NO~2(n=2～10)非线性光学性质的从头算法与半经验方法的比较研究

对聚炔体系的非线性光学性质用从头算方法和半经验方法与有限场方法结合进行了计算并对这两种方法的结果进行了系统的比较。用最小二乘方法拟合得到了其非线性光学性质与聚合物链长的函数关系, 并通过外推得到了平均每个单孢非线性光学性质的极限值。     

介电常数对Stokes频移时间相关性的影响

基于连续介质理论,利用溶剂化能计算了香豆素水溶液单球孔穴模型的Stokes频移响应函数. 将水的介电谱实验数据拟合进而得到介电常数理论公式, 并基于此计算了相关函数. 在考虑了延迟时间后, 相关函数的理论计算结果与实验吻合. 考虑到低频响应在溶剂化驰豫中的重要性, 考察了低频极化对响应函数的影响.     

非线性光学极化率密度泛函理论计算的基组效应

由于分子的非线性光学性质与分子外层电子行为及激发性质密切相关,扩散函数对分子的非线性光学极化率计算非常重要.在ADF程序中的DZP基组基础上缀加扩散函数,构造出我们称之为DZP+df的新基组.通过对5个模型分子的含频二阶非线性光学极化率的密度泛函理论计算,表明新基组可以得出较DZP基组更为准确可靠的结果,同时比较ADF程序内置带有扩散函数的大基组,计算量大为减少.     

聚炔体系H~2N-(C≡C)~n-NO~2(n=2～10)非线性光学性质的从头算法与半经验方法的比较研究

对聚炔体系的非线性光学性质用从头算方法和半经验方法与有限场方法结合进行了计算并对这两种方法的结果进行了系统的比较.用最小二乘方法拟合得到了其非线性光学性质与聚合物链长的函数关系,并通过外推得到了平均每个单胞非线性光学性质的极限值.     

晶体中离子的电子极化率的新计算法

极化效应对晶体的宏观性质影响很大,人们对它进行了大量的研究工作。利用Lorentz公式确定分子极化率的方法已较为成熟,但是该方法只能给出分子、元胞和键体积等单位体积的极化率,在这些单位体积中至少包括两种离子,所以它不能确定每个离子的极化行为。为了求得离子的电子极化率曾提出过许多近似方法,如假定阳离子极化小,它和自由状态差别不大,主要是阴离子极化,故用自由状态阳离子的极化率代替其在晶体中的极化率进而求     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。