催化动力学极谱法测定痕量甲醛

在稀硫酸介质中,痕量甲醛对溴酸钾氧化甲基红的反应有很强的催化作用.而甲基红及其氧化产物均能在滴汞电极上产生灵敏的极谱吸附波,其峰电位依次为-0.57 V及-0.49 V(vs.SCE).在-0.57 V处测得的甲基红的峰电流的二阶导数值与反应体系中的甲醛浓度在0.2～6.5 mg·L-1之间呈线性关系,方法的检出限为0.041 mg·L-1,对2.5 mg·L-1甲醛测定8次,得出RSD值为1.8%,标准加入法回收率试验的结果在97.0%～104.0%之间.     

动力学光度法测定食品中痕量甲醛

基于酸性介质中甲醛抑制KBrO3氧化碱性品红的褪色反应,建立了阻抑动力学光度法测定痕量甲醛的新方法.利用固定时间法优化了试剂浓度、反应时间和反应温度.在所选择的实验条件下,方法的线性范围为0.08～1.0 mg·L-1,检出限为0.015 mg·L-1.该方法用于水发食品中甲醛含量的测定,并进行了加标回收试验,回收率在93%～105%之间.     

催化光度法测定痕量铁

在pH 4.7的乙酸盐缓冲介质中,痕量的铁(Ⅲ)对依文思蓝被过氧化氢氧化的褪色反应具有催化作用,导致依文思蓝褪色的加强.在最佳反应条件下,在622.0 nm波长处所测得反应体系的吸光度的下降程度与铁(Ⅲ)的质量浓度在0.1～20.0μg·L-1之间呈线性关系.测得此反应的检出限(3s/b)为1.3×10-7g·L-1.应用此方法测定了奶粉、井水及管网水中痕量铁,所测得结果与原子吸收光谱法所测结果一致,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于2.5%,回收试验所测得的回收率在99%～102%之间.测得此催化反应体系的表现活化能为34.56 kJ·mol-1,反应速率常数为2.75×10-2S-1.     

流动注射-化学发光法测定苄青霉素

试验发现在5×10-3mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液的碱性介质中,由高碘酸钾与鲁米诺之间的氧化还原反应所产生的化学发光的强度因苄青霉素的存在而明显增强,且其增强程度与苄青霉素的浓度在0.01～15.0 mg·L-1范围内呈线性,方法的检出限(3σ)为1.0μg·L-1,基于此并应用了流动注射技术,提出了一种简便而快速的测定苄青霉素的方法.加入1.0 mg·L-1的苄青霉素标准溶液对此方法的精密度做了试验,测得其相对标准偏差(n=11)为1.0%.在3件针剂样品的基础上加入了3种不同浓度的苄青霉素标准溶液,对方法的回收率做了试验,所得结果在97.2%～102.0%之间.     

微量流动注射-全自动甲醛快速检测仪测定纺织品中甲醛含量

采用自制的微量流动注射-全自动甲醛快速检测仪测定了纺织品中甲醛含量。甲醛与间苯三酚发生显色反应,然后测量体系的吸光度。甲醛的质量浓度在20mg·L-1以内与其吸光度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s)为4.0mg.kg-1。方法用于测定纺织品中甲醛的含量,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.7%～4.9%之间,加标回收率在91.0%～102%之间。     

流动注射分光光度法快速测定食品中微量甲醛

在0.4 mol·L-1氢氧化钾溶液中甲醛与问苯三酚反应生成一种不稳定的橙色化合物,其吸收峰位于474 am波长处.以此反应为基础提出了微量甲醛的分光光度测定方法,并采用流动注射技术,对显色反应的过程进行了严格控制并及时地测定所生成的不稳定橙色化合物的吸光度.甲醛质量浓度在10 mg·L-1以内与吸光度呈线性关系,在采样频率为每小时35个样品的条件下,所得检出限为0.023 mg·L-1.在7 mg·L-1浓度水平条件下连续测定11次,测得相对标准偏差为0.29%,试样中微量甲醛先从磷酸溶液中用蒸汽蒸馏法分离并吸收于氢氧化钾溶液中.     

偏二甲肼衍生-高效液相色谱法测定水产品中甲醛

在高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定水产品中甲醛时采用偏二甲肼作为衍生化试剂对甲醛进行预衍生化.经在中性溶液中反应10 min后定量生成衍生化产物偏二甲腙,偏二甲腙在紫外光区呈现强吸收,其吸收峰在237 nm波长处,可不经任何富集处理直接进行HPLC测定.偏二甲腙(方法中以甲醛表示)的质量浓度与其吸光度之间在0.12～1 200 mg·L-1范围内呈线性关系.测得方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.5μg.·g-1.对3种水产品样品进行了分析并对方法的精密度做了检测,求得其相对标准偏差均小于6%,以3种不同的水产品样品作为基体,加入不同浓度的标准甲醛进行了回收试验,测得结果在88%～110%之间.     

3-(4''-氯基苯基)-5-(2''-羧基偶氮)若丹宁催化动力学荧光光度法测定痕量锰

研究发现在pH.5.2的邻苯二甲酸氢钾一氢氧化钠缓冲溶液中,Mn(Ⅱ)对过氧化氢氧化3-(4'氯基苯基)-5(2'-羧基偶氮)若丹宁的反应具有强烈的催化作用,并导致荧光强度的增加.据此建立了催化动力学荧光光度法测定痕量锰的方法,荧光强度的增加(△F)与Mn(Ⅱ)的质量浓度在0.014 mg·L-1以内呈线性关系,其线性回归方程为△F=-4.47+1038.75C,相关系数为0.988 6,检出限为1.78×10-6g·L-1.用于自来水和污水样品中痕量锰的测定,测得结果与原子吸收光谱法(AAS)的结果相符.分析结果的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于2.5%,用标准加入法测得的回收率在95.6%～103.4%之间.     

单扫描示波极谱法测定针剂中头孢他啶含量

提出了用单扫描示波极谱法测定药物中头孢他啶含量的方法.在0.10 mol·L-1硫酸底液中,头孢他啶在-0.96 V(vs.SCE)处有一灵敏的极谱还原峰,头孢他啶的质量浓度在8.0～2.0×103mg·L-1范围内与其峰电流呈线性关系,检出限(3S/b)为3.2 mg·L-1.用于头孢他啶针剂样品的分析,测得头孢他啶含量与高效液相色谱法所测得值一致.分析结果的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.96 9,6～1.31%之间,回收率在98.7%～102.0%之间.     

荧光分光光度法测定痕量核酸——基于核酸与表掊儿茶素掊酸酯-铜(Ⅱ)配合物之间的荧光增强反应

试验表明:在pH 4.35～4.45的缓冲介质中,由于核酸与表掊儿茶素棓酸酯-铜(Ⅱ)配合物之间的相互反应导致配合物所发射的荧光强度明显增加,且在激发波长330 nm和发射波长659 nm处测得的荧光增强程度与核酸浓度之间呈线性关系,据此提出了荧光光度法测定核酸的方法.在选定的最佳条件下,测得对小牛胸腺DNA(ctDNA)、鱼精DNA(fsDNA)及酵母RNA(yRNA)的线性范围依次为0.3～10.0 mg·L-1,0.4～4.8 mg·L-1及0.4～30.0 mg·L-1,其检出限(3S/K)依次为0.22,0.15,0.14 mg·L-1,加入3种不同浓度的ctDNA、fsDNA及yRNA标准溶液作回收试验,测得回收率在97.0%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)等于小于2.0%.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。