Distal metal effects in cobalt porphyrins related to CcO

Cobalt(II) porphyrins were studied to determine the influence of distal site metalation and superstructure upon dioxygen reactivity in active site models of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO). Monometallic, Co(II)(P) complexes when ligated by an axial imidazole react with dioxygen to form reversible Co-superoxide adducts, which were characterized by EPR and resonance Raman (RR). Unexpectedly, certain Co porphyrins with Cu(I) metalated imidazole pickets do not form mu-peroxo Co(III)/Cu(II) products even though the calculated intermetallic distance suggests this is possible. Instead, cobalt-porphyrin-superoxide complexes are obtained with the distal copper remaining as Cu(I). Moreover, distal metals (Cu(I) or Zn(II)) greatly enhance the stability of the dioxygen adduct, such that Co superoxides of bimetallic complexes demonstrate minimal reversibility. The "trapping" of dioxygen by a second metal is attributed to structural and electrostatic changes within the distal pocket upon metalation. EPR evidence suggests that the terminal oxygen in these bimetallic Co-superoxide systems is H-bonded to the NH of an imidazole picket amide linker, which may contribute to enthalpic stabilization of the dioxygen adduct. Stabilization of the dioxygen adduct in these bimetallic systems suggests one possible role for the distal copper in the Fe/Cu bimetallic active site of terminal oxidases, which form a heme-superoxide/copper(I) adduct upon oxygenation.     

Structural insights into ligand dynamics: correlated oxygen and picket motion in oxycobalt picket fence porphyrins

Two different oxygen-ligated cobalt porphyrins have been synthesized and the solid-state structures have been determined at several temperatures. The solid-state structures provide insight into the dynamics of Co-O(2) rotation and correlation with protecting group disorder. [Co(TpivPP)(1-EtIm)(O(2))] (TpivPP = picket fence porphyrin) is prepared by oxygenation of [Co(TpivPP)(1-EtIm)(2)] in benzene solution. The structure at room temperature has the oxygen ligand within the ligand binding pocket and disordered over four sites and the trans imidazole is disordered over two sites. The structure at 100 K, after the crystal has been carefully annealed to yield a reversible phase change, is almost completely ordered. The phase change is reversed upon warming the crystal to 200 K, whereupon the oxygen ligand is again disordered but with quite unequal populations. Further warming to 300 K leads to greater disorder of the oxygen ligands with nearly equal O(2) occupancies at all four positions. The disorder of the tert-butyl groups of the protecting pickets is correlated with rotation of the O(2) around the Co-O(O(2)) bond. [Co(TpivPP)(2-MeHIm)(O(2))] is synthesized by a solid-state oxygenation reaction from the five-coordinate precursor [Co(TpivPP)(2-MeHIm)]. Exposure to 1 atm of O(2) leads to incomplete oxygenation, however, exposure at 5 atm yields complete oxygenation. Complete oxygenation leads to picket disorder whereas partial (40%) oxygenation does not. Crystallinity is retained on complete degassing of oxygen in the solid, and complete ordering of the pickets is restored. The results should provide basic information needed to better model M-O(2) dynamics in protein environments.     

Spectroscopic evidence for a heme-superoxide/Cu(I) intermediate in a functional model of cytochrome c oxidase

A superstructured tetraphenylporphyrin with a covalently attached proximal imidazole axial base and three distal imidazole pickets has been developed as a model for the active site of terminal oxidases such as cytochrome c oxidase. The oxygen adduct of the Fe-only heme (at low temperature) has a diamagnetic NMR and is EPR silent, which taken together with a resonance Raman oxygen isotope sensitive band (nuFe-O) at 575/554 cm-1 (16O2/18O2) indicates formation of a six-coordinate heme-superoxide complex. Unexpectedly, the Fe/Cu complex, where the copper is in a trisimidazole environment approximately 5 A above the heme plane, displays similar characteristics: a diamagnetic NMR, EPR silence, and nuFe-O at 570/544 cm-1. This indicates the dioxygen adduct of this Fe/Cu system is also a superoxide. This contrasts with previously characterized partially reduced dioxygen intermediates of binuclear heme/copper complexes that form Fe/Cu mu-peroxo complexes.     

Molecular Recognition of Imidazole Derivatives by Co(III)-Porphyrins in Phosphate Buffer (pH = 7.4) and Cetylpyridinium Chloride Containing Solutions

By means of spectrophotometric titration and NMR spectroscopy, the selective binding ability of the Co(III)-5,15-bis-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-10,20-bis-(4-sulfophenyl)porphyrin (Co(III)P1) and Co(III)-5,15-bis-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-10,20-bis-(4-sulfophenyl)porphyrin (Co(III)P2) towards imidazole derivatives of various nature (imidazole (L1), metronidazole (L2), and histamine (L3)) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) has been studied. It was found that in the case of L2, L3 the binding of the “first” ligand molecule by porphyrinates Co(III)P1 and Co(III)P2 occurs with the formation of complexes with two binding sites (donor–acceptor bond at the center and hydrogen bond at the periphery of the macrocycle), while the “second” ligand molecule is added to the metalloporphyrin only due to the formation of the donor–acceptor bond at the macrocycle coordination center. The formation of stable complexes with two binding sites has been confirmed by density functional theory method (DFT) quantum chemical calculations and two-dimensional NMR experiments. It was shown that among the studied porphyrinates, Co(III)P2 is more selective towards to L1-L3 ligands, and localization of cobalt porphyrinates in cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) micelles does not prevent the studied imidazole derivatives reversible binding. The obtained materials can be used to develop effective receptors for recognition, delivery, and prolonged release of drug compounds to the sites of their functioning. Considering that cetylpyridinium chloride is a widely used cationic biocide as a disinfectant, the designed materials may also prove to be effective antimicrobial agents.     

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Co( Ⅱ ) Coordination Polymer [Co(μ-phth)(imi)2]n

A new cobalt( Ⅱ ) complex [Co(μ-phth)(imi)2]n (phth = o-phthalato, imi = imidazole)has been synthesized by the reaction of CoCl2 with disodium o-phthalate and imidazole. The crystal structure of the compound has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of monoclinic system, space group Pn with a = 8.405(1), b = 9.995(1), c = 9.996(2) (A),β= 104.479(2),V= 813.0(2) (A)3, Dc= 1.467 g/cm3, C14H12N4O4Co, Mr= 359.21, F(000) = 366,μ = 1.079 mm-1, Z = 2, R = 0.0483 and wR = 0.1209 for 1583 observed reflections (Ⅰ＞ 2σ(Ⅰ)). In the title complex, the Co(Ⅱ) ions are bridged by o-phthalate ligands in a bidentate mode, producing a zigzag infinite chain structure. Each four-coordinated cobalt( Ⅱ ) center was coordinated by two oxygen atoms and two nitrogen atoms to give a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The chains are linked by hydrogen bonds between oxygen atoms belonging to carboxylate groups and hydrogen atoms of imidazole molecules, forming an unusual two-dimensional coordination polymer.     

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Co(Ⅱ) Coordination Polymer [Co(-phth)(imi_)2]_n

1 INTRODUCTION The polymeric metal complexes with extended structures are of great interest because of their useful chemical or physical properties[1]. Due to the noticeable fact that the aromatic polycarboxylate can provide versatile coordination mode and the non-coplanar structure of the carboxylate groups and the benzene rings, a lot of efforts in this field have been particularly directed to the preparation of aromatic polycarboxylate (such as phthalate, tere- phthalate and isophthal…     

Hypothesis of Hemoprotein Sensor Confirmed by Ab initio Quantum-Chemical Method

The nature of the chemical bond of complexes of iron and cobalt porphyrinates with ligands is studied by the quantum-chemical method in the Hartree–Fock self-consistent field approximation using the 3-21G basis set. The addition of oxygen molecule to the MP and MPIm complexes (M = Fe, Co; Im is imidazole) is established to be more favorable than water addition. However, imidazole, which is the second ligand in the MPImO₂ and MPImH₂O complexes (M = Fe, Co), increases the M–O₂ and M–H₂O binding energies for iron, but decreases them for cobalt. The Co atom is bound with the porphyrin ring more strongly than the iron atom due to the larger total overlap of the atomic orbitals. The calculations of the binding energy in the complexes demonstrate similar changes in the structures of the spatial conformation of the deoxy form (FeP + H₂O) of iron porphyrinate and the oxy form (CoP + O₂) of cobalt porphyrinate. This is an argument in favor of the hypothesis of hemoprotein sensor of partial oxygen stress in tissues.     

Photoinduced DNA Cleavage Reactions by Designed Analogues of Co(III)-Bleomycin: The Metalated Core Is the Primary Determinant of Sequence Specificity

A 2,4'-bithiazole group has been covalently attached to the Co(III) complex of a designed ligand PMAH that mimics the metal-binding locus of the antitumor drug bleomycin (BLM). The deprotonated PMA(-) ligand binds Co(III) via five nitrogens located in primary and secondary amines, a pyrimidine and an imidazole ring, and a peptide moiety. The 2,4'-bithiazole group is tethered to the [Co(PMA)](2+) unit via an imidazole that is connected to the bithiazole moiety with a (CH(2))(3) spacer. The structure of this hybrid analogue, namely, [Co(PMA)(Bit)]Cl(2) (7, Bit = 2'-methyl-2,4'-bithiazole-4-carboxamido-N'-(3-propyl)imidazole) has been established by spectroscopic techniques. 7 promotes photocleavage of DNA at micromolar concentrations. Unlike simpler analogues like [Co(PMA)(H(2)O)](2+) and [Co(PMA)Cl)](+) which induce random DNA cleavage upon UV illumination, 7 exhibits sequence specificity in the DNA photocleavage reaction. Intriguing is to note that 7 exhibits the same 5'GG-N3' sequence preference as another hybrid analogue [Co(PMA)(Int-A)]Cl(2) (6, Int-A = acridine-9-carboxamido-N'-(3-propyl)imidazole) that contains an acridine moiety as the DNA-binding group. The observed sequence specificity of 6 and 7 therefore does not reflect the sequence preferences of the DNA-binding groups (acridine and bithiazole). The results indicate that the metalated core of the hybrid analogues, i.e., the [Co(PMA)](2+) unit is the key factor in determining their sequence specificity.     

Speciation of ternary cobalt(II) phenanthroline-silica surface complexes as a function of pH and ligand steric bulk

Co(II) solution species containing 1 equiv of phenanthroline (phen), 2-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (MMP), or 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DMP) ligand formed inner-sphere surface complexes when grafted on silica. The speciation on the silica surface depended on both the pH of the grafting solution and the steric bulk of the ligand. [Co(DMP)](2+) formed tetrahedral surface adducts exclusively, with a 1:1 ligand-Co ratio. These surface adducts were first detectable at pH values above 5.1. [Co(MMP)](2+) and [Co(phen)](2+) formed exclusively octahedral adducts on the surface with a 1:1 ligand-Co ratio at pH values below 5. The [Co(MMP)](2+) complex formed a tetrahedral adduct initially at pH 6 and increasingly as the pH was raised. The [Co(phen)](2+) complex did not produce a comparable tetrahedral surface species under any conditions. Instead, mixtures of octahedral surface species with both 1:1 and 2:1 ligand-Co ratios began to form at pH values above 6. Taken together, the results indicated that the development of tetrahedral stereochemistry was strongly influenced by steric factors in the presence of a nitrogen-donating ligand. All three phenanthroline derivatives promoted surface binding of the Co(II) ion adducts, so that maximal binding occurred at lower pH values than for binding of [Co(H(2)O)(6)](2+), which formed exclusively tetrahedral adducts.     

Novel ternary cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes of N-phthaloylglycinate. Synthesis, characterization and X-ray crystal structure

A new series of N-phthaloylglycineate (N-phthgly) ternary complexes of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) with imidazole (imi), N-methylimidazole (mimi) and 2,2′-bipyridyl (bipy) have been synthesized and characterized by elementary analyses, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis. X-ray crystal structure analyses of the three complexes of [Co(mimi)₂(N-phthgly)₂] (1), [Co(bipy)(OH₂)₄](N-phthgly)₂ (2) and [Ni(imi)₂(N-phthgly)₂(OHCH₃)₂] (3) were also carried out. In complex (1), the Co(II) exists in a distorted tetrahedral enviroment, where two nitrogen atoms of two methylimidazole molecules and two oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group of two N-phthaloylglycinate molecules are coordinated. On the other hand, in complex (2) the cobalt atom coordinates a 2,2′-bipyridine molecule and four water oxygen atoms forming a distorted octahedral conformation. A molecule of N-phthaloylglycinate is connected by van der waals contact and H-bonds. For complex (3), the nickel atom is surrounded by four oxygens (two oxygens of two different N-phthaloylglycinate molecules and two of methanol ligand) in the basal plane of octahedron along with two imidazole nitrogen atoms at the apical positions. Strong intramolecular H-bond exists between the uncoordinated carboxylic oxygen of the N-phthaloylglycinate ligand and the O–H of the methanol group.     

Reactions of urocanic acid (UCA) methyl esters with singlet oxygen and 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (MTAD)

Singlet oxygen adds to the imidazole ring of cis- and trans-methyl urocanate (MUC) to yield the corresponding 2,5-endoperoxides, which are modestly stable at low temperature but decompose upon warming to form complex reaction mixtures. MTAD, a singlet oxygen mimic, reacts with cis- and trans-MUC to yield stereospecific [4+2] reaction products involving the olefinic side chain and the C₄-C₅ double bond of the imidazole ring. trans-MUC forms a 1:2 MTAD adduct while the cis isomer yields only the 1:1 adduct at 25 °C. The stereospecificity and absence of MeOH trapping adducts indicate that these reactions may not involve open or trappable dipolar intermediates.     

Vibrational study on the cobalt binding mode of Carnosine

The Co(II)-l-Carnosine (Carnos) system was investigated at different pH and metal/ligand molar ratios by Raman and IR spectroscopy. Raman spectra present some marker bands yielding information on the ability of the Co(II)/Carnos system to bind molecular oxygen and to identify the metal co-ordination site of the imidazole ring (N_π or N_τ atom) of Carnos.The existence of different oxygenated species is greatly affected by pH and the structure of the predominant complexes depends on the available nitrogen atoms. Under basic conditions, binuclear complexes binding molecular oxygen are the predominant species and two forms (monobridged and dibridged) were identified by the Raman νO-O band (750-850 cm⁻¹).Decreasing pH to 7, the species present in the system are less able to bind oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide and a Co(III) chelate not binding O₂, were formed with a significant conversion of peroxo into superoxo complexes. A slight excess of Carnos does not enhance metal chelation.In slightly acidic conditions, the formation of H₂O₂ and superoxo species is more enhanced than at pH 7 and another Co(III) chelate is probably formed.     

Isotropic NMR Shifts in Imidazole, 2-Methyl Imidazole and n-Methyl Imidazole Complexed with Copper (II) β-Diketonates

Isotropic nuclear magnetic resonance shifts have been measured for imidazole (Im), 2-methyl imidazole (2MeIm) and N-methyl imidazole (NMeIm) adducts with Cu(AA)₂, Cu(TFA), and Cu(HFA)₂, where AA, TFA and HFA are anion of acetylacetone, trifluoroacetylacetone and hexafluoroacetylacetone, respectively, in deuteriochloroform solution. The pseudocontact contribution to the isotropic shifts are negligibly small and Ferrmi contact interaction is dominant in these copper complexes. The normal temperature effect and appreciable spin delocalization suggest that the imidazole and substituted imidazole adducts with Cu(chelate)₂ are all six-coordinated octahedral complexes, and consistent with our results of spectrophotometric study. In these imidazole complexes, the magnitude of the contact shifts lie in the order Cu(HFA)₂>Cu(TFA)₂>Cu(AA)₂, which is the same as that of the stability constants for the pyridine type adduct formation found from spectrophotometric studies. For a given Cu(chelate)₂, the basicity of ligand for adduct formation is in the order NMeIm>Im>2MeIm.     

配位聚合物{[Co(H2O)6][Co(H2O)4(pmts)]·4H2O}n的合成及晶体结构

以均苯四甲酸(pmts)和CoCl2·6H2O为原料,在碱件水溶液中通过水热法合成了配位聚合物{[Co(H2O)6][Co(H2O)4(pmts)]·4H2O}n,并对其进行了红外、紫外-可见吸收光谱和单品X-射线衍射结构测定.结果表明,Co2+分别与桥配体pmts的1,4位羧基氧及端配体水分子中的氧以轻度畸变的八血体...     

Kinetics and mechanism of adducts formation of tetraaza cobalt(II) complexes with some organic bases in DMF solvent

The kinetics and mechanism of the adduct formation of two Co(II) tetraaza complexes, [Co(ampen)] {[(N,N′‐ethylenebis‐(o‐amino‐α‐phenylbenzylideneiminato)cobalt(II)]} and [Co(campen)] {[(N,N′‐ethylenebis‐(5‐chloro‐o‐amino‐α‐phenylbenzylideneiminato)cobalt(II)]}, with four organic bases, 4‐nitro imidazole (4‐NO₂Imid), 4‐methyl imidazole (4‐MeImid), imidazole (Imid), and 1‐methyl imidazole (1‐MeImid), in DMF were studied spectrophotometrically. The kinetic parameters and the second‐order k₂ rate constants show the following nucleophilicity trend of the bases toward the given substrate: 4‐NO₂Imid > 4‐MeImid > Imid > 1‐MeImid. The linear plots of k_obs vs. the molar concentration of the base, the high span of k₂ values, and the large negative values of ΔS^≠ suggest an associative (A) mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 137–144, 2007     

金属卟啉及其与咪唑络合物的电喷雾质谱研究

利用电喷雾电离质谱（ESI－MS）研究了3种金属卟啉化合物（MTPP＝MnTPP,TeTPP和CoTPP）,探讨了在这些化合物中苯取代基与卟啉环间的键合能力以及金属卟啉与咪唑的配位情况。研究结果表明,金属卟啉的外围取代基苯基与卟啉环的键合能力按Mn、Fe和Co的次序变弱。金属卟啉与咪唑形成的络合物的离子丰度随配体浓度的增加而增强;在相同的配体浓度下,络合物的离子丰度按Mn、Fe和Co顺序依次增加,其中,CoTPP络合物的稳定性最强。     

丙二胺缩乙酰丙酮单席夫碱、咪唑金属配合物的XPS与电子结构分析

对6个丙二胺缩乙酰丙酮单席夫碱、咪唑（苯并咪唑）金属配合物进行了XPS分析，得到了配合物在生成过程中金属离子M(Cu^2 、Ni^2 、Co^2 ）的2p轨道、配位体N原子的1s轨道能级的变化道；观察到咪唑或苯并咪唑配位后，其环上另一个非配位的胺N原子向亚胺型N原子状态过渡。     

Heterotrimetallic oxalato-bridged ReIV2MII complexes (M=Mn, Co, Ni, Cu): synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties

The use of the (NBu4)2[ReIVCl4(ox)] mononuclear species as a ligand toward divalent first row transition metal ions in the presence of imidazole affords the new trinuclear compounds of formula (NBu4)2[{ReIVCl4(mu-ox)}2MII(Him)2] [NBu4+=tetra-n-butylammonium cation, ox=oxalate dianion, Him=imidazole; M=Mn (1), Co (2), Ni (3), Cu (4)] whose preparation, crystal structures, and magnetic properties are reported. 1-4 are isostructural complexes which are made up of discrete trinuclear [{ReIVCl4(mu-ox)}2MII(Him)2]2- anions and bulky NBu4+ cations. The Re and M atoms exhibit somewhat distorted octahedral surroundings which are built by four chloro and two oxalate oxygens (Re) and two imidazole nitrogen and four oxalate oxygen atoms (M), the central M atom being linked to the two peripheral Re atoms through bis-bidentate oxalate. The values of the Re...M separation across bridging oxalate vary in the range 5.646(2) (M=Ni) to 5.794(2) A (M=Mn). Magnetic susceptibility measurements on polycrystalline samples of 1-4 in the temperature range 1.9-300 K show the occurrence of significant intramolecular antiferro- (1) and ferromagnetic (2-4) interactions. The nature and magnitude of the magnetic coupling in 1-4 are qualitatively understood through orbital symmetry considerations.     

Catalytic oxyalkylation of alkenes with alkanes and molecular oxygen via a radical process using N-hydroxyphthalimide

A novel catalytic method for the radical addition of alkanes and molecular oxygen to electron-deficient alkenes was achieved by the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) combined with a Co species as the catalyst. This reaction is referred to as oxyalkylation of alkenes with alkanes and O(2). For instance, the reaction of 1,3-dimethyladamantane with methyl acrylate under molecular oxygen in the presence of catalytic amounts of NHPI and Co(acac)(3) at 70 degrees C for 16 h gave oxyalkylated products in 91% yield. Other alkenes such as fumarate and acrylonitrile also serve as good acceptors of alkyl radicals and O(2) to afford the corresponding adducts in high yields. The generality of the present reaction was examined between various alkanes and alkenes under dioxygen. The behavior of Co ions during the reaction course was discussed. The present reaction involves (i) an alkyl radical generation via hydrogen abstraction of alkane by phthalimide N-oxyl generated in situ from NHPI and O(2) assisted by Co(II), (ii) the addition of the resulting alkyl radical to an electron-deficient alkene to form an adduct radical, (iii) trapping of the adduct radical by O(2) yielding a hydroperoxide, and (iv) the decomposition of the hydroperoxide by Co ions to form an adduct in which a hydroxy or a carbonyl function is incorporated.     

CO rebinding to protoheme: investigations of the proximal and distal contributions to the geminate rebinding barrier

The rebinding kinetics of CO to protoheme (FePPIX) in the presence and absence of a proximal imidazole ligand reveals the magnitude of the rebinding barrier associated with proximal histidine ligation. The ligation states of the heme under different solvent conditions are also investigated using both equilibrium and transient spectroscopy. In the absence of imidazole, a weak ligand (probably water) is bound on the proximal side of the FePPIX-CO adduct. When the heme is encapsulated in micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), photolysis of FePPIX-CO induces a complicated set of proximal ligation changes. In contrast, the use of glycerol-water solutions leads to a simple two-state geminate kinetic response with rapid (10-100 ps) CO recombination and a geminate amplitude that can be controlled by adjusting the solvent viscosity. By comparing the rate of CO rebinding to protoheme in glycerol solution with and without a bound proximal imidazole ligand, we find the enthalpic contribution to the proximal rebinding barrier, H(p), to be 11 +/- 2 kJ/mol. Further comparison of the CO rebinding rate of the imidazole bound protoheme with the analogous rate in myoglobin (Mb) leads to a determination of the difference in their distal free energy barriers: DeltaG(D) approximately 12 +/- 1 kJ/mol. Estimates of the entropic contributions, due to the ligand accessible volumes in the distal pocket and the xenon-4 cavity of myoglobin ( approximately 3 kJ/mol), then lead to a distal pocket enthalpic barrier of H(D) approximately 9 +/- 2 kJ/mol. These results agree well with the predictions of a simple model and with previous independent room-temperature measurements of the enthalpic MbCO rebinding barrier (18 +/- 2 kJ/mol).