等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

Three-dimensionalization via control of laser-structuring parameters for high energy and high power lithium-ion battery under various operating conditions

Laser-structuring is an effective method to promote ion diffusion and improve the performance of lithium-ion battery(LIB)electrodes.In this work,the effects of laser structuring parameters(groove pitch and depth)on the fundamental characteristics of LIB electrode,such as interfacial area,internal resistances,material loss and electrochemical performance,are investigated,LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes were structured by a femtosecond laser by varying groove depth and pitch,which resulted in a material loss of 5%-14%and an increase of 140%-260%in the in terfacial area between electrode surface and electrolyte.It is shown that the importance of groove depth and pitch on the electrochemical performance(specific capacity and areal discharge capacity)of laser-structured electrode varies with current rates.Groove pitch is more im porta nt at low current rate but groove depth is at high curre nt rate.From the mapping of lithium concentration within the electrodes of varying groove depth and pitch by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,it is verified that the groove functions as a diffusion path for lithium ions.The ionic,electronic,and charge transfer resistances measured with symmetric and half cells showed that these internal resistances are differently affected by laser structuring parameters and the changes in porosity,ionic diffusion and electronic pathways.It is demonstrated that the laser structuring parameters for maximum electrode performance and minimum capacity loss should be determined in consideration of the main operating conditions of LIBs.     

Core-shell lipid-polymer nanoparticles as a promising ocular drug delivery system to treat glaucoma

Nowadays,tremendous researches have been focused on the core-shell lipid-polymer nanoparticles(LPNs) due to the advantages of both liposomes and polymer nanoparticles.In this work,LPNs were applied to encapsulate brinzolamide(Brz-LPNs) for achieving sustained drug release,improving drug corneal permeation and enhancing drug topical therapeutic effect.The structure of Brz-LPNs was composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid(PLGA) nanocore which encapsulated Brz(Brz-NPs) and lipid shell around the core.Brz-LPNs were prepared by a modified thin-film dispersion method.With the parameters optimization of Brz-LPNs,optimal Brz-LPNs showed an average particle size of151.23±1.64 nm with a high encapsulation efficiency(EE) of 86.7%±2.28%.The core-shell structure of Brz-LPNs were confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy(TEM).Fourier transformed infrared spectra(FTIR) analysis proved that Brz was successfully entrapped into Brz-LPNs.Brz-LPNs exhibited obvious sustained release of Brz,compared with AZOPT^■ and Brz-LPs.Furthermore,the corneal accumulative permeability of Brz-LPNs significantly increased compared to the commercial available formulation(AZOPT^■) in vitro.Moreover,Brz-LPNs(1 mg/mL Brz) showed a more sustained and effective intraocular pressure(IOP) reduction than Brz-LPs(1 mg/mL) and AZOPT^■(10 mg/mL Brz) in vivo.In conclusion,Brz-LPNs,as promising ocular drug delivery systems,are well worth developing in the future for glaucoma treatment.     

液相分散法制备硬脂酸修饰铋纳米微粒

金属纳米微粒由于具有不同于普通材料的光、电、磁、热力学和化学反应等性能,在催化、信息存储、光电、微电子以及润滑等领域中有着广阔的应用前景。金属纳米微粒这些特殊的物理化学性能主要取决于制备工艺和具体的反应条件,因此研究具有特定性能的金属纳米微粒一直是纳米技术领域中的一个研究热点犤1,2犦,目前制备金属纳米微粒最常用的方法是液相法,它是通过在含有表面修饰剂的溶剂中还原相应的金属盐犤3,4犦或有机金属化合物热分解犤5,6犦来制备表面修饰的金属纳米微粒。虽然这种方法能够制备出多种具有特定性能的金属纳米微粒,但是这种方…     

微乳液中单分散银纳米颗粒的制备及抗磨性能

采用水/液体石蜡/Span 80-Tween 80/正丁醇微乳液体系, 制备了具有良好单分散性的Ag纳米颗粒. 通过X射线粉末衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪和热分析仪表征了Ag纳米颗粒的结构、形貌、粒径大小及分布、表面键合性质和热性能. 结果表明, 所制备的Ag纳米颗粒具有立方晶型结构, m(Span 80)∶m(Tween 80)=7∶3时, 粒径分布呈单分散性, 平均粒径约为6 nm. 在四球长时抗磨损试验机上考察了分散于液体石蜡中Ag纳米颗粒的抗磨性能. 实验结果表明, Ag纳米颗粒具有良好的抗磨性, 且能显著提高基础油的承载能力.     

表面修饰中空LaF3纳米微粒的制备及其摩擦学性能

在油酸钠/十六烷基溴化铵乳液体系中合成了表面修饰中空LaF3纳米微粒. 通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TG-DTG)、能谱分析(EDS)等测试手段对其结构和形貌进行了表征. 同时在四球摩擦磨损试验机上考察了LaF3纳米微粒作为润滑油添加剂时, 添加浓度和施加载荷对其抗磨减摩性能的影响. 结果表明, 此纳米微粒的表面为油酸修饰, 具有中空结构, 平均粒径约17.5 nm; 表面修饰中空油酸/三氟化镧纳米微粒作为成品润滑油的添加剂, 具有良好的抗磨性能. 另外, 对中空纳米微粒的形成机理进行了分析.     

置换法制备铜纳米微粒和纳米棒(英)

0 IntroductionIn recentyears, the nanosized m etallic m aterialshave attracted m ore and m ore attention because oftheirvirtue ofunusualoptical, electronic, m agnetic,and chem icalproperties[1￣5].They are expected to havem any potential applications in d…     

2-硫代丁基-5-巯基-1，3，4-噻二唑Ag[I]修饰的钼硅酸盐纳米颗粒的制备及摩擦性能

以合成的2-硫代丁基-5-巯基-1，3，4-噻二唑为配体，在醇-水体系中制备了Keggin结构钼硅杂多阴离子有机衍生物的纳米颗粒，以透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、热分析仪等测试手段对此纳米颗粒的形貌、组成和结构进行了表征，并在机械式四球长时抗磨损试验机上考察了其摩擦学性能．分散型实验结果表明化合物在有机溶剂中分散性能良好，红外光谱表明所合成的纳米颗粒具有杂多酸Keggin骨架结构无机核，透射电镜分析表明颗粒平均粒径约为10nm，热分析娃示分解温度范围为200～300℃．作为新型纳米润滑油添加剂，在最佳添加质量分数为0．05％，负荷300N，摩擦时间30min，转速1450r／min的条件下，与空白相比磨斑直径减小27．9％，摩擦系数减小15．3％．     

WS2纳米颗粒的合成及摩擦学性能研究

将自制的WO₃纳米颗粒前驱体与S粉混合,在自制的反应装置氢气氛中,于550～750 ℃下煅烧得到二硫化钨纳米颗粒,反应中用H₂代替H₂S以减少对周围环境的污染。该合成路线简单且产物纯度高。用XRD、SEM、TEM和HRTEM对二硫化钨纳米结构进行了表征和分析,并将WS₂纳米颗粒作为添加剂添加到N40基础油中,在MS-T3000摩擦磨损仪测试其摩擦学性能。结果显示:制备的二硫化钨颗粒平均粒径在50 nm以内,其形状为球形或类球形。WS₂纳米颗粒作为普通润滑油的纳米级固体添加剂表现出了较优异的摩擦学性能。     

油溶性Ag纳米微粒的制备及表征

Surface modified silver nano particles were synthesized in a mixture solvent of water-alcohol with Pyridinium di-n-octadecyldithio phosphate(PyDDP) as a modification agent. Themorphology and structure of DDP-coated Ag (Ag-DDP) nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR) and Thermo gravimetric analysis(TGA). Anti wear properties of Ag-DDP nano particles were tested using a four-ball tribological testing machine. The disperse properties of Ag-DDP nanoparticles were evaluated in solvents such as chloroform, benzen, toluene, liquid paraffin, distilled water and ethanol. The results show that Ag-DDP nanoparticles disperse in organic solvents, but they don’t disperse in water or ethanol. The good disperse properties in organic solvents enable Ag-DDP nanoparticles to be used as oil additives. The XRD pattern of Ag-DDP nanoparticles indicates that they have fcc crystal structure, and the modification layer can prevent the oxidation of Ag nanocores. TEM graphs show that Ag-DDP nanoparticles have a homogeneous grain distribution; the average diameter is about 15nm. FT-IR and TGA curves indicate that the existence of modification layer can prevent the adsorption of water on the surface of nanoparticles. Tribological tests show that Ag-DDP nanoparticles have good anti-wear properties in liquid paraffin, and they can improve the applied load of base oil.     

表面修饰LaF_3纳米微粒的制备及表征

在水醇混合介质中采用同阳离子共沉淀表面修饰法制备了有机化合物表面修饰的LaF3纳米微粒 ,研究了它的摩擦学特性。采用多种分析手段表征了表面修饰LaF3纳米微粒的结构 ,并在四球摩擦试验机上考察其润滑性能。结果表明 ,表面修饰LaF3纳米微粒不仅在有机溶剂中具有良好的分散性 ,同时也显示出良好的减摩、抗磨和承载性能。     

PS-TiO2 复合纳米微球的表征及摩擦学行为

采用化学法合成了PS-TiO2复合纳米微球,并对其进行了TEM、 FTIR、 TGA及DSC等分析表征。将这种微球用作润滑油添加剂,在四球试验机上研究了它的减摩抗磨性能,同时又对磨斑表面进行了X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS).研究表明：这种添加剂有良好的抗磨性能,并能在摩擦表面形成由TiO2、 Fe2O3以及有机碎片所组成的边界润滑膜。     

含氟不饱和聚酯的合成及其抗磨性能研究(英文)

将氟原子引入不饱和聚酯链中,合成了含氟不饱和聚酯,并探索了其合成条件;采用四球摩擦磨损试验机评价了含氟不饱和聚酯在液体石蜡中作为抗磨添加剂的摩擦学性能,并利用红外光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪和扫描电镜分析了摩擦表面膜的结构、形貌和化学状态.结果表明,氟原子的引入有利于降低聚酯的黏度,并改善聚酯在液体石蜡中的分散性;合成产物作为抗磨添加剂可以在钢球磨损表面形成聚合物膜,从而显著提高基础油的摩擦学性能.