复合催化剂NdPW12O40/TiO2的制备、表征及光催化性能

 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了NdPW12O40/TiO2复合催化剂,并用热重-差热分析、红外光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、荧光发射光谱、扫描电镜和X射线衍射对催化剂进行了表征. 在紫外光照射下,以有机污染物丙酮和甲醇的气相光催化消除为模型反应,考察了催化剂的光催化活性. 结果表明, NdPW12O40的掺杂使TiO2纳米晶粒细化(粒径为11～14 nm), 表面积增大,同时有效抑制了TiO2粒子的团聚. 0.1 g 1%NdPW12O40/TiO2光催化消除初始浓度为6.58 g/m3的丙酮,空时为2.4 s时消除率可达96.74%, 达到排放要求; 催化消除初始浓度为8.82 g/m3的甲醇,空时为2.0 s时消除率可达100%, 实现完全矿化. 与纯的TiO2相比,复合催化剂吸收光的能力增强,吸收带边向长波方向延伸了20 nm.     

稀土掺杂TiO_2光催化剂的制备及产氢性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了稀土掺杂的系列光催化剂RE/TiO2(La/TiO2,Eu/TiO2,Y/TiO2,Pr/TiO2,Nd/TiO2,Sm/TiO2,Gd/TiO2),XRD晶相结构表征分析表明稀土离子的掺杂有效抑制了TiO2晶粒的增长。分别考察了不同酸、醇为牺牲剂时RE/TiO2对光催化产氢性能的影响。实验结果表明:以乙醇为牺牲剂时,稀土的掺杂均提高了光催化产氢性能;以乙酸为牺牲剂时,只有铕和镧的掺杂提高了光催化活性。以La/TiO2为光催化剂,甲醇、乙醇和正丙醇为牺牲剂,光催化产氢活性顺序为:乙醇甲醇正丙醇;以Eu/TiO2为光催化剂,以甲酸、乙酸和丙酸为牺牲剂,光催化产氢活性依次为:甲酸丙酸乙酸;因此,牺牲剂的选择对光催化产氢活性有重要的影响。     

稀土元素掺杂对TiO2薄膜光催化性能的影响

采用Sol-Gel法、浸渍-提拉法制备了RE(Sm, Dy, Lu) 掺杂TiO2的锐钛矿晶型薄膜. 用X射线衍射分析、 UV-Vis透射光谱及电化学实验对其进行了表征, 通过对紫外光照射下甲基橙溶液的光催化降解评价了其光催化性能. 结果表明, RE掺杂的TiO2薄膜的吸收光向长波方向移动; 掺杂浓度是影响光催化活性的重要因素; 适量RE掺杂可以明显提高TiO2薄膜的光催化性能; 最佳掺杂浓度是0.5%. 其中掺杂Sm样品的光催化活性最好. 分别讨论了RE不同浓度及不同元素掺杂对TiO2光催化性能的影响机制.     

稀土金属掺杂对锐钛矿型TiO2光催化活性影响的理论和实验研究

从理论和实验两方面探讨稀土金属掺杂对锐钛矿型TiO2光催化活性的影响.理论上采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理,对稀土掺杂TiO2前后的几何结构、能带结构、态密度及电子结构进行了系统的研究.结果表明,Y,La,Gd,Lu,Ce,Eu,Yb和Tb掺杂有助于TiO2光催化活性的提高;而对于Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Dy,Ho,Er和Tm掺杂,由于在价带顶和导带底之间形成了较多的可能成为光生电子和空穴的复合中心的杂质能级,故此类稀土的掺杂浓度需要控制在较小的范围内.另一方面,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了9种稀土金属(RE=Y,Ce,Pr,Sm,Gd,Dy,Ho,Er,Yb)掺杂的TiO2粉体,运用X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见光谱法(UV-Vis)分别表征其晶体结构和光学吸收性质.结果表明,掺杂前后的TiO2均为锐钛矿相,且Ho,Pr,Ce,Sm,Y,Yb和Gd掺杂使TiO2在可见光区的吸收有不同程度的提高.理论预测与实验结果基本一致,且理论研究结果与周期表中稀土元素外层电子轨道排布规律一致,从而揭示了稀土元素掺杂的本质规律,指明了适量的稀土掺杂有利于TiO2光催化活性的提高.     

SiO2掺杂TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙溶液

采用实验室合成的SiO2掺杂TiO2作为催化剂,以甲基橙超声降解反应为模型,研究了各种因素对SiO2掺杂TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙的影响.结果表明在SiO2掺杂TiO2催化剂作用下超声降解甲基橙的效果明显优于非掺杂的锐钛矿型TiO2的催化效果.SiO2掺杂TiO2催化剂用量在0.5～1.0g/L之间,超声波频率25kHz,输出功率1.0W/cm2,pH为1.0～3.0时,在甲基橙水溶液初始浓度20mg/L的条件下,80min,降解率达到了98%以上,COD的去除率也达到了99.0%.因此,SiO2掺杂TiO2催化超声降解有机污染物的方法具有很好的应用前景.     

Eu／TiO2光催化降解部分水解聚丙烯酰胺影响因素研究

考查了以四异氧丙基钛(TTIP)为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶的合成方法制备Eu掺杂TiO2纳米晶催化剂.运用X射线粉体衍射光谱仪(XRD)检测到制备的复合物具有锐钛矿晶型、透射电镜(TEM)和N2吸附表征催化剂的形貌和吸附特性:Eu/TiO2纳米晶粒子分散均匀,平均粒径为9 nm左右.比表面积107 m2/g,孔体积0.5 cm3/g、孔径14.0 nm.此外,研究了在紫外光作用下催化条件对光催化降解部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的影响,如:光催化时间、催化剂的浓度、HAPM的初始浓度、反应的pH值及Na2CO3,NaHCO3和NaCl浓度对催化的影响.结果表明,除NaCl外,其它条件对HPAM的催化降解均有显著的影响.增加催化时间、最佳的催化剂浓度、pH~6和较低的初始浓度有利于催化反应的进行.     

微波加热制备泡沫镍负载La3+掺杂纳米TiO2及其光催化降解甲醛的性能

 采用常规加热和微波加热方法制备了两种泡沫镍负载La3+掺杂的纳米TiO2光催化剂,以甲醛光催化降解为模型反应,考察了制备方法和掺杂La3+对催化剂催化性能的影响,并采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、 X射线衍射和能量分散式光谱分析对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,微波加热法制备的纳米TiO2具有典型的锐钛矿型晶体结构,其粒径均匀且明显小于常规加热法制备的催化剂. 泡沫镍负载1.5%La3+掺杂的TiO2的光催化性能得到明显改善,反应90 min后甲醛的降解率仍达到93%. 在实验中发现催化剂有失活现象,但经简单清洗后其活性能够恢复.     

RE/TiO2用于NO2-光催化氧化的研究

 以稀土盐和钛酸丁酯为原料,采用溶胶－凝胶法制备了掺杂稀土\r\n光催化剂RE／TiO2（RE＝La,Ce,Er,Pr,Gd,Nd,Sm）,并用XRD,\r\nDRS和IR等手段对RE／TiO2进行了表征;以NO－2为目标降解物,考察了\r\n其光催化氧化活性．结果表明,适量RE的掺入,可有效扩展TiO2的光谱\r\n响应范围,有利于NO－2的吸附,使光催化活性均有不同程度的提高．\r\n其中掺杂Gd样品的光催化活性最高．掺杂量是影响光催化活性的重要因\r\n素,一般最佳掺杂量为w（RE）≈0．5％．     

掺杂镨的纳米二氧化钛光催化降解2,4-二硝基苯酚的研究

以钛酸丁酯为原料,用溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法制备了掺杂镨的纳米TiO2粉末.采用X光衍射仪对粉体的物相进行了表征.样品经500 ℃焙烧2 h后,0.5%(摩尔分数)Pr3+-TiO2纳米粉末为单一的锐钛型结构.通过粉体对2,4-二硝基苯酚的降解情况对其光催化活性进行了测试,结果表明与纯TiO2相比,Pr3+-TiO2的光催化活性有较大提高,当Pr3+的掺入量为0.5%(摩尔分数)时催化活性最高.以高压汞灯为光源,2,4-二硝基苯酚的初始浓度为50 mg·L-1,催化剂0.5%(摩尔分数)Pr3+-TiO2投加量为1.0 g·L-1时,2,4-二硝基苯酚的光催化降解效果最好.     

LiF掺杂TiO2的制备及其光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了LiF掺杂的TiO2光催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和光致发光光谱等技术对样品进行了表征.以亚甲基蓝的光催化降解为反应模型,考察了LiF掺杂量、退火温度和溶液pH值对催化剂光催化性能的影响.结果表明,LiF的掺杂降低了金红石相的形成温度,同时在TiO2表面引入大量羟基氧并提高了TiO2表面氧空穴浓度,因此提高了TiO2的光催化性能.在LiF掺杂量为8%,退火温度为500℃和反应液pH值为6.6的条件下,LiF掺杂的TiO2的光催化活性是未掺杂TiO2的6倍.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。