Crack identification in elastically restrained vibrating rods

In this paper we consider the problem of identifying an open crack in a longitudinally vibrating rod with smooth variable profile by minimal eigenfrequency data. The crack is assumed to be open during vibration and it is modelled by an elastic spring acting along the rod axis. Most, if not all, the results available in the literature for this inverse problem refer to ideal end conditions, that is the rod is either under free or supported end conditions. As an example of almost optimal result, it is known that the knowledge of the fundamental (positive) natural frequency of the rod under free-free and cantilever end conditions allows for the unique determination of the crack, without any restriction on the damage severity. In this paper we show that the analysis of the analogous crack identification problem for rods under elastically restrained end conditions leads to different results and that, in general, the knowledge of the fundamental frequency belonging to two spectra associated to different end conditions is not sufficient for the uniqueness of the solution. The method we used to solve the inverse problem is of constructive type and it is based on general properties of the eigenfrequencies as functions of the position and severity of the crack. The identification procedure has been tested numerically on rods under various damage scenarios. Numerical results agree well with the theory, even in presence of noisy input data.     

Dual extremum principles relating to optimum beam design

Of concern is a cantilever beam resting on an elastic foundation and supporting a load at the free end. The beam is of rectangular cross section and of constant height but variable width. It is required to taper the beam for maximum strength. This means that the beam is to support a maximum vertical load W at the free end when the free end is given unit deflection. The constraint is that the weight of the beam should not exceed a given bound K. It is shown that the optimum taper should be so chosen that the curvature of the beam is constant. This yields the solution of the problem in terms of explicit formulas. For more general constraints, an inequality is found which gives upper and lower bounds for the maximum load W even though explicit formulas are not available.This paper was prepared under Research Grant DA-ARO-D-31-124-71-G17, U.S. Army Research Office (Durham).     

Analytical treatment of equilibrium configurations of cantilever under terminal loads using Jacobi elliptical functions

The paper provides an exact analytical solution for the equilibrium configurations of a cantilever rod subject to inclined force and tip moment acting on its free end. The solution is given in terms of Jacobi’s elliptical functions and illustrated by several numerical examples and several graphical presentations of shapes of deformed cantilevers. Possible forms of the underlying elastica of a cantilever are discussed in detail, and various simple formulas are given for calculating the characteristic dimensions of the elastica. For the case when a cantilever is subject only to applied force, three load conditions are discussed: the follower load problem, the load determination problem, and the conservative load problem. For all cases, either a formula or an effective procedure for determining the solution is provided. In particular, a new efficient procedure is given to determine all possible equilibrium shapes in the case of the conservative load problem.     

Investigation of the Effect of Axial Loads on the Transverse Vibrations of a Vertical Cantilever with Variable Parameters

The method of influence function is applied to the solution of the boundary-value problem on the free transverse vibrations of a vertical cantilever and a bar subjected to axial loads. To demonstrate the capabilities of the method, a cantilever with the free end under two types of loading — point forces (conservative and follower) and a load distributed along the length (dead load) — is analyzed. A characteristic equation in the general form, which does not depend on the cantilever shape and on the type of axial load, is given. The Cauchy influence function depends on the cantilever shape and the type of axial load. As an example, a tapered cantilever subjected to conservative and follower forces and an elastically supported bar under the dead load are considered in detail. The characteristic equation derived allows one to evaluate the natural frequencies and the Euler critical loads. It is shown that the calculated natural frequencies and critical forces are in a good agreement with the exact values when several terms are retained in the characteristic series. The high accuracy of the method is also confirmed     

具有粘弹性电磁式主动动力吸振器主动控制试验研究

电磁作动器是吸振器的常见形式,其设计多种多样,本文研制了一种粘弹性电磁式主动动力吸振器,与常见电磁作动器的设计上在电磁铁和永磁铁之间采用弹性元件不同,这种新型作动器在电磁铁和永磁铁之间采用的是粘弹性材料,本文从理论上分析计算了电磁铁和永磁铁之间的作用力,制作了作动器模型,设计了实验,并将此作动器附着于铝质悬臂梁的自由端,利用这种作用力作为控制力对悬臂梁的振动进行控制,证明了此吸振器具有良好的吸振效果。     

ON THE RESTRICTED TORSION OF NARROW RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION BY KIRCHHOFF’S THIN PLATE THEORY

Kirchhoff’s thin plate theory is used to solve the restricted torsion of narrow rectangular cross section as this problem is equivalent to the bending of a rectangular cantilever plate by a twisting moment at the free end. The results obtained not only prove the angle of twist obtained by Prof. Timoshenko using the energy method put give us stresses.     

Natural vibrations of a cantilever thin elastic orthotropic cylindrical shell

The natural vibrations of a cantilever thin elastic orthotropic circular cylindrical shell are studied. Dispersion equations for the determination of possible natural frequencies of cantilever closed shells and open shells with Navier hinged boundary conditions at the longitudinal edges are derived from the classical dynamic theory of orthotropic cylindrical shells. It is proved that there are asymptotic relationships between these problems and the problems for a cantilever orthotropic strip plate and for a cantilever rectangular plate and the eigenvalue problem for a semi-infinite closed orthotropic cylindrical shell with free end and for the same but open shell with Navier hinged boundary conditions at the longitudinal edges. A procedure to identify types of vibrations is presented. Orthotropic cylindrical shells with different radii and lengths are used as an example to find approximate values of the dimensionless natural frequency and damping factor for vibration modes __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 68–91, May 2008.     

ON THE STVENANT FLEXURE FOR CROSS SECTIONS OF A SERFIES OF SYMMETRICAL AIRFOLLS

本文讨论一系列对称翼截面柱体的弯曲问题,柱体空端锁甲外力的方向与主题的对称面垂直.这问题一般可简化为寻找三个平面挑和函数,其中两个函数给出边界值,另一函数给出边界上法向的微商.我们设法将这些调和函数的边界值表达为複变函数的实数或虚数部分,这样所得的复变函数在柱体截面内常会表现有奇异点.本方法中的一个重要内容为：如何削去这些奇异点.本文求得问题的精确普遍解,其中含一个参数,可用来调节截面的厚度.本文最后给出一个例子,阐明求应力函数、扭转厚度及湾区中心的步骤,给出受扭转和弯曲时沿截面边界上剪切的分布情况.     

Dynamics of a partially confined,discharging, cantilever pipe with reverse external flow

The potential for fluid-elastic instability of hanging cantilevered pipes subjected to simultaneous internal and external axial flows is investigated. Such systems may lose stability by amplified oscillations (flutter) or buckling (static divergence). The system of interest is a flexible tubular cantilever hanging concentrically within a rigid outer tube of larger diameter. Flow inside the cantilever is directed from the clamped end to the free end. Upon exiting the cantilever, the fluid flows in the opposite direction in the annular region between the outer tube and the cantilever. The rigid outer tube is of variable length and it can cover part of the length of the cantilever. This system has applications in brine production and salt-cavern hydrocarbon storage. A linear model is derived based on the work of Paidoussis, Luu and Prabhakar; the presence of the shorter outer rigid tube is taken into account in a simplified way. Series solutions are obtained using a Galerkin method with Euler–Bernoulli beam eigenfunctions as comparison functions. Experimental results are presented and compared with the theoretical model. Additional computations are performed to quantify the effect of confinement (i.e. the narrowness of the annular region) on the cantilever stability, as well as the effect of confined-flow length, for both the short laboratory-sized system and long brine-string-like systems. An increase in these parameters gives rise to flutter for short systems, or a succession of flutter and divergence for long systems. In addition, the effect of the system length is investigated. Increasing length results in asymptotic behaviour, with both the critical flow-velocity and associated frequency reaching limiting values. Sufficiently long systems lose stability by divergence rather than flutter.     

若干综合应用递归二次规划法和边界元法的平面弹性结构形状优化问题

结构的边界表示为若干设计变量的函数,结构形状优化问题表示为数学规划问题。本文采用递归二次规划法求解数学规划问题,采用边界元法做结构分析,求解了受拉多边形板、受弯悬臂梁和空腹重力坝的形状优化问题。结果表明本文的求解方案非常有效。     

Stresses and deflections in a pseudo-elastic beam under cyclic loads

We consider a cantilever beam loaded by a concentrated transverse force at its free end. We assume that plane cross-sections remain plane in the deformed state and that the material obeys a particular non-linear stress-strain law, proposed by Landau and extended by Falk and Müller, in order to describe the pseudo-elastic behaviour. We find the explicit solution of the problem, and examine the deflection of the axis of the beam under the action of a prescribed slowly varying cyclical load.Received: 10 August 2004, Accepted: 19 August 2004, Published online: 4 March 2005PACS: 62.20.Fe     

悬臂梁角点的应力非对称问题的实验研究

采用网格法研究弹性悬臂梁自由端角点在端部竖向均布荷载下的大变形,利用现代图像采集技术获得实验图像,借助MATLAB图像处理技术对图像数据进行处理,以应变与转动的S-R分解定理为理论基础,计算整旋角并绘制整旋角等高线分布图。等高线分布图显示越靠近角点处,整旋角的等值线越密集,即角点处的整旋角的梯度增大,从而证明体力矩的存在是引起悬臂梁自由端角点应力非对称现象的原因。     

POLYNOMIAL SOLUTIONS TO PIEZOELECTRIC BEAMS (Ⅱ)——ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO TYPICAL PROBLEMS

IntroductionThis paper is a continuation of Ref.[1],in which a series of orthotropic piezoelectricplane problems was solved and the corresponding exact solutions were obtained with the trial-and-error method,on the basis of the general solution expressed …     

Furthest reach of a uniform cantilevered elastica

A uniform elastic cantilever is subjected to a uniformly distributed load or a concentrated load at its tip. The angle of the fixed end with the horizontal is varied until the maximum horizontal distance (projection) from the fixed end to the horizontal location of the tip is attained. The beam is modeled as an inextensible elastica, and numerical results are obtained with the use of a shooting method. For the optimal solution (furthest reach), the tip is below the level of the fixed end. Experiments are conducted to verify the analysis for a heavy cantilever (i.e., only subjected to its self-weight).     

Non-linear flexural oscillations of a partially tapered annular plate

The free finite amplitude axisymmetric oscillations of an isotropic annular plate with partially tapered thickness are investigated. The time variable is eliminated by a Ritz-Kantorovich averaging method. The von Karman plate equations are then reduced to two non-linear ordinary differential equations, which form a non-linear eigenvalue problem. Solutions to the problem are obtained by utilizing a direct computational method. The results reveal the effects of large amplitude upon the dynamic responses. Also, an annulus of constant thickness, which has the same boundary conditions and the same volume as the partially tapered one, is investigated. Their results, which may shed light on the optimal design of annular plates, are compared.     

POLYNOMIAL SOLUTIONS TO PIEZOELECTRIC BEAMS(Ⅱ)--ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO TYPICAL PROBLEMS

For the orthotropic piezoelectric plane problem, a series of piezoelectric beams is solved and the corresponding analytical solutions are obtained with the trialand-error method on the basis of the general solution in the case of three distinct eigenvalues, in which all displacements, electrical potential, stresses and electrical displacements are expressed by three displacement functions in terms of harmonic polynomials. These problems are cantilever beam with cross force and point charge at free end, cantilever beam and simply-supported beam subjected to uniform loads on the upper and lower surfaces, and cantilever beam subjected to linear electrical potential.     

狭长结构拓扑优化

通常的拓扑优化是在给定区域内，通过设计材料分布实现结构拓扑形式优化。对于设计区域的长和宽相近的平面问题，现行的方法可得到清晰的拓扑。但是，狭长结构的设计域具有大的长宽比。为了保证基结构包含足够多的拓扑形式，宽度方向要求有一定量的有限元分割，从而导致整体网格数和设计变量多、问题求解困难。本文提出了通过基本结构拼装的狭长结构拓扑优化方法，建立了以最小平均柔顺性密度为目标、同时设计材料分布和设计域几何尺度的基本结构的拓扑优化问题的数学提法和求解方法。利用所提出的问题提法和求解方法，设计了狭长悬臂梁的拓扑形式，讨论了危险截面的弯矩与剪力的相对值以及材料体积约束对拓扑形式的影响。数值结果表明，不同的弯矩与剪力的相对数值对应不同的拓扑形式，随着相对数值的增加，梁的拓扑形式由类桁架结构逐渐变成竖直立板加强的框架式结构。     

Analytical solutions for plane problem of functionally graded magnetoelectric cantilever beam

In this paper, an exact analytical solution is presented for a transversely isotropic functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic (FGMEE) cantilever beam, which is subjected to a uniform load on its upper surface, as well as the concentrated force and moment at the free end. This solution can be applied for any form of gradient distribution. For the basic equations of plane problem, all the partial differential equations governing the stress field, electric, and magnetic potentials are derived. Then, the expressions of Airy stress, electric, and magnetic potential functions are assumed as quadratic polynomials of the longitudinal coordinate. Based on all the boundary conditions, the exact expressions of the three functions can be determined. As numerical examples, the material parameters are set as exponential and linear distributions in the thickness direction. The effects of the material parameters on the mechanical, electric, and magnetic fields of the cantilever beam are analyzed in detail.     

Effect of nonhomogenous material properties on transverse vibrations of elastic cantilevers

In this paper, the method of the influence functions and the method of partial discretization are proposed to solve the boundary-value problem of free transverse vibrations of a nonhomogenous cantilever with a concentrated mass attached to the free end. In order to demonstrate the possibilities of the methods, the case of a cantilever in the form of a sharp cone, a frustum of a cone, and a linear wedge made of two different materials is treated in detail. The general characteristic equations which allow one to take into consideration the nonhomogeneous material properties and the cross-sectional geometry of cantilever are introduced. The expressions for the first three terms of the characteristic series are obtained in closed form using the method of Cauchy influence functions. The results of calculations of the first two frequencies of free transverse vibrations are presented for selected material combinations and various cantilever geometries. There is very good agreement between the numerical results obtained using the method of partial discretization and the analytical results obtained using the method of influence functions. The high accuracy of the proposed methods and agreement with known theoretical data and with the experimental results obtained by the authors in the homogeneous cantilever case are shown. Presented at the International Conference on the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Poland, 1996. Published in Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 103–110, June, 1999.     

自由端受集中力作用下压电悬臂梁弯曲问题解析解

本文对由横观各向同性压电介质构成的悬臂梁，在自由端受集中力作用下的弯曲问题进行了研究。首先根据问题的特点，得到简化的线弹性压电悬臂梁的基本方程。然后根据正交各向异性材料悬臂梁应力分布特点，采用逆解法，建立了该问题的应力函数与电势分布函数，进而得到精确多项式解析解。该解析解形式简单，便于应用。文中对自由端受集中力的常规材料和压电材料悬臂梁的挠度也进行了比较。