Dependance conformationnelle de l'effet isotopique dans les reactions d'addition nucleophiles : Influence du sens d'attaque sur la variation du terme hyperconjugatif

The secondary kinetic deuterium isotope effects measured in addition reactions of sulfite and borohydride ions has confirmed the importance of the hyperconjugative factor. Semi-quantitative evaluation of this stabilizing factor by calculating the orbital overlap evolution during reaction shows that the hyperconjugative contribution to the isotope effect is much more important during equatorial attack than during axial attack. This explains why isotope effects are similar for the additions, though their directions of attack are opposite and their transition states located differently along the reaction coordinate.     

Substituent-dependent anomeric effects as a source of conformational preference in pyridinium methylides

A systematic density functional theory level investigation of differently substituted pyridinium methylides was carried out to determine the role of C(ylidic) lone-pair-associated hyperconjugative and negative hyperconjugative interactions in deciding conformational preferences. Deviation from the coplanar orientation of the carbanionic center with the pyridine ring and its substituent dependence has been found to correlate well with the relative opportunities for conjugative and negative hyperconjugative interactions of a ylidic moiety with different substituent groups present at the ylidic carbon. The contribution of individual n-->pi* conjugative, n-->sigma* negative hyperconjugative, and sigma-->pi* hyperconjugative interactions in a particular conformation of pyridinium dichlorophosphinomethylides was assessed from donor-acceptor stabilization energies, as obtained from natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The relative extent of conjugative and negative hyperconjugative interactions with the substituents present at the ylidic carbon plays an important role in permitting the delocalization of ylidic charge into the pyridine ring, thereby controlling the relative orientation of the latter with the carbanionic plane.     

A carbon-13 NMR study of some alkyl-substituted indenes. An experimental study of the baker-nathan order of hyperconjugation in the neutral ground state

Carbon-13 NMR spectra of several alkyl-substituted indenes have been assigned and analysed. For structures having an alkyl substituent in the C-2 position an increased shielding was observed for the remote conjugated positions C-4 and C-6, an alternating trend similar to that found for the 2-cycloaminoindenes. The hyperconjugative behaviour was slightly more pronounced for the methyl group compared with an isopropyl or tert-butyl substituent, a fact which supports a model where C? H σ–π interactions are more efficient than those involving C? C bonds.     

Dismantling the Hyperconjugation of π-Conjugated Phosphorus Heterocycles

The development of π-extended phosphorus heterocycles has been rapidly increasing because of their unique optoelectronics properties, which are very often considered to be a consequence of special hyperconjugative interactions. However, the latter interactions have primarily been investigated within the five-membered species, phospholes, and they are often conceptually extrapolated to the rest of π-extended phosphorus heterocycles (including six-membered P-heterocycles) despite evident structural differences. Herein, we report, for the first time, a detailed investigation that sheds light on the hyperconjugative effects of a series of phosphorus heterocyclic systems by means of EDA and NBO calculations within a DFT framework. Our results lay the foundations for the future design of π-extended phosphorus heterocycles with improved optoelectronics properties.     

NMR spin-spin couplings involving nuclei in the neighborhood of a carbonyl group. 3JCH couplings in alpha-substituted acetamides

In this work 3JCH spin-spin coupling constants (SSCCs) for the cis- and trans-conformers for alpha-X-acetamides (X = F, Cl, Br and CN) (1-4) were studied in detail since they were found to be notably different for both conformers. These differences are rationalized as originating in the changes of the strong negative hyperconjugative interactions that take place within the carbonyl group. Such changes are found to depend not only on conformation, but also on solvent. For the cis-conformers there is a close proximity between the X-substituent and the in-plane oxygen lone pair of pure p character, which affects notably their respective negative hyperconjugative interactions. Both the efficiency for transmitting the Fermi contact (FC) term through the coupling pathway of 3JCH SSCCs and its potential as a probe to study the stereochemical properties of the XH2C group are discussed.     

Probing the Most Aromatic and Antiaromatic Pyrrolium Rings by Maximizing Hyperconjugation and Push–Pull Effect

Hyperconjugation, a weak interaction in organic chemistry, can have a strong effect on aromaticity, leading to the concept of hyperconjugative aromaticity, which was first proposed by Mulliken in 1939. However, most studies are limited to main group chemistry. Here we report the most aromatic and antiaromatic pyrrolium ring by maximizing the hyperconjugation caused by transition metal fragments and the push–pull effect. Our calculations reveal that the origin of the outperformance of transition metal substituents over main group ones on hyperconjugative aromaticity could be attributed to their higher highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs). Among the group 11 transition metals, a silver substituent results in the best performance. All these findings highlight the magic of the transition metal (silver) and could be particularly helpful for the design of other aromatic and antiaromatic counterparts based on a nonaromatic parent species.     

Why is the linking C-C bond in tetrahedranyltetrahedrane so short?

[structure: see text]. The block-localized wave function (BLW) method has been employed to probe the origin of the very short linking C-C bond (1.436 A) in tetrahedranyltetrahedrane. Computations show that the vicinal hyperconjugative interactions between the two tetrahedranyl groups is stronger than the conjugation in butadiene, and if there were no hyperconjugation effect, the bond distance would be 1.491 A. Thus, both the hybridization mode and hyperconjugative interactions contribute to the shortening of the central C-C bond in tetrahedranyltetrahedrane.     

Umpolung of the allylpalladium reactivity: mechanism and regioselectivity of the electrophilic attack on bis-allylpalladium complexes formed in palladium-catalyzed transformations

The structure and reactivity of various bis-allylpalladium complexes occurring as catalytic intermediates in important synthetic transformations have been studied by applying density functional theory at the B3PW91(DZ + P) level. It was found that n1,n3 coordinated bis-allylpalladium complexes are readily formed from the corresponding n3,n3 complexes, especially in the presence of pi-acceptor phosphine ligands. The theoretical calculations indicate dsigma-->pi type hyperconjugative interactions occurring in the n1-coordinated allyl moiety of the n3,n3 coordinated complexes. These hyperconjugative interactions influence the structure of the complexes and dramatically increase the reactivity of the double bond in the n1-moiety. The DFT results indicate a remarkably low activation barrier for the electrophilic attack on the n1-allyl functionality. In bridged n1,n3 complexes, the electrophilic attack occurs with a very high regioselectivity, which can be explained on the basis of d-pi type hyperconjugative interactions.     

Electron Density Analysis of Hyperconjugation

Hyperconjugation is analyzed through the electron density of orbitals responsible for hyperconjugative interactions, which cannot be detected by means of conventional electron‐density‐based calculations. This interaction is detected through the π electron density topology, by excluding σ electron density from the total. As the presence of the hyperconjugation phenomenon in carbocation systems is well understood, several carbocations are benchmarked, and the results show that the positive carbon atom establishes a hyperconjugative critical point with the adjacent methyl group(s). Also, π localization and delocalization indices are employed to support the conclusions made by the topological analysis.     

Hyperconjugation as it affects conformational analysis

A primer for the qualitative identification and quantitative analysis of hyperconjugative delocalization is presented. The particular focus is upon the influence of hyperconjugation as it affects conformational analysis. Computational methodologies are illustrated within the context of several diverse molecular systems: anomeric and reverse anomeric effects in 2-tetrahydropyranosylammonium, generalized anomeric effects in phosphorus-stabilized carbanions, and hyperconjugative effects in phosphorus- and silicon-based trigonal bipyramids. Hyperconjugation is shown to compete with apicophilicity in the final examples. Although the latter influence has long been accounted for in traditional conformational analysis of trigonal bipyramidal systems, the former has been less appreciated.     

吩噻嗪衍生物自由基正离子六氯酸锑盐单晶的制备和分子结构

以2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-乙酰氧基哌啶氧铵六氯锑酸盐为单电子氧化剂制备了N-甲基N-乙基, N-正丁基, N-苯基和N-对-硝基苯基等五种吩噻嗪自由基正离子六氯锑酸盐单晶(3a-3e)并对3a和3b作了X射线结构分析, 发现它们的分子构型与其母体中性分子有明显的差别, 说明在自由基正离子中存在着很强的共轭效应和超共轭效应。     

Ethyl anomaly in the nucleophilic substitution at a series of β-methylated alkyl RCH2Z and carbonyl RCOZ carbon centers for R = Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu, and Z = LG

We have carried out DFT studies to explore the cause of anomalously fast reaction rates of ethyl group (R = Et) in the gas-phase S(N)2 reactions of RCH(2)Cl+Cl(-) and RCH(CN)Cl+Cl(-), and also for those in the cationic forms of RCH(2)(+) and RCH(CN)(+) with R = Me, Et, i-Pr, and t-Bu. The TS stabilization by hyperconjugative donor-acceptor vicinal charge transfers (CTs) from R to the major NBOs at the reaction center carbon in the S(N)2 TSs were estimated using natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. In all cases the hyperconjugative CT stabilization increases in the order R = t-Bu < i-Pr < Me < Et in agreement with the experimental as well as theoretical rate orders, exhibiting an ethyl anomaly. We have also determined the reorganization energies and hyperconjugative CTs from R to the two major NBOs, C-O(-) and C-N(+), in the tetrahedral intermediate formed with five water molecules, T(5w), by transformation of sp(2) to sp(3) centers in the reactions of RC(═O)OC(6)H(5) with NH(3). The reorganization energy is the lowest and CT stabilization is the strongest with R = Et in line with the fastest experimental rate. We conclude that C-H is a better donor than C-C bond orbital and hyperconjugative vicinal σ chain extension leads to a stronger CT stabilization in the TS. The stronger CT stabilization for R = Et rather than Me is achieved by enhanced hyperconjugative CT to the reaction center in the TS as a result of narrower energy gap and greater overlap brought about by long-range orbital mixing as the C-H σ-chain is extended from n = 2 for Me to n = 3 for Et. We find that CT properties of the all-trans vicinal hyprconjugative C-H σ-chains are closely analogous to the corresponding conjugative polyene π-chains although skeletal patterns of bridge bonds are different and the stabilization energy gained by extension of the σ-chain is much weaker than that gained by the π-chain.     

Hydrogen isotope effects in electron donor-acceptor systems

The charge-transfer (CT) transition of complexes involving alkylated aromatic electron donors shifts hypsochromically upon benzylic deuteration. This is attributed to hyperconjugative effects.     

Studies of 13C?H coupling constants: III—the conformational dependence of 1J(13CH) for the formyl proton in aromatic aldehydes

¹J(¹³CH) and ²J(¹³CH) involving the aldehydic proton in ortho-alkylbenzaldehydes have been examined for evidence of a hyperconjugative contribution from the aromatic π-electrons. The expected hyperconjugative effect is obscured by changes in the coupling constants resulting from steric inhibition of resonance.     

Synthesis of Fluorescein Phosphorotriesters Using Photolabile Protecting Groups

Fluorescein phosphorotriesters 5, each having four identical photoactivatable adducts have been synthesized to investigate their applications as intracellular fluorescence indicators.     

Ionization Energies of Methyl-substituted[2.2]Paracyclophanes

The photoelectron (PE.) spectra of thirteen methyl-substituted [2.2]paracyclophanes have been recorded and analyzed, to assess the influence of methyl-substitution on their ionization energies. It is shown that this influence is qualitatively and quantitatively the same as for benzenes and other π-systems. Comparison with the previous results obtained for the [2_r]cyclophanes (r=2 to 6) strongly suggests that the hyperconjugative model for alkyl-group/π-system interactions is more appropriate than the inductive one.     

On the exceptional reactivity of the norbornene double bond

The anomalous reactivity of the bicyclo [2.2.1] heptene double bond is interpreted in terms of hyperconjugative effects, leading to an exceptionally low endo out-of-plane deformation potential.     

Effect of hyperconjugation on ionization energies of hydroxyalkyl radicals

On the basis of electronic structure calculations and molecular orbital analysis, we offer a physical explanation of the observed large decrease (0.9 eV) in ionization energies (IE) in going from hydroxymethyl to hydroxyethyl radical. The effect is attributed to hyperconjugative interactions between the sigma CH orbitals of the methyl group in hydroxyethyl, the singly occupied p orbital of carbon, and the lone pair p orbital of oxygen. Analyses of vertical and adiabatic IEs and hyperconjugation energies computed by the natural bond orbital (NBO) procedure reveal that the decrease is due to the destabilization of the singly occupied molecular orbital in hydroxyethyl radical as well as structural relaxation of the cation maximizing the hyperconjugative interactions. The stabilization is achieved due to the contraction of the CO and CC bonds, whereas large changes in torsional angles bear little effect on the total hyperconjugation energies and, consequently, IEs.     

Electronic basis of the comparable hydrogen bond properties of small H2CO/(H2O)n and H2NO/(H2O)n systems (n = 1, 2)

The electronic and structural properties of dihydronitroxide/water clusters are investigated and compared to the properties of formaldehyde/water clusters. Exploring the stationary points of their potential energy surfaces (structurally, vibrationally, and energetically) and characterizing their hydrogen bonds (by both atoms in molecules and natural bond orbitals methods) clearly reveal the strong similarity between these two kind of molecular systems. The main difference involves the nature of the hydrogen bond taking place between the X-H bond and the oxygen atom of a water molecule. All the properties of the hydrogen bonds occurring in both kind of clusters can be easily interpreted in terms of competition between intermolecular and intramolecular hyperconjugative interactions.     

Stereoelectronic interaction and their effects on conformational preference for 2-substituted methylenecyclohexane: an experimental and theoretical investigation

Conformational preferences for 2-substituted methylenecyclohexanes were determined using (3) J H 2 H 3 spin-spin coupling constants, while stereoelectronic interactions were obtained by means of theoretical calculations and NBO analysis. The conformational equilibrium of compounds studied can be represented by their axial and equatorial conformers, the axial conformers being the most stable form in polar and nonpolar solvents. These conformational preferences were attributed to the hyperconjugative interactions between the pi C-C-->sigma* C-Xax. and sigma C-H-->sigma* C-Xax. orbitals, and the repulsive steric interaction observed between sigma C-H-->n Xeq..