An investigation into the simultaneous use of a resonator as an energy harvester and a vibration absorber

A mass–spring–damper system is at the core of both a vibration absorber and a harvester of energy from ambient vibrations. If such a device is attached to a structure that has a high impedance, then it will have very little effect on the vibrations of the structure, but it can be used to convert mechanical vibrations into electrical energy (act as an energy harvester). However, if the same device is attached to a structure that has a relatively low impedance, then the device may attenuate the vibrations as it may act as both a vibration absorber and an energy harvester simultaneously. In this paper such a device is discussed. Two situations are considered; the first is when the structure is excited with broadband random excitation and the second is when the structure is excited by a single frequency. The optimum parameters of the device for both energy harvesting and vibration attenuation are discussed for these two cases. For random excitation it is found that if the device is optimized for vibration suppression, then this is also adequate for maximizing the energy absorbed (harvested), and thus a single device can effectively suppress vibration and harvest energy at the same time. For single frequency excitation this is found not to be the case. To maximize the energy harvested, the natural frequency of the system (host structure and absorber) has to coincide with the forcing frequency, but to minimize vibration of the host structure, the natural frequency of the absorber has to coincide with the forcing frequency. In this case, therefore, a single resonator cannot effectively suppress vibration and harvest energy at the same time.     

Li9团簇体心立方结构的形成机理和结合能

本文提出了Li9团簇体心立方结构的形成机理,并对此结构的总能量随中心原子到顶点原子间核间距R的变化用芶氏改进的排列通道量子力学方法(MACQM)进行了计算。结果显示曲线在R = 4.77 a0处有一极小值 -67.160922 a.u.,这表明Li9团簇的体心立方结构是可能稳定存在的。在R趋于无穷大时这9个锂原子的总能量为 -66.852240 a.u.,所以形成Li9的总结合能为0.308682 a.u.。因此Li9 团簇的原子平均结合能是0.034298 a.u.或0.933 eV,它大于我们过去计算的Li5团簇正四面体中心结构的原子平均结合能0.632 eV、Li7 团簇正八面体中心结构的原子平均结合能0.674 eV和Li13 团簇正二十面体中心结构的原子平均结合能0.810 eV。故在体心正多面体结构Lin (n= 5 ,7,9,13)中,Li9的体心立方结构有最大的原子平均结合能,这也许是碱金属晶体的晶胞取体心立方结构的一个原因。     

The MACQM Calculation for the BInding Energy of the Equilateral Triangle Structure of H3^— Cluster

Considering that the equilateral triangle structure of H3^- cluster can be formed from the interaction of H^- with two hydrogen atoms,a modified arrangement channel quantum mechanics method has been used to calculate the total energy curve for this structure,The result shows that the cureve has a minimal energy-1.6672 a.u.at an internuclear distance of 1.77a0,so its dissociation energy(binding energy)is D(H^- H H)=0.1395,a.u.This means that the cluster H3^- may be formed in an equilateral triangle structure with a bond length of 1.77α0.     

Shell structure of the electromagnetic energy density in the presence of a ground-state hydrogen atom

The structure of the energy density of the virtual electromagnetic field surrounding a ground-state hydrogen atom is discussed in the framework of nonrelativistic QED. Both the electric and the magnetic part of this energy density are analysed in terms of a shell structure, similar to that previously proposed for the coarse grained energy density W(r). The physical meaning of this shell structure is discussed. It is suggested that, differently from W(r), the energy density investigated here can be measured experimentally, and it is shown that it is rich of detailed information about the dynamical structure of the source atom.     

Impact localization and energy quantification based on the power flow: A low-power requirement approach

The increasing use of composite materials has led to a dramatic change in the definition of safety standards. In particular, composite structures may be subjected to internal damages caused by external impacts that may not be detected by classical inspection methods. Additional constraints related to energy requirements may also be considered in order to make the system autonomous and possibly self-powered. The purpose of this paper is to present a low-cost impact detection and quantification scheme for thin plates or shells giving the whole history of the structure solicitation. Based on the analysis of the energy that has flown over a monitored area through the use of the elastic Poynting vector (that relates the mechanical power density of travelling waves), it is shown that this global energy balance may be linked in a simple way to the voltage output of piezoelectric elements in open-circuit condition. From this estimation, it is therefore possible to detect if an impact occurred inside the monitored area (in this case, the global energy balance would be positive) as well as its associated energy. If the impact occurs out of the frame, the global energy (and thus the obtained estimator) would be negative because of energy dissipation caused by internal losses and almost null. Thanks to this energy flow approach, the system is also independent from the boundary conditions of the structure. Experimental measurements aiming at validating the theoretical predictions showed that the technique permits detecting the impact area (inside/outside the frame) as well as an accurate estimation of the impact energy if the latter occurred inside the frame, both on a steel plate (with different boundary conditions) and an anisotropic composite structure.     

The formation mechanism and the binding energy the body—centred regular tetrahedral structure of He5^＋

We propose the formation mechanism of the body-centred regular tetrahedral structure of the He5^ cluster,The total energy curve for this structure has been calculated by using a modified arrangement channel quantum mechanics method.The result shows that a minimal energy of -13.9106 a.u.occurs at a separation of 1.14a0 between the nucleus at the centre and nuclei at the apexes.Therefore we obtain the binding energy of 0.5202a .u.for this structure.This means that the He5^ cluster may be stable with a high binding energy in a body-centred regular tetrahedral structure.     

Formation Mechanism and Binding Energy for Equilateral Triangle Structure of He3+ Cluster

The formation mechanism for the equilateral triangle structure of the He3 cluster is proposed. The curveof the total energy versus the internuclear distance R for this structure has been calculated by the method of a modifiedarrangement channel quantum mechanics. The result shows that the curve has a minimal -7.81373 a.u at 1 = 1.55 a0.The binding energy of He3 with respect to He He He was calculated to be 0.1064 a.u. (about 2.89 eV). This meansthat the He3 cluster may be formed in the equilateral triangle structure stably by the interaction of He with two heliumatoms.     

Vibration behaviors of a box-type structure built up by plates and energy transmission through the structure

The vibration behaviors of a box-type built-up structure and energy transmission through the structure are investigated analytically. The modeling of the structure is developed by employing the improved Fourier series method and treating the structure as four elastically coupled rectangular plates. The general coupling and boundary conditions are accounted for using the artificial spring technique and can easily be obtained by assigning the springs with corresponding values. The exact double Fourier series solutions considering both the flexural and in-plane vibrations are obtained by using the Rayleigh–Ritz approach, which are validated by comparison with the Finite Element Method (FEM) results. Since the modification of any parameter in this analytical model from one case to another is as simple as modifying the material properties, and does not involve any change to the solution procedures, thus this will make a parametric study and further mechanism analysis easier compared to most existing procedures. Subsequently, special attention is focused on the energy transmission and mechanism of the box-type structure by structural intensity analysis. Numerical analyses cover several important parameters including symmetrical and non-symmetrical coupling conditions and the excitations, and three types of models, namely the rigidly, elastically and weakly coupled models are involved. The results of the power flow and structural intensity are presented to obtain a clear physical understanding of the physical mechanisms of energy transmission. It is shown that the energy transmission behaviors can be significantly influenced by the coupling conditions and location of the excitation as well as the excitation frequency. Some unexpected interesting phenomena on the energy transmission were revealed, especially for the non-symmetrical model, and the corresponding mechanisms were interpreted. This study provides new and interesting insights into the vibration behaviors and energy transmission of the class of built-up box-type structure.     

Effect of charge on the stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes can be viewed as a complete tube structure formed from graphitelayers and they have long been a research focus since the discovery in 1991[1,2]. Due totheir distinct atomic and electronic structures, carbon nanotubes, especially single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), have got into the frontier of the nanoelectronics andthe molecular electronics[3], in addition to their applications in the field of material sci-ence. After successfully manufacturing model electronic devices[4…     

弹性支撑双稳压电悬臂梁振动响应及能量采集研究

在分析了常规刚性支撑非线性能量采集系统的研究基础上,提出外部磁铁弹性支撑的结构设想,保证系统在低强度激励条件下也能处于双稳态振荡,提高机电能量转换效率.研究表明,对于强度变化的随机激励历程,弹性支撑非线性能量采集系统不需要实时调整磁铁间距,能够更好地迎合强度时刻变化的随机激励源,实现高效的机电能量转换.     

Electronic structure of asymmetric vertically coupled InAs/GaAs quantum dots

In this paper, the electronic structure of an asymmetric self-assembled vertically coupled quantum dots heterostructure has been investigated. The structure consists of two ellipsoidal quantum dot (QDs) caps made with InAs embedded in a wetting layer InAs and surrounded by GaAs. Using the strain dependent k·p theory, the energy of the two lowest states of a single electron/hole which is confined within the coupled QD structure has been calculated. As a result, it can be estimated the energy gap for different geometry parameters and for tuning the external magnetic field. The numerical results show that the energy gap is very sensitive to the size asymmetry of the structure and to the small separation distance of the dots but less sensitive to the existence of an external magnetic field and large interdot distance.     

高压下AlN的电子结构和光学性质

运用密度泛函理论体系下的平面波赝势(PWP)和广义梯度近似(GGA)方法,利用第一性原理计算了不同压强下六方纤锌矿结构AlN晶体的晶格常数、总能量、电子态密度、能带结构、光反射系数与吸收系数。通过比较能带结构的变化行为,得出 AlN在16.7Gpa附近存在等结构相变,即由直接带隙结构转变为间接带隙结构。同时,结合高压下的态密度分布图和能级移动情况,分析了AlN在高压下的光学性质,吸收谱有向高能端移动(蓝移) 的趋势。     

Characterization of photovoltage evolution of ZnO films using a scanning Kelvin probe system

Work function (WF) and surface photovoltage evolution of films can be measured using the Kelvin probe technique, and further analysis of the photoelectronic behavior can provide information on the energy level structure. In this paper, a theoretical analysis to measure surface photovoltage using Kelvin probe technique is presented. Based on this analysis, the surface photovoltage and its time-resolved evolution process as well as the energy level structure of ZnO films are determined using a scanning Kelvin probe. The present study therefore provides a simple and practical methodology for the characterization of the electronic behavior of films.     

高压下AlN的电子结构和光学性质

运用密度泛函理论体系下的平面波赝势(PWP)和广义梯度近似(GGA)方法，利用第一性原理计算了不同压强下六方纤锌矿结构AlN晶体的晶格常数、总能量、电子态密度、能带结构、光反射系数与吸收系数。通过比较能带结构的变化行为，得出 AlN在16.7Gpa附近存在等结构相变，即由直接带隙结构转变为间接带隙结构。同时，结合高压下的态密度分布图和能级移动情况，分析了AlN在高压下的光学性质，吸收谱有向高能端移动(蓝移) 的趋势。     

平行电磁场中里德堡氢原子的自相似结构研究

利用半经典方法研究了平行电磁场中里德堡氢原子的分形自相似现象. 通过研究平行电磁场中里德堡氢原子的逃逸时间和初始出射角间的关系, 发现了逃逸时间图的自相似结构, 并通过研究与图中冰柱对应的逃逸轨道, 得到了自相似结构和逃逸轨道之间的关系, 发现了该类自相似逃逸轨道满足的规律. 进一步研究了标度能量和标度磁场对体系动力学的影响, 表明标度能量和标度磁场均控制体系的分形自相似结构. 当标度能量或标度磁场比较小时, 没有自相似现象, 随着标度能量或标度磁场的增大, 自相似出现, 体系变复杂.     

Formation Mechanism and Binding Energy for Icosahedral Central Structure of He1+3 Cluster

The formation mechanism for the icosahedral central structure of the He1 13 cluster is proposed and its total energy curve is calculated by the method of a Modified Arrangement Channel Quantum Mechanics. The energy is the function of separation R between two nuclei at the center and an apex of the icosahedral central structure. The result of the calculation has shown that the curve has a minimal energy -37.5765 (a.u.) at R = 2.70ao. The binding energy of He 13 with respect to He 12He was calculated to be 1.4046 a.u. This means that the cluster of He 13 may be formed in an icosahedral central structure with strong binding energy.     

Hole-mediated stabilization of cubic GaN

We propose here a new approach to stabilize the cubic zinc-blende (ZB) phase by incorporation of impurities into a compound that has a hexagonal wurtzite (WZ) ground state. For GaN, we suggest that this can be achieved by adding 3d acceptors such as Zn, Mn, or Cu because the p-d repulsion between the 3d impurity levels and the valence band maximum is larger in the ZB phase than in the WZ phase. This makes the top of the valence states of the ZB structure higher than that of the WZ structure. As holes are created at the top of the valence states by the impurities, it will cost less energy for the holes to be created in the ZB structure, thus stabilizing this phase. Our first-principles total energy calculations confirm this novel idea.     

Free vibrations of an uncertain energy pumping system

The aim of this paper is to study the energy pumping (the irreversible energy transfer from one structure, linear, to another structure, nonlinear) robustness considering the uncertainties of the parameters of a two DOF mass-spring-damper, composed of two subsystems, coupled by a linear spring: one linear subsystem, the primary structure, and one nonlinear subsystem, the so-called NES (nonlinear energy sink). Three parameters of the system will be considered as uncertain: the nonlinear stiffness and the two dampers. Random variables are associated to the uncertain parameters and probability density functions are constructed for the random variables applying the Maximum Entropy Principle. A sensitivity analysis is then performed, considering different levels of dispersion, and conclusions are obtained about the influence of the uncertain parameters in the robustness of the system.     

Line vortices in a three-dimensional ordered Josephson medium at a small pinning parameter

The structure and energy of a line vortex whose axis is aligned with the symmetry axis of a finite-thickness slab indefinitely long in two directions is calculated by solving a set of linear finite-difference equations. Fluxoid quantization conditions in cells near the center of the vortex serve as boundary conditions. An exact solution is approached by iterations in phase stepwise discontinuities that cannot be considered small. A close similarity between the configuration under study and a periodic sequence (chain) of vortices makes it possible to allow for the effect of the domain boundary on the structure and energy of the vortex. It is shown that, at any width of the slab, one can find a pinning parameter value so small that the vortex cannot be viewed as solitary and contributions from other vortices should be taken into account in calculation. Proceeding in this way, one can find the structure and energy of the vortex however small the pinning parameter is. The total energy of the vortex is its intrinsic energy plus the sum of its energies of interaction with other members of the chain. In turn, the intrinsic energy is the sum of the energies of the small discrete core and quasi-continuous outer shell. It is demonstrated that the energy of the core is a linear function of the pinning parameter and is comparable to the energy of the shell.     

Renormalization of molecular electronic levels at metal-molecule interfaces

The electronic structure of benzene on graphite (0001) is computed using the GW approximation for the electron self-energy. The benzene quasiparticle energy gap is predicted to be 7.2 eV on graphite, substantially reduced from its calculated gas-phase value of 10.5 eV. This decrease is caused by a change in electronic correlation energy, an effect completely absent from the corresponding Kohn-Sham gap. For weakly coupled molecules, this correlation energy change can be described as a surface polarization effect. A classical image potential model illustrates the impact for other conjugated molecules on graphite.