Effects of laser phase noise on the performance of optical coherent receivers

Laser phase noise (LPN) plays an important role in optical coherent systems. Based on the algorithm of Viterbi-Viterbi carrier phase estimation (CPE), the effects of LPN imposed on the coherent receivers are investigated for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8 phase shift keying (8PSK) and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) optical coherent systems, respectively. The simulation results show that the optimal block length in the phase estimation algorithm is a tradeoff between LPN and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and depends on the level of modulation formats. The resolution requirements of analog to digital converter (ADC) in the coherent receivers are independent of LPN or the level of modulation formats. For the bit error rate (BER) of 10-3, the required bit number of ADC is 6, and the gain is marginal for the higher resolution.     

Decision-directed PLL for coherent optical pulse CDMA systems inthe presence of multiuser interference, laser phase noise, and shotnoise

A digital decision-directed phase-locked loop (PLL) for use in optical pulse code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems based on coherent correlation demodulation is proposed. PLL performance is affected by multiuser interference, laser phase noise and optical shot noise. The effect of these sources of interference and noise on PLL performance is evaluated based on a nonlinear model (the Fokker-Planck method) since a linear analysis yields large deviations between the analytical results and actual performance at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). After describing the implementation of the PLL, the steady-state probability density function (pdf) of the phase estimator is derived. Numerical evaluation of the variance of the phase estimator is given for Gold codes. The linewidth requirements of the laser for an acceptable phase estimator variance and the value of the optimal loop bandwidth minimizing the impact of the interference and noise on the PLL are discussed     

Influence of laser phase on 400-Mbit/s coherent optical DPSK system

The influence of laser phase noise on a 400-Mb/s optical DPSK (differential phase-shift keying) system is experimentally investigated with linewidths ranging from 1.2 MHz to 8 MHz. This range corresponds to linewidth to bit rate ratios ϵ of 0.33-2%. The system performance with these nonzero linewidths is evaluated against a negligible linewidth performance baseline. The sensitivity degradation at a bit error rate of 10^-9 increases from 1.8 to 7 dB as ϵ is increased from 0.33-1%. When ϵ is increased beyond 1%, bit error rate floors higher than 10^-9 develop. These findings agree well with the existing theories and allow the generalization of these results to other bit rates, as well as establishing practical criteria for lasers to be used in DPSK systems     

激光器频率漂移对相位敏感光时域反射计性能影响研究

针对激光器频率漂移对相位敏感光时域反射计(-OTDR)的性能影响,文中采用后向瑞利散射的一维脉冲响应模型对其进行了理论分析。在实验室测试中,搭建了臂长差为100 m 的非平衡MZ干涉仪来实时监测激光器的频率漂移;并通过测试三种不同频率漂移的激光器下的 -OTDR 系统性能验证了理论分析的正确性。理论分析及实验结果表明,激光器的频率漂移是引起 -OTDR 曲线波动的重要因素,频率漂移越大,其引起的 -OTDR 曲线波动就越大;当频率漂移高达几百MHz/min时,在时域上已难以区分出是频率漂移引起的扰动还是入侵事件引起的扰动,但仍能在频域中将频率漂移噪声分辨出来。     

Performance analysis of chip-asynchronous coherent time-spreading optical CDMA system

Multiple-access interference(MAI) and beat noise(BN) in chip-asynchronous coherent time-spreading OCDMA system are evaluated by the aperiodic cross-correlation function of up-sampled sequence.Relationship between the mean intensity of aperiodic cross-correlation and MAI and BN is deduced,and then the relationship between BER and mean intensity of aperiodic cross-correlation is discussed.For 127-long gold sequence,mean BER performance of chip-asynchronous coherent time-spreading OCDMA is derived and compared...     

Coherent optical CDMA with limited phase excursion

We examine the bit error rate (BER) of the conventional matched-filter detector for an optical code division multiple access (CDMA) system employing coherent homodyne detection. We assume a phase shift keying (PSK) modulation format where the phase is modulated by one of two methods: (1) an external phase modulator or (2) injection locking. Phase excursion is limited to ±0.42 π when using injection locking. We examine the bit error rate performance for both external modulation and modulation of the injection current and find only a moderate penalty (0.55 dB) associated with the limited phase excursion     

Code acquisition in coherent optical pulse CDMA systems utilizingcoherent correlation demodulation

A code acquisition technique based on active optical correlation detection is introduced for coherent optical pulse code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems implemented through coherent correlation demodulation. Passive matched filter acquisition, commonplace in most radio CDMA systems, does not translate directly into the optical domain since synchronization between the incoming optical signal and a local optical code of the intended user at the receiver has to take place in several picosecond duration. Parallel and serial acquisition schemes under the same search algorithm are described and the effect of optical device noise, partial autocorrelation, and multiuser interference on acquisition performance is theoretically analyzed. Numerical results are given for Gold codes. In general, the degree of parallelism inherent in code acquisition techniques for radio systems allows a tradeoff between acquisition speed and hardware cost; however, in optical acquisition schemes, increasing the degree of parallelism with the concomitant hardware cost penalty does not necessarily reduce the time to acquisition. This is due to optical power budget limitations brought about by the need to split the optical signal, although optical amplifier technology can improve the performance of these parallel search schemes. The expressions for the partial correlation and multiuser interference derived in the paper can also be utilized for the analysis of other radio and optical acquisition schemes     

Performance of coherent optical CPFSK-DD with intersymbolinterference, noise correlation, and laser phase noise

An exact probability of error expression is presented for a narrow-deviation binary CPFSK coherent optical receiver utilizing differential detection (CPFSK-DD). The result is given in terms of the Marcum Q-function and takes into account the non-Gaussian noise statistics at the decision moment, intersymbol interference, noise correlation, and laser phase noise. Numerical results indicate a local oscillator shot-noise-limited receiver sensitivity of 23.4 photons/b when using a modulation index of 0.67 in combination with an IF filter having a sixth-order Butterworth magnitude response and a normalized 3-dB bandwidth of 1.09. For a given IF filter and IF linewidth, it is found that the modulation index and the IF filter bandwidth should be jointly optimized in order to achieve the best overall receiver sensitivity. When the IF linewidth times the differential delay product is 0.34 %, modulation index and the optimum normalized 3-dB bandwidth are found to be 0.72 and 1.1, respectively. By using Monte Carlo simulation, it is demonstrated that adding laser phase noise at the demodulation stage of the analysis is a valid simplifying assumption for a wide range of practical design parameters     

BER analysis of coherent optical CDMA communication systems with transfer function matrix

We analyze the bit error rate (BER) of coherent optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communication systems with a transfer function matrix (TFM). The coherent optical CDMA is a promising system for an access network due to its advantages of asynchronous transmission, information security, multiple-access capability. TFM is defined as the Fourier transform of the impulse response of an optical fiber, which interconnects each CDMA system. TFM has parameters such as the state of polarization (SOP), phase difference, power distribution between two orthogonal modes over an optical frequency range. We first analyze the statistic of a received signal via an optical fiber with TFM, and then apply the statistic to the BER analysis. The analytical results show that BER increases with the bandwidth of a signal, and that selecting a proper center frequency leads to the BER reduction.     

Photonic CDMA by coherent matched filtering using time-addressedcoding in optical ladder networks

We investigate a photonic CDMA system based on coherent matched filtering in ladder networks, employing both time-spreading and selective interference to discriminate wanted from unwanted signals. A theory is presented for time-resolved pulses which takes account of arbitrary source coherence. We examine the key issues of optical source requirement's and phase and polarization control of en/decoder networks. And demonstrate key concepts experimentally. The crosstalk-limited signal-to-noise ratio is shown to be much higher than previous, purely incoherent systems. CDMA systems using coherent matched filtering therefore offer renewed promise for practical high capacity, multigigabit/s, multiuser networks     

Moment characterization of phase noise in coherent optical systems

The statistical characterization of the phase noise introduced by a semiconductor laser in a coherent optical transmission system is a key problem in the system performance evaluation. The authors consider the moment characterization, of the complex random process. Starting from the implicit representation of the probability density function through the Fokker-Planck equation, the authors obtain closed form analytical expressions for the moments of the filtered phase noise both in stationary and nonstationary conditions. Then the use of the moments for the computation of probability densities through orthogonal polynomial series expansion and maximum entropy approach is considered in application examples     

The impact of laser phase noise on the coherent subcarriermultiplexing system

In coherent optical subcarrier multiplexing (CSCM) systems, the laser phase noise may cause signal spectrum broadening and hence, causes significant deterioration in the system performance. The impact of phase noise on the CSCM system is analyzed in terms of carrier-to-noise ratio, intermodulation distortion, and adjacent channel crosstalk. The optimal modulation index and carrier to noise ratio are also presented. Some numerical results are outlined     

相对相位噪声对相干光通信系统性能影响

在使用前向抽运喇曼放大器的相干光正交频分复用传输系统中,由于喇曼抽运的强度噪声和交叉相位调制之间相互作用产生相对相位噪声,导致系统性能大幅下降。为了研究此问题,采用数值分析方法进行了理论分析与实验验证,分析了不同的调制格式下,相对相位噪声对相干光正交频分复用系统的影响,并且比较了正交频分复用多载波系统与单载波系统在相同条件下的系统性能,取得了由相对相位噪声所导致的系统损伤程度数据。结果表明,抽运和信号之间相对较大的离散系数有助于抑制相对相位噪声引起的损伤,高阶调制信号比低阶信号对相对相位噪声耐受性低;频谱相同效率时,正交幅度调制格式比相移键控耐受性更好。     

Digital adaptive phase noise reduction in coherent optical links

Coherent optical links enable high-density constellations and, consequently, a higher throughput. However, the phase noise associated with the transmitter and the receiver lasers is a challenging issue in coherent lightwave systems. The authors present an approach that relies on using digital signal processing techniques to compensate for the laser phase-noise effects. The proposed approach exploits the digital processing power to address the problems arising from optical imperfections. The authors present an adaptive filtering scheme that reduces the effect of the laser phase noise and, consequently, relaxes the laser linewidth requirement. The proposed approach shows how the signal processing techniques can be exploited to compensate for the optical impairments by utilizing the continuing scale down in size and power in very large scale integration (VLSI) technology.     

The effect of laser linewidth on coherent optical receivers with nonsynchronous demodulation

Recent theoretical analysis of the effect of using lasers with significant linewidths in coherent optical fiber transmission systems has shown how the design of the optical receiver, particularly the IF stage, affects the sensitivity. This paper reviews this theory for two classes of coherent systems-those making a differential phase measurement, and those not using phase information-where the requirements on laser linewidth are not stringent. We discuss the factors that affect the performance of systems with significant laser phase noise. Wherever possible, we compare the theoretical results with published system experiments. We show that our theory fits the experimental data well and indicates why experimental results have fallen short of the theoretical limits.     

相干光OFDM系统中的相位估计分析

相干光正交频分复用(Coherent Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,简称CO-OFDM)可有效降低光纤色散和偏振模色散影响,由于系统采用相干检测,对相位噪声的分析及信道估计尤为重要.文章对CO-OFDM系统数学模型进行了具体分析;OFDM作为一种特...     

星地激光通信中光学数字相干接收机的研究

光学数字相干接收技术在星地激光通信中具有广泛的应用前景。本文以窄线宽DFB激光器作为光源,采用自动频率控制环路,结合光学混频和数字信号处理技术,实现了最高速率为1.25 Gbps的相干光通信。实验结果表明,自动频率控制环路能够将信号光和本振光之间的频率差实时控制在10 Hz以内,光学混频器输出的I、Q两路信号相位差能够长时间稳定保持90°,基于FPGA的载波相位补偿技术能够有效修正自动频率控制环路的相位残差,在误码率为10-6条件下,该接收机的灵敏度优于每比特54个光子。     

基于科斯塔斯锁相环的光学零差相干接收技术

零差相干光通信能够实现极高的通信速率和接近量子极限的灵敏度,是新一代空间通信领域极具潜力的通信体制。以窄线宽激光器作为本振源,结合90°光学混频技术和科斯塔斯光学锁相环技术,实现了信号光的零差相干接收。试验结果表明,信号光和本振光经过90°光学混频后I、Q两路信号相位差保持90°,科斯塔斯光学锁相环可以长时间实现信号光和本振光之间的相位锁定,接收速率为2Gbps的二进制相移键控(BPSK)信号,试验结果表明,该接收机能够很好地实现基带信号解调。     

16 QAM相干光接收相位恢复算法的研究

传统的16 QAM(16进制正交幅度调制)相干光系统的相位估计算法主要采用 QPSK(正交相移键控)分圈法,然而受放大器 ASE(自发辐射)噪声的影响,星座点的径向移动将对相位恢复的准确度造成严重影响。文章针对星座点受噪声影响程度的不同,对 QPSK分圈法中的分类幅值阈值进行详细分析,并引入不同权重。蒙特卡罗仿真结果表明,该改进方法不仅能有效提高16 QAM的相位恢复精度,而且具有更低的误码率。