荧光法检测化学战剂

化学战剂,包括神经性毒剂(如沙林、VX)和糜烂性毒剂(如芥子气),属于剧毒化学品,能够严重危害国家安全和环境安全.因此,针对各类化学战剂,开发简单、快速、可便携化、高灵敏度和高选择性的荧光检测技术具有重要的意义.本文综述了近年来国内外荧光法检测化学战剂的研究进展,并对该领域所面临的挑战和未来发展方向进行了总结和展望.     

化学战剂降解的双功能高效催化剂——双阴离子多金属氧簇

<正>化学战剂是指在战争中用以杀伤对方有生力量、牵制和扰乱对方军事行动的有毒物质。从第一次世界大战到2013年的叙利亚化学武器袭击事件,化学战剂的使用给人民生命安全带来了巨大的威胁。神经性毒剂和糜烂性毒剂是两类主要的化学战剂,前者是一类磷酸酯类化合物,主要通过水解破坏P―X键而降解~1。芥子气(二(2-氯乙基)     

高效液相色谱-质谱甄别七种化学战剂相关化合物

建立了高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)甄别7种化学战剂相关化合物的分析方法,采用C18柱分离了包括酸性、中性和碱性在内的7种化学战剂相关化合物,选择离子监测法(SIM)测定这7种化合物的检出限在0．01—1mg/L之间。利用HPLC～APCI^ MS测定了4种土壤中的双(2-羟乙基)亚砜,此方法回收率大于93％,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于4％.     

差分离子迁移谱和迁移时间离子迁移谱联用技术检测化学战剂模拟物

采用平板式差分离子迁移谱(DMS)和迁移时间离子迁移谱(DTIMS)联用技术(DMS-IMS2)对典型化学战剂模拟物甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)和水杨酸甲酯(MS)进行测定。实验结果表明,在载气800 mL/min,DMS射频电压1100 V条件下,DMS-IMS2在DIMS模式能够实现DMMP和MS两种化学战剂模拟物的有效识别和检测。另外,DMS-IMS2能够实现DMMP和MS正、负离子的同时检测,同时获得DMMP和MS的DMS补偿电压(CV)和IMS迁移时间(Td)的二维分离信息,为两种化学战剂模拟物的准确鉴定提供更多的信息。DMS-IMS2具有二维分析能力、可同时分析正负离子、响应速度快、体积小、功耗低等优点,在现场检测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

离子迁移谱技术及其在化学战剂侦检中的应用

简要介绍离子迁移谱的基本原理、离子迁移率理论,以及离子迁移谱仪的最新研究进展;阐述了离子迁移谱技术在化学战剂侦检中的应用,如在神经性毒剂、糜烂性毒剂方面的应用。     

化学战剂的分析测试进展

综述了气相色谱、液相色谱、红外光谱、色质联用、生化传感器、核磁共振、军用侦毒设备、分光光度计、毛细管电泳等仪器对化学战剂分析测试的应用进展情况.     

染毒粮食中7种化学战剂的气相色谱分析方法

为了研究染毒粮食（大米、面粉）中７种化学战剂的检测方法,建立了相应的气相色谱分析方法。该法采用火焰光度检测器检测,ＢＰ－１０毛细管色谱柱分离,二氯甲烷萃取。模拟染毒大米、面粉中化学战剂测定相对误差为２．０％～１２．０％、８．１０％～２７．３％。相对标准偏差分别为０．９％～６．１０％、３．９５％～１６．８％。方法的最低检出浓度为０．０１～２μｇ／ｇ。所建方法操作简便,灵敏度高。     

LCT和GCT联合鉴别未知水样中N,N-二烷基氨基乙基磺酸及其类似物

《禁止化学武器公约》生效后,化学核查技术作为检查缔约国是否履约的有效手段得到了广泛重视,而其中对化学战剂及其前体、降解产物、相关物的分析检测是核查技术的关键之一.     

水和粮食中化学战剂的分析

建立了水和粮食中７种化学战剂沙林、棱曼、塔崩、甲氟膦酸环已酯、Ｓ－（２＝－二惜内基氨乙基）甲基硫直膦酸乙酯（ＶＸ）、俄罗期ＶＸ和芥子气的ＧＣ、璃子选择＿分析方法。染毒水样经二氯甲烷提取,提取液在氮气流下浓缩至１ｍＬ;染毒粮样用蒸馏水提取,提取液离心后过Ｃ１８固相柱,乙腈洗脱,然后用ＧＣ－ＭＳ－ＳＩＭ测定。该法前处理较简便,净化效果好,方法灵敏,适用于军粮、饮水中微量化学战剂的分析。     

固相萃取及GC-MS分析环境水体中神经性毒剂水解产物

化学武器作为一种大规模杀伤性武器,其对人类健康及生态环境都存在着巨大的威胁.神经性毒剂是化学战剂中一类主要的杀伤性毒剂,其在水体、土壤等自然环境中多以水解产物的形式存在.     

化学毒剂探测技术发展现状

化学毒剂(CWAs)作为一种大规模杀伤性武器,具有杀伤力强、影响范围广、防护困难、易于制作施放等特征,从诞生之初即常被用于战争冲突,在现代非对称战争、恐怖袭击中也造成了巨大威胁.因此如何及时地探测化学毒剂成为世界各国国土安全的重点研究方向.该文聚焦于化学毒剂现有主流及具有潜力的各类探测技术,对各种检测技术的基本原理及其...     

化学与军事

化学知识在战争中的应用日益重要。本文介绍化学知识在军事中的重要应用,包括炸药、烟幕弹、信号弹、化学毒剂、催泪弹、照明弹等等。     

Sessile droplet spread into porous substrates--determination of capillary pressure using a continuum approach

The problem of primary and secondary spread of sessile droplets into a porous substrate was formulated and solved numerically. A continuum approach for liquid- and gas-phases was utilized. The governing equations were discretized by finite difference method and solutions for both phases are obtained by marching in time using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration algorithm. This type of spread is a purely momentum-driven process that is caused by gradients both in capillary pressure and in saturation. A methodology was developed for finding the capillary pressure function for sessile droplets, which has not been described before. This approach was based on experimental data for a liquid/porous medium pair, and using universal, non-dimensional curves. Similar solutions were generated by the continuum approach and validated using experimental results. The model shows qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental data. Although the focus of this work was to understand the interaction of chemical warfare agents with porous media, the approaches are universal and can be applied to determining the spread of any liquid into a porous material.     

World War I, international participation and reorganisation of the Japanese chemical community

What kind of "war" did Japanese chemists fight during World War I, and what impact did their experiences have on Japanese chemistry in its aftermath? By focusing on the role of Jōji Sakurai (1858-1939), this paper attempts to answer these questions by looking at the drastic changes in the international relationships of the Japanese chemical community caused by the war. It examines how the Japanese National Research Council was established in 1920 as part of the International Research Council, a product of the reconfiguration of international scientific powers triggered by World War I. This paper argues that Sakurai advocated the establishment of the National Research Council after the American model of wartime mobilisation of science, coordinated fractured Japanese chemical communities for international functions, and facilitated Japan's participation and increased influence in international scientific associations such as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, established in 1919.     

Fluorescent sensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents

Along with biological and nuclear threats, chemical warfare agents are some of the most feared weapons of mass destruction. Compared to nuclear weapons they are relatively easy to access and deploy, which makes them in some aspects a greater threat to national and global security. A particularly hazardous class of chemical warfare agents are the nerve agents. Their rapid and severe effects on human health originate in their ability to block the function of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is vital to the central nervous system. This article outlines recent activities regarding the development of molecular sensors that can visualize the presence of nerve agents (and related pesticides) through changes of their fluorescence properties. Three different sensing principles are discussed: enzyme-based sensors, chemically reactive sensors, and supramolecular sensors. Typical examples are presented for each class and different fluorescent sensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents are summarized and compared.     

Technological advancements for the detection of and protection against biological and chemical warfare agents

There is a growing need for technological advancements to combat agents of chemical and biological warfare, particularly in the context of the deliberate use of a chemical and/or biological warfare agent by a terrorist organization. In this tutorial review, we describe methods that have been developed both for the specific detection of biological and chemical warfare agents in a field setting, as well as potential therapeutic approaches for treating exposure to these toxic species. In particular, nerve agents are described as a typical chemical warfare agent, and the two potent biothreat agents, anthrax and botulinum neurotoxin, are used as illustrative examples of potent weapons for which countermeasures are urgently needed.     

Chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents

The usefulness and applications of the particular types of chromatography in the analysis of chemical warfare agents have been reviewed. A major problem in the chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents is the collection and preparation of the samples. The importance of this problem differs for the various types of chromatography. Significant differences occur in the way in which samples are collected from air, water, soil, vegetables or animal organisms. The analyses are characterized by the main groups of chemical warfare agents, e.g., organophosphorus, vesicants, irritants, etc. Account has been taken of the relationships between their properties and the possibilities of their chromatographic analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of particular types of chromatography in the analysis of the particular groups and individual agents have been considered. The detectability of particular chemical warfare agents has been assessed, together with the separating efficiency for their mixtures. Examples of applications of chromatographic systems and conditions of chromatographing are summarized in tables. It is concluded that chromatography is a very useful tool in the analysis of chemical warfare agents; GC and TLC have the most advantageous properties, HPLC being slightly inferior.