Extreme ultraviolet radiation for coherent diffractive imaging with high spatial resolution

Using different noble gases,argon,neon and helium,we are able to generate by high-harmonic generation(HHG) just a few harmonic orders in the spectral range 10-35 nm with a photon flux of～2.10 12 photons/(harmonic cm2 s) for argon and～10 10 photons/(harmonic cm2 s) for helium. The few-harmonic-order radiation is used for coherent diffractive imaging directly without any spectral filter. A spatial resolution of～100 nm is achieved using a～30 nm HHG source.     

High pressure experiments with synchrotron radiation

Using a diamond anvil cell (DAC), high pressure ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy has been performed with the nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation. We used monochromatized synchrotron radiation from an in‐vacuum type undulator as a high‐density strong Mössbauer source with a quite small beam size. Pressure‐induced magnetic hyperfine interactions at ⁵⁷Fe in SrFeO_2.97 has been detected at 74 GPa by a quantum‐beat modulation of the decay rate after collective nuclear excitation with the synchrotron radiation pulse. Evidence for a transition from antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism of Fe in SrFeO_2.97 at 74 GPa and 300 K has been obtained from the nuclear forward scattering under a transverse magnetic field.     

High pressure,high resolution synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction with a position-sensitive detector

Abstract

We report results of high-pressure experiments with a new diamond-anvil cell in a monochromatic, high-resolution x-ray scattering geometry with alinear position-sensitive detector. The experiments make possible the study of factors controlling line widths of diffraction profiles at pressures in the 100 GPa range, and demonstrate the potential for the use of line profile analysis and Rietveld refinement techniques with high-pressure powder diffraction data. Combined data for various materials indicate that relative contributions to linewidths due to particle size, intrinsic material strength, pressure and state of stress in the sample can be resolved. With light rare-gas solids as pressure-transmitting media, measured FWHMs of the order 0.03? 2 θ corresponding to resolution Δd/d of 2.5 × 10^?3 for 2θ～10-15? are reported. Formation of a high pressure phase appears to involve growth of submicron domains, judging from substantially broadened diffraction peaks under quasihydrostatic conditions. Detailed analysis of complex, non-quenchable high-pressure phases will likely require annealing techniques such as thermal cycling at pressure.

Presented at the IUCr Workshop on ‘Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation for High Pressure Crystallography’, Daresbury Laboratory 20-21 July 1991     

Windowless transition between atmospheric pressure and high vacuum via differential pumping for synchrotron radiation applications

A differential pump assembly is introduced which can provide a windowless transition between the full atmospheric pressure of an in‐air sample environment and the high‐vacuum region of a synchrotron radiation beamline, while providing a clear aperture of approximately 1 mm to pass through the X‐ray beam from a modern third‐generation synchrotron radiation source. This novel pump assembly is meant to be used as a substitute for an exit vacuum window on synchrotron beamlines, where the existence of such a window would negatively impact the coherent nature of the X‐ray beam or would introduce parasitic scattering, distorting weak scattering signals from samples under study. It is found that the length of beam pipe necessary to reduce atmospheric pressure to below 10 mbar is only about 130 mm, making the expected photon transmission for hard X‐rays through this pipe competitive with that of a regular Be beamline window. This result is due to turbulent flow dominating the first pumping stage, providing a mechanism of strong gas conductance limitation, which is further enhanced by introducing artificial surface roughness in the pipe. Successive reduction of pressure through the transitional flow regime into the high‐vacuum region is accomplished over a length of several meters, using beam pipes of increasing diameter. While the pump assembly has not been tested with X‐rays, possible applications are discussed in the context of coherent and small‐angle scattering.     

Calibration of the RSS-131 high efficiency ionization chamber for radiation dose monitoring during plasma experiments conducted on plasma focus device

Plasma research poses a radiation hazard. Due to the program of deuterium plasma research using the PF-1000 device, it is an intensive source of neutrons (up to 10₁₁ n · pulse ^?1) with energy of 2,45 MeV and ionizing electromagnetic radiation with a broad energy spectrum. Both types of radiation are mostly emitted in ultra-short pulses (～100 ns). The aim of this work was to test and calibrate the RSS-131 radiometer for its application in measurements of ultra-short electromagnetic radiation pulses with broad energy spectrum emitted during PF-1000 discharge. In addition, the results of raw measurements performed in the control room are presented.     

High resolution X-ray spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation: Source characteristics and optical systems

In this paper we describe the properties of the SPEAR storage ring at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center as a synchrotron radiation source for X-ra     

High resolution fourier transform spectroscopy using infrared synchrotron radiation: I. Instrumentation

A compact high resolution (.002 cm^–1) vacuum Fourier transform spectrometer for use with far infrared synchrotron radiation was constructed at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The spectrometer may be operated using a gas cell of path length of 2 m and a He cooled bolometer with NEP of 10^–13. The pure rotational spectrum of Ammonia was used to test the spectrometer.     

High pressure x-ray diffraction techniques with synchrotron radiation

This article summarizes the developments of experimental techniques for high pressure x-ray diffraction(XRD) in diamond anvil cells(DACs) using synchrotron radiation. Basic principles and experimental methods for various diffraction geometry are described, including powder diffraction, single crystal diffraction, radial diffraction, as well as coupling with laser heating system. Resolution in d-spacing of different diffraction modes is discussed. More recent progress, such as extended application of single crystal diffraction for measurements of multigrain and electron density distribution, timeresolved diffraction with dynamic DAC and development of modulated heating techniques are briefly introduced. The current status of the high pressure beamline at BSRF(Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility) and some results are also presented.     

CCD detector for high time resolution experiments with SR beams

A detector for fast diagnostics of particle beams in storage rings using an optical component of synchrotron radiation (SR) is developed. The detector records a limited series of one-dimensional or small two-dimensional images at a rate of (1?10) × 10⁶ frames/s. It can also be used for investigating fast processes in X-ray SR beams. In particular, matched with a structured scintillation screen (with low deexcitation time), this detector provides a recording with an SR flash rate of shadowgraph images (for axially symmetric objects, initial data for tomograms) or a record of the distribution of small-angle X-ray scattering. It is also possible to apply this detector as a dispersion-free image spectrometer; this would make it possible to perform pulsed X-ray diffraction studies with ??white?? SR beams. In the single-flash mode this would provide a record of the formation and behavior of crystalline phases in shock and detonation waves with a time resolution of up to 1 ns.     

High-time resolution radiographic technique for studying nanostructures with the use of synchrotron radiation

A high-time resolution radiographic technique for studying nanostructures using synchrotron radiation is described. A new modification of the methods, which makes it possible to perform large-scale X-ray diffraction analysis of structures of organic crystals, is proposed. X-ray diffraction patterns obtained in test experiments on a number of biological samples are presented.     

Absolute measurement of photon flux using ionization chamber in (6~20) keV synchrotron radiation X-rays

Absolute measurement of photon flux under high-fluence rate X-rays was required in photon diagnostics for X-ray lasers. A free-air ionization chamber used for the reproducibility of air-kerma in high-fluence rate X-ray was designed, and the monoenergetic X-rays flux of (6–20) keV were absolutely measured on Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The energy spectrum of the monoenergetic X-rays was measured using a silicon drift detector, and the proportion of higher harmonics was determined. The saturation curve, air attenuation correction factor, and composite loss correction factor of the free-air ionization chamber were obtained experimentally. The air-kerma rate for the (6~20) keV monoenergetic X-ray was measured accurately, and the relative combined standard uncertainty of the air-kerma is 0.61%.     

High resolution hard X-ray photoemission using synchrotron radiation as an essential tool for characterization of thin solid films

Recently, we have shown that hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy using undulator X-rays at SPring-8 is quite feasible with both high resolution and high throughput. Here we report an application of hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy to the characterization of electronic and chemical states of thin solid films, for which conventional PES is not applicable. As a typical example, we focus on the problem of the scatter in the reported band-gap values for InN. We show that oxygen incorporation into the InN film strongly modifies the valence and plays a crucial role in the band gap problem. The present results demonstrate the powerful applicability of high resolution photoemission spectroscopy with hard X-rays from a synchrotron source.     

燃烧:一个不息的话题--同步辐射单光子电离技术在燃烧研究中的应用

燃烧应用于工业、农业、交通运输、国防等各个领域，提供了当今社会极大部分的能量需求。100多万年前人类就开始利用燃烧，人类研究燃烧已经有150多年的历史。本文介绍了将同步辐射真空紫外单光子电离技术结合分子束取样，应用于燃烧研究中，可以探测到燃烧中的各种中间物，包括稳定的和不稳定的产物。通过扫描光子能量，测量产物的光电离效率谱，可以区分其同分异构体，因此，利用这种新的诊断技术，在150年后的今天，我们仍然可以在火焰中发现很多新的燃烧中间体，为发展燃烧动力学模型提供精确的实验数据。最后，展望该方法在其它学科中的可能应用。     

对硝基苯乙醚的真空紫外光电离与光离解研究

以同步辐射为光源,用光电离质谱和符合技术对对硝基苯乙醚分子进行了真空紫外光电离与光离解研究。测得了这一分子的电离势及C6H5NO+3、C6H5O+2、C6H5O+等六个主要碎片离子的出现势,根据实验所得的质谱图、能量关系,结合该分子的具体结构,初步分析了该分子同步辐射光离解电离的可能通道,并得到了分子离子的键离解能D0(O2NC6H4C2H+5)。     

Operating mode of high pressure straws with high spatial resolution

The article presents results of studying the operating mode of thin-walled drift tubes (straws) at flushing it with a high-pressure gas mixture, which allowed obtaining extremely high spatial resolution for straw detectors. The results of studying the radiation ageing of straws operating in this mode are also described.     

Beam test of a one-dimensional position sensitive chamber on synchrotron radiation

A one-dimensional single-wire chamber was developed to provide high position resolution for powder diffraction experiments with synchrotron radiation. A diffraction test using the sample of SiO₂ has been accomplished at 1W2B laboratory of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Source. The data of the beam test were analyzed and some diffraction angles were obtained. The experimental results were in good agreement with standard data from ICDD powder diffraction file. The precision of diffraction angles was 1% to 4.7%. Most of the relative errors between measured values of diffraction angles and existing data were less than 1%. As for the detector, the best position resolution in the test was 138 μm (σ value) with an X-ray tube. Finally, discussions of the results were given. The major factor that affected the precision of measurement was deviation from the flat structure of the detector. The effect was analyzed and the conclusion was reached that it would be the optimal measurement scheme when the distance between the powder sample and detector was from 400 mm to 600 mm.     

The miniature light-field camera with high spatial resolution

Optical Review - A light-field camera is an optical system that provides multi-field-angle information in one shot. The microlens array (MLA) in a light-field camera system is the key to provide...