硝基化合物的还原羰基化反应

硝基化合物与ＣＯ之间进行的还原羰基化反应是有机催化的新研究领域。通过硝合物的还原羰基化反应可以合成许多重要的含氮有机化合物吉异氰酸酯，氨基甲酸酯，脲，偶氮化合物和Ｎ－杂环化合物等。本文就还原羰基化反应，催化剂及催化作用机理的研究进展作一评述，其中也提及我们实验的研究工作。     

铁催化硼烷氢转移还原芳香硝基化合物

发展了一种以硫酸铁为催化剂,硼烷四氢呋喃为氢源,在温和条件下实现了铁催化硼烷氢转移高效还原芳香硝基化合物的方法,合成了17个芳香胺衍生物,产率68%～90%,其结构经¹H NMR和¹³C NMR确证。     

D296树脂分散钯催化氢转移反应的研究──Ⅰ.取代芳香硝基化合物的还原

首次报道用离子交换树脂D296为载体,制备的D296树酯分散把催化剂／甲酸铵还原体系,催化氢转移还原取代芳香硝基化合物成芳胶的方法．该法反应条件温和,操作简便,催化剂可重复使用,收率可达83～94％。     

芳香硝基化合物还原制备芳胺的研究进展

综述了芳香硝基化合物还原制备芳胺的方法及近年的研究进展.其方法主要包括催化氢化法、CO/H2O还原法、金属还原法、硫化碱还原法、金属氢化物还原法、电化学还原法和光化学还原法.其中催化氢化法中的氢气还原法和水合肼还原法符合绿色化学的理念,并且反应收率高,选择性好,具有很高的应用价值.     

生物降解芳香硝基化合物研究进展

大量人工合成的芳香硝基化合物广泛应用于燃料、染料、精细化工中间体、农药和军事等领域,由于其水溶性差、毒性大而对环境造成了严重污染。自然界中许多微生物具有降解这些化合物的功能。本文总结了近年来有关微生物降解芳香硝基化合物的进展情况及其在环境治理中的应用。     

Pd/C催化下汉斯酯1,4-二氢吡啶还原芳香叠氮化合物、芳香硝基 化合物以及碳碳双键的反应研究

汉斯酯1,4-二氢吡啶(HEH)在Pd/C催化下可以将取代的芳香叠氮化合物还原为相应的取代苯胺, 反应具有很好的选择性. 该方法也可以用于芳香硝基化合物的还原. 对于Pd/C催化下汉斯酯1,4-二氢吡啶还原碳碳双键的可行性, 论文中也进行了初步的探讨.     

氧掺入MoS2调节芳香硝基化合物选择性转氢还原

芳香胺类化合物及其衍生物是一类重要的有机合成中间体,广泛应用于染料、农药、医药及其他精细化学品.目前催化芳香硝基化合物还原制备芳香胺的多相催化体系多使用含有d6-d10贵金属以及高活性Ni的催化剂.为了提高反应的选择性,金属纳米颗粒的尺寸控制、合金效应、金属载体强相互作用、溶剂以及添加剂的筛选等不同手段被采用.考虑到该类催化剂复杂的制备方法以及易氧化的性质,近年来稳定高效的非贵金属体系的开发得到了广泛关注.MoS2是一类重要的高温加氢催化剂,不饱和的Mo位点(CUS Mo)被认为在催化过程中起到了关键性作用.但是理论与实践已经证明,作为代表性的二维材料,MoS2的活性位点多集中于层状结构的边楞结构处.占有最大暴露面积的基面结构因为稳定的Mo-S化学键组成在化学反应中多表现为催化惰性.通过剥离的手段可以有效提升活性位点的数目,但新增的活性位点仍然多集中于层状结构的边楞结构处而不是基面.在MoS2与MoO2结构中Mo-S和Mo-O的键长不同,同时S和O的配位形式也不同.可以预见的是,如果MoS2结构中的一部分S元素被O元素取代,在这样的材料中将会出现大量缺陷以及活性CUS Mo结构.结合先前关于硫化钼材料的制备方法,我们通过部分硫化还原[Mo7O24]6-前驱物的方法制备了氧掺杂的MoS2材料(标记为O-MoS2).通过XRD,XPS,Raman和EDX等表征发现,不同的Mo-O结构存在于O-MoS2材料中.HRTEM表征结果显示,O-MoS2表面存在着丰富的结构缺陷.EXAFS结果显示,O-MoS2材料中可能含有四配位以及五配位的CUS Mo结构.以甲酸铵还原硝基苯为探针反应检测了CUS Mo结构.发现O-MoS2可以在水相条件下高效催化芳香硝基化合物还原生成相应的芳香胺,且催化剂稳定,可以多次循环使用.结合对照不同催化剂的NH3-TPD数据以及MoS2结构模型,我们发现O-MoS2材料中含有丰富的CUS Mo结构,这些CUS Mo结构更多地存在于材料的基面而非边楞结构.我们认为,对于该类掺杂MoS2材料的制备及结构表征将有利于拓宽MoS2催化剂从高温气相反应到温和液相反应中的应用.     

芳香硝基化合物的能量分辨质谱

本文报道用ＭＳ／ＭＳ技术的一种重要实验方法——能量分辨质谱（ＥＲＭＳ）来鉴别质谱分析中的同分异构体化合物。系统探讨了同分异构的硝基芳香化合物２，３－ＤＮＴ和３，５－ＤＮＴ（相对分子质量为１８２）在电子轰击（ＥＩ）方式下，裂分途径与其分子内能的相互关系以及离子的结构和裂分途径相对于碰撞能量（ＣＥ）的依赖关系（裂分曲线）。结果表明，利用同分异构化合物在能量分辨中的显著差异可以辨别它们的结构     

水溶性含钌-铂双金属催化剂催化卤代芳香硝基化合物选择性加氢

考察了水溶性Ru/Pt-TPPTS双金属催化剂催化卤代芳香硝基化合物的加氢性能.实验结果表明,在Ru-TPPTS中添加铂或钯后,反应活性明显提高,尤其是Ru/Pt-TPPTS双金属催化剂更表现出显著的双金属协同效应.在pH₂=1.0MPa,70℃,反应2h的条件下,双金属催化剂0.50Ru/0.50Pt-TPPTS催化对-氯硝基苯加氢生成对-氯苯胺的反应转化率达到100%.对于取代基和取代位置不同的一些卤代硝基苯加氢,该双金属催化剂也表现出很高的催化活性和生成卤代苯胺的选择性,脱卤反应的程度很小.     

低价钛引起的硝基化合物与羧酸衍生物的反应

在低价钛(TiCl~4-Zn)试剂作用下, 酰氯或硝基化合物发生分子间交叉还原偶联生成酰胺, 提供了合成酰胺的一种简便方法.     

Palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides with amines: efficient access to bidentate amide directing groups

Transition Metal Chemistry - A new route to bidentate amide directing groups has been developed via the palladium(II)-catalyzed aminocarbonylation. Under atmospheric carbon monoxide pressure, using...     

Ruthenium-catalyzed reductive cyclization of nitroarenes with trialkylamines leading to quinolines

Nitroarenes react with trialkylamines in the presence of a catalytic amount of a ruthenium catalyst together with tin(II) chloride dihydrate at 180 °C in an aqueous medium (toluene–H₂O) to afford the corresponding quinolines in moderate to good yields. The catalytic pathway seems to be proceeded via a sequence involving initial reduction of nitroarenes to anilines, alkyl group transfer from alkylamines to anilines to form an imine, dimerization of imine, and heterocyclization.     

Homogeneous catalytic aminocarbonylation of iodoalkenes and iodobenzene with amino acid esters under conventional conditions and in ionic liquids

Amino acid methyl esters were used as amine nucleophiles in palladium catalysed aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene and iodoalkenes (1-iodo-cyclohexene and 17-iodo-androst-16-ene). 2-Oxo-carboxamide type derivatives can be isolated as a result of double CO insertion by using iodobenzene as a substrate at elevated carbon monoxide pressure. On the contrary, carboxamides of expected structure were obtained exclusively in excellent yields in the whole pressure range by using iodoalkenes. The aminocarbonylation of 17-iodo-androst-16-ene in [bmim][PF₆] or [bmim][BF₄] (where bmim=1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cation) ionic liquids was also carried out and the ionic liquid-catalyst mixtures have been reused several times with only a small loss of activity.     

Palladium-mediated reductive Mizoroki-Heck cyclization strategy for the regioselective formation of dibenzoazocinone framework

The synthesis of dibenzoazocine framework through palladium-mediated reductive Mizoroki-Heck cyclization has been described. The procedure is simple, straightforward, and regioselective.     

Concise synthesis of pyrrolophenanthridine alkaloids using a Pd-mediated biaryl coupling reaction with regioselective C-H activation via the intramolecular coordination of the amine to Pd

The concise synthesis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, such as anhydrolycorinone, anhydrolycorin-7-one, assoanine, and oxoassoanine, which have a pyrrolophenanthridine skeleton, was achieved in moderate yield using the Pd-mediated biaryl coupling reaction of 1-(2-halobenzyl)-2,3-dihydroindole, which applied the regioselective C-H activation method with intramolecular coordination of the benzylamino group to Pd.     

Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative aminocarbonylation with alkynoic acid and tertiary amine for the synthesis of alkynyl amide

We developed a method for the synthesis of alkynyl amides via the carbonylation of alkynoic acids and C-N activation of tertiary amines. The reaction of alkynoic acid and tertiary amine with carbon monoxide using a palladium catalyst in the presence of oxygen, KI, and K₃PO₄, gave the desired alkynyl amides in good yields.     

Medium-dependent lithiated side products in the reductive lithiation of allylic phenyl thioethers. Diethyl ether versus tetrahydrofuran

Diethyl ether is a convenient solvent for the reductive lithiation of allylic phenyl thioethers without the serious complications, which occur when the reaction is carried out in tetrahydrofuran.     

A new approach to carbon-carbon bond formation: development of aerobic Pd-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions of organometallic reagents and styrenes

Alkenes are attractive starting materials for organic synthesis and the development of new selective functionalization reactions is desired. Previously, our laboratory discovered a unique Pd-catalyzed hydroalkoxylation reaction of styrenes containing a phenol. Based upon deuterium labeling experiments, a mechanism involving an aerobic alcohol oxidation coupled to alkene functionalization was proposed. These results inspired the development of a new Pd-catalyzed reductive coupling reaction of alkenes and organometallic reagents that generates a new carbon-carbon bond. Optimization of the conditions for the coupling of both organostannanes and organoboronic esters is described and the initial scope of the transformation is presented. Additionally, several mechanistic experiments are outlined and support the rationale for the development of the reaction based upon coupling alcohol oxidation to alkene functionalization.     

Highly regioselective Heck reactions of heteroaryl halides with electron-rich olefins in ionic liquid

Palladium-catalyzed Heck reactions of the heteroaryl halides, halopyridines, bromoquinoline and bromothiophenes, with the electron-rich olefins vinyl ethers and allyl alcohol were shown to give essentially only the branched olefins in an imidazolium ionic liquid, whereas in molecular solvents a mixture of regioisomers was formed. The method obviates the need for aryl triflates and stoichiometric inorganic salt additives, providing an easy entry to functionalized heteroaromatics incorporating acetyl and 2-allyl alcohol functionalities.     

Iron-catalyzed benzamide formation. Application to the synthesis of moclobemide

A convenient and user-friendly method to yield benzamides from primary and secondary amines and various benzylic alcohols in the presence of a cheap iron salt (FeCl₂·4H₂O) and tert-butylhydroperoxide (70% in water) as a stoichiometric oxidant is described. Control experiments indicated that this reaction might involve radical species. This method proved to be general, generating a family of 30 benzamides and was applied to the preparative synthesis of anti-anxiety drug moclobemide.