层剥离MWW结构分子筛的直接可控合成（英文）

分子筛是一类重要的催化材料,在石油和煤制化学品工业中应用广泛.目前,国际分子筛协会结构委员会确认的248种分子筛骨架结构中的19种已经商业化应用,如FAU, MFI,*BEA, MOR和MWW.具有多层结构的MCM-22是MWW结构分子筛的典型代表,已应用于苯与乙烯液相烷基化制乙苯.然而,烷基化反应主要发生在位于MCM-22分子筛晶体外表面的半超笼内,位于10元环孔道和12元环超笼内的酸性位对乙烯转化率几乎没有贡献.因此,有必要制备能够容纳更多半超笼的具有超大外比表面积的新型MWW结构分子筛.厚度仅2.5 nm的单层MWW结构分子筛ITQ-2具备以上特征,但是其较弱的酸性质及复杂的制备过程使其无法工业应用.受到采用具有长碳链的双子季铵阳离子两亲性有机结构导向剂直接合成层状MFI分子筛的启发,其有机结构导向剂同时起到导向MFI结构和抑制晶体沿b轴方向生长的作用.类似地,层剥离MWW结构分子筛也被直接合成出来,但所得材料的催化性能不理想,且有机结构导向剂不易得.通过对MCM-22分子筛的结构分析发现,其合成态是由多个MWW结构层有序组装而成,可以通过溶胀处理增大层间距,削弱层间相互作用,经超声处理即可实现层剥离.鉴于此,本文采用向合成MCM-22分子筛的常规体系中加入二环己基胺充当有机添加剂构筑"双功能"合成体系的策略,开展层剥离MWW结构分子筛新材料的直接合成.X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,与MCM-22分子筛相比,在二环己基胺参与下合成的分子筛SCM-1 (DCHA/SiO2=0.4)和SCM-6 (DCHA/SiO2=0.6)的XRD谱中与MWW结构c轴方向有关的(101)和(102)晶面的衍射峰出现偏移和重叠的现象,表明其沿c轴方向有序性降低.扫描电子显微镜显示,所有样品均为片状形貌,其中SCM-6含有少量无定形物种.氩气及氮气物理吸附结果表明, SCM-1和SCM-6具有超大外比表面积,而微孔体积小于MCM-22分子筛.透射电子显微镜表征结果表明, MCM-22为多层结构,厚度约为20 nm,而SCM-1和SCM-6的厚度分别约为5.0和2.5 nm,对应双层和单层结构,表明在有机添加剂参与下直接合成了层剥离的新型MWW结构分子筛.值得注意的是,通过调节添加剂用量,可以调节剥离程度,即实现可控层剥离,得到完全(单层)或部分(双层)剥离的MWW结构分子筛.该方法所采用的添加剂的尺寸是关键因素,选用尺寸大于有机结构导向剂的添加剂才能有效抑制晶体沿c轴方向的有序生长,实现层剥离MWW结构分子筛的直接合成.采用该方法合成的新型MWW结构分子筛具有超大外比表面积和更多的表面半超笼,在苯与乙烯液相烷基化反应中,SCM-1催化的乙烯转化率明显高于MCM-22分子筛.SCM-6因结晶度低而未能表现出优势.进一步比较SCM-1和MCM-22的催化稳定性发现, SCM-1的稳定性更好,经过64 h连续反应,其吸附的有机物及积碳更少.在1,3,5-三异丙苯裂解反应中,SCM-1的催化性能也明显优于MCM-22.     

纳米片层结构MFI分子筛的合成及应用

纳米片层结构MFI分子筛因其开放的骨架结构、大的外表面积、适宜的表面酸性、易接触的活性位点和优异的分子传质扩散性能,在吸附、分离、催化等领域展现出良好的应用前景,成为MFI分子筛控制合成及其应用研究的前沿。本文系统总结了纳米片层结构MFI分子筛合成及其应用领域的最新研究进展,重点讨论了原位合成法和后处理法形成纳米片层结构MFI分子筛的合成机理、模板剂种类,深入分析了影响纳米片厚度、片层间距及有序性的因素,提出开发经济成本低、可用于大规模生产纳米片层结构MFI分子筛,并将其应用于制备超薄分子筛膜、催化有机大分子反应、制备片层分子筛负载金属催化剂是未来的主要研究方向。     

MCM-36分子筛的合成及其苯与丙烯烷基化性能研究

分别从MCM-22和MCM-49前驱体出发合成了MCM-36分子筛, 在液-固固定床反应器上对MCM-36分子筛的苯与丙烯液相烷基化反应性能进行了评价. 由MCM-22前驱体出发合成的MCM-36(A) 结晶度良好, 比MCM-22具有更高比表面积和介孔孔容, 酸量明显下降. 由MCM-49前驱体出发合成的MCM-36(B)的比表面积和介孔孔容增加, 小角XRD特征衍射峰强度低于MCM-36(A), 与MCM-49相比酸量下降幅度较小. 在苯与丙烯液相烷基化反应中MCM-36(A)的活性与MCM-22相当, 丙烯的转化率大于99.5%, 异丙苯的选择性比MCM-22提高了7%. MCM-36(B)的反应活性高于MCM-36(A), 而异丙苯的选择性低于MCM-36(A). MCM-36分子筛上苯与丙烯液相烷基化反应活性的提高归因于有效酸性位的增加,异丙苯选择性的提高则主要归因于B酸量的降低.     

MCM-56分子筛催化苯与丙烯液相烷基化反应性能

在晶化釜内动态水热合成了MCM-56分子筛, 采用过氧化氢回流处理方法脱除模板剂, 获得了高比表面积分子筛MCM-56[MCM-56(H2O2)]. 采用XRD, N2气吸附-脱附, NH3-TPD和FTIR等对其结构和酸性进行表征, 考察了HMCM-56(H2O2)分子筛在苯与丙烯液相烷基化合成异丙苯中的催化性能. 研究结果表明, 过氧化氢回流处理能够有效去除模板剂. 与焙烧去除模板剂的HMCM-56(C)相比, HMCM-56(H2O2)分子筛的BET比表面积达到563 m2/g, 外表面积提高近2倍. 酸性表征说明, 与HMCM-56(C)相比, HMCM-56(H2O2)的总酸量较高而酸强度分布不变. 在苯与丙烯液相烷基化反应中, HMCM-56(H2O2)分子筛表现出更好的低温活性和更高的异丙苯选择性.     

纳米级MCM-49分子筛催化苯与1-十二烯烷基化反应的性能

 在低碱度下合成了纳米级MCM-49分子筛,采用XRD,TEM,NH3-TPD,吸附吡啶的红外光谱和异丙苯裂解等技术对分子筛进行了表征. 催化剂评价结果表明,纳米级MCM-49分子筛在30~160 ℃下对苯与1-十二烯的烷基化反应具有良好的催化性能,烯烃的转化率高于99.6%,直链烷基苯的选择性大于97%,2-和3-位直链烷基苯的选择性大于67.5%. 常规的微米级MCM-49分子筛在低温下的催化活性低于纳米级MCM-49分子筛. ZSM-5,M型分子筛和MCM-41分子筛催化烷基化反应的活性较低,Y型分子筛虽具有较高的催化活性,但生成2-和3-位直链烷基苯的选择性明显低于MCM-49. MCM-49的骨架结构与MCM-22相似,晶体外表面上含有大量的12元环孔穴,该结构有利于烷基化反应的进行.     

SCM-36分子筛纳米片用于乙烯和2,5-二甲基呋喃转化制可再生对二甲苯（英文）

分子筛是一类重要的结晶多孔材料,广泛应用于化学工业.开发新型分子筛特别是硅铝酸盐分子筛,一直是该领域的研究热点.分子筛的晶化过程一般需要结构导向剂的参与,包括碱(土)金属离子为代表的无机阳离子,有机胺或季铵盐为代表的有机物以及分子筛晶种.采用两种及以上结构导向剂的分子筛合成策略,具有调节分子筛骨架原子、晶体形貌和化学组成的作用,是开发新分子筛的有效手段.对二甲苯(PX)是合成对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的重要原料.PX主要来源于石油资源,开发基于生物质原料生产PX的技术有利于缓解日益严峻的环境和能源危机.本文采用两种有机结构导向剂,以四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAOH)为有机结构导向剂,同时向体系中加入十六烷基溴化吡啶(C₁₆Py Br)或正辛基三甲基氯化铵(OTMAC),合成了一种新型铝硅酸盐分子筛,命名为SCM-36(Sinopec Composite Material No.36).SCM-36分子筛具有独特的X射线粉末衍射谱图(XRD)和纳米片状形貌.原位XRD结果表明, SCM-36分子筛在焙烧过程中由于晶胞收缩而导致衍射峰的偏移.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子...     

纳米薄层MCM-22分子筛合成及其三甲苯异构化催化性能

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和六亚甲基亚胺(HMI)组成双模板体系,以气相二氧化硅为硅源,在150 ℃下动态原位合成了薄层的MWW型MCM-22分子筛纳米片,并考察了CTAB添加量对分子筛产物的影响。采用粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N₂吸附-脱附、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、高倍透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、吡啶红外(Py-IR)和2,6-二叔丁基吡啶红外(DTBPy-IR)测试方法对合成的分子筛样品进行表征。结果表明：采用双模板体系可以制备出5~10 nm的薄层MWW型纳米片。同时,通过偏三甲苯异构化反应对样品的催化性能进行了表征,催化结果显示样品d-MWW-4%CTAB具有较好的催化性能,其中偏三甲苯的质量转化率、均三甲苯质量收率及均三甲苯选择性分别为34.97%、22.42%和64.09%,这主要归因于薄层纳米片MCM-22具有的较大外表面积和片层间形成的晶间介孔结构。     

纳米薄层MCM-22分子筛合成及其三甲苯异构化催化性能

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和六亚甲基亚胺(HMI)组成双模板体系, 以气相二氧化硅为硅源, 在 150℃下动态原位合成了薄层的 MWW型 MCM-22分子筛纳米片, 并考察了 CTAB添加量对分子筛产物的影响。采用粉末 X射线衍射(PXRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N₂吸附-脱附、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、高倍透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、吡啶红外(Py-IR)和 2, 6-二叔丁基吡啶红外(DTBPy-IR)测试方法对合成的分子筛样品进行表征。结果表明:采用双模板体系可以制备出 5~10 nm的薄层MWW型纳米片。同时, 通过偏三甲苯异构化反应对样品的催化性能进行了表征, 催化结果显示样品 d-MWW-4 %CTAB具有较好的催化性能, 其中偏三甲苯的质量转化率、均三甲苯质量收率及均三甲苯选择性分别为 34.97 %、22.42 %和 64.09 %, 这主要归因于薄层纳米片 MCM-22具有的较大外表面积和片层间形成的晶间介孔结构。     

膨胀剂用量、合成体系pH值和MCM-22（P）的硅／铝比对ITQ-2分子筛合成的影响

考察了膨胀剂的用量、合成体系的pH值和MCM-22(P)的硅/铝比对合成ITQ-2分子筛的影响. 结果表明,同时降低膨胀剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和四丙基氢氧化铵的用量,在pH=11.5时 4 h 即可完成对MCM-22(P)的插层膨胀;pH值降低时,可减小由于脱硅对ITQ-2分子筛硅/铝比下降的影响,并且使产物收率大幅度提高. 同时, pH值降低使后续的超声剥离更加容易,且可避免生成MCM-41介孔分子筛杂相. MCM-22(P)的硅/铝比越大,层表面的电荷密度越低,带负电荷的层板和阳离子插层剂之间的静电引力和分子间作用力也就越小,致使插层膨胀和随后的超声剥离越容易.     

MCM-22分子筛的合成及其性质研究

以己内酰胺催化加氢得到的有机混合物水溶液(OMS)为模板剂合成了纯MCM-22分子筛，考察了晶化条件对合成产物的影响。采用XRD、SEM和NH3-TPD对所合成MCM-22分子筛的性质进行了研究。结果表明，原料碱度是影响合成产物的重要因素，合成纯MCM-22的硅铝比范围不大，同时原料中水含量对合成产物的影响也不容忽视；改变硅铝比及水蒸气处理可以调节MCM-22分子筛的酸性。     

Advances in the Synthesis of Crystalline Metallosilicate Zeolites via Interlayer Expansion

Given the numerous industrial applications of zeolites as adsorbents, catalysts, and ion-exchangers, the development of new zeolite structures is highly desired to expand their practical applications. Currently, a general route to develop new zeolite structures is to use interlayer expansion agents to connect layered silicates. In this review, we briefly summarize the novel zeolite structures constructed from the lamellar precursor zeolites MWW, RUB-36, PREFER, Nu-6(1), COK-5, and PLS-1 via interlayer expansion. The contents of the summary contain detailed experiments, physicochemical characterizations, possible expansion mechanisms, and catalytic properties. In addition, the insertion of metal heteroatoms (such as Ti, Fe, Sn) into the layered zeolite precursor through interlayer expansion, which could be helpful to modify the catalytic function, is discussed.     

Synthesis of Pure Silica MWW Zeolite in Fluoride Medium by Using an Imidazolium-Based Long Dication

As the spacer length in 1,2-dimethylimidazolium-based dications increases beyond a specific point (six methylene units), they fail in structure-directing towards STW zeolites in any synthetic conditions. These dications can instead produce, under fluoride concentrated conditions, either *BEA [in the case of the eight-methylene-unit structure-directing agent (SDA)] or MWW (ten methylene units) zeolites. For any length of the dication, the default zeolite (MTW) is a relatively dense zeolite containing a unidimensional channel, whereas the zeolite demanding most specificity (STW, *BEA or MWW) is more porous, affording a larger concentration of the dication to be occluded. This work provides the first reported fluoride synthesis of pure silica MWW zeolites. Charge balance of the organic dications in this zeolite was achieved by combining “structural” silanolates, regular “connectivity defects” and occluded fluoride. Molecular mechanics calculations showed a perfect fit of the decamethylenebis(dimethylimidazolium) dication in the sinusoidal intralayer pore system of MWW. The calculations showed also that the dication is able to stabilize the interlayer space without disturbing the hydrogen-bonding system that holds the layers together in the as-made material. The ¹⁹F magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR presented two distinct resonances at −71 and −83 ppm, which, on the basis of DFT calculations, we tentatively assigned to fluoride occluded in [4⁶6²] and [4¹5²6²] cages of the MWW structure, respectively. The same DFT study determines a different chemical shift of one methyl ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance according to the imidazolium ring residing in the sinusoidal channels or in the large cup cavities, thus explaining an experimentally observed splitting of that resonance.     

Direct Dual‐Template Synthesis of MWW Zeolite Monolayers

A two‐dimensional zeolite with the topology of MWW sheets has been obtained by direct synthesis with a combination of two organic structure‐directing agents. The resultant material consists of approximately 70 % single and double layers and displays a well‐structured external surface area of about 300 m² g^?1. The delaminated zeolite prepared by means of this single‐step synthetic route has a high delamination degree, and the structural integrity of the MWW layers is well preserved. The new zeolite material displayed excellent activity, selectivity, and stability when used as a catalyst for the alkylation of benzene with propylene and found to be superior to the catalysts that are currently used for producing cumene.     

A New Family of Two‐Dimensional Zeolites Prepared from the Intermediate Layered Precursor IPC‐3P Obtained during the Synthesis of TUN Zeolite

The crystallization of zeolite TUN with 1,4‐bis(N‐methylpyrrolidinium)butane as template proceeds through an intermediate, designated IPC‐3P, following the Ostwald rule of successive transformations. This apparently layered transient product has been thoroughly investigated and found to consist of MWW monolayers stacked without alignment in register, that is, disordered compared with MCM‐22P. The structure was confirmed based on X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution (HR)TEM analysis. The layered zeolite precursor IPC‐3P can be swollen and pillared affording a combined micro‐ and mesoporous material with enhanced Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area (685 m²g^?1) and greater accessibility of Brønsted acid sites for bulky molecules. This mesoporous material was probed with 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylpyridine (DTBP). IPC‐3P and its modification create a new layered zeolite sub‐family belonging to the MWW family. FTIR data indicate that (Al)MWW materials MCM‐22 and IPC‐3 with Si/Al ratios greater than 20 exhibit a lower relative ratio of Brønsted to Lewis acid sites than MCM‐22 (with Si/Al ratios of around 13), that is, less than 2 versus more than 3, respectively. This is maintained even upon pillaring and warrants further exploration of materials like IPC‐3P with a higher Al content. The unique XRD features of IPC‐3P indicating misaligned stacking of layers and distinct from MCM‐22P, are also seen in other MWW materials such as EMM‐10P, hexamethonium‐templated (HM)‐MCM‐22, ITQ‐30, and UZM‐8 suggesting the need for more detailed study of their identity and properties.     

One-pot synthesis of MWW zeolite nanosheets using a rationally designed organic structure-directing agent

A new material MIT-1 comprised of delaminated MWW zeolite nanosheets is made in a one-pot synthesis using a rationally designed organic structure-directing agent (OSDA). The OSDA consists of a hydrophilic head segment that resembles the OSDA used to synthesize the zeolite precursor MCM-22(P), a hydrophobic tail segment that resembles the swelling agent used to swell MCM-22(P), and a di-quaternary ammonium linker that connects both segments. MIT-1 features high crystallinity and surface areas exceeding 500 m² g^–1, and can be synthesized over a wide synthesis window that includes Si/Al ratios ranging from 13 to 67. Characterization data reveal high mesoporosity and acid strength with no detectable amorphous silica phases. Compared to MCM-22 and MCM-56, MIT-1 shows a three-fold increase in catalytic activity for the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene with benzyl alcohol.     

Synthesis and Structure Determination of SCM-15: A 3D Large Pore Zeolite with Interconnected Straight 12×12×10-Ring Channels

A new germanosilicate zeolite named SCM-15 (Sinopec Composite Material No. 15), the first zeolite containing a 3-dimensional (3D) channel system with interconnected 12-, 12-, and 10-ring channels (pore sizes: 6.1×7.2, 6.1×7.4, and 5.2×5.9 Å), has been synthesized using neutral 4-pyrrolidinopyridine as organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs). Its structure has been determined by combining single-crystal electron diffraction (SCED) and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (SPXD) data. The unique open framework structure of SCM-15 is related to that of FOS-5 ( BEC ), ITQ-7 ( ISV ), PKU-16 ( POS ), ITQ-26 ( IWS ), ITQ-21, Beta polymorph B, and SU-78B, since all these framework structures can be constructed from similar chains which are connected through shared 4-ring or double 4-ring (d4r) units. Based on this relation, six topologically reasonable 3D large or extra-large pore hypothetical zeolites are predicted.     

Seed‐Assisted Synthesis of MWW‐Type Zeolite with Organic Structure‐Directing Agent‐Free Na‐Aluminosilicate Gel System

The seed‐assisted synthesis of zeolites without using organic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs) has enabled alternative routes to the simple, environmentally friendly and low‐cost production of industrially important zeolites. In this study, the successful seed‐assisted synthesis of MCM‐22 (MWW‐type) zeolite with an OSDA‐free gel is reported for the first time. MWW‐type zeolites are obtained by the addition of as‐synthesized MCM‐22 seeds prepared with hexamethyleneimine (HMI) into OSDA‐free Na‐aluminosilicate gels. Based on the results of XRD, ICP‐AES, NMR, N₂ physisorption and NH₃‐TPD, the product exhibited different features compared to those of the seeds. The H‐form product can serve as a catalyst in Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of anisole with 1‐phenylethanol, and its catalytic activity is comparable to the seeds. Furthermore, XRD, FE‐SEM, TG‐DTA, CHN, FT‐IR and NMR analyses of products and intermediates provide insights into the role of seeds and occluded HMI, the crystallization process, and key factors for achieving seed‐assisted synthesis of MWW‐type zeolites with an OSDA‐free gel system. The present results provide a new perspective for the economical and environmentally friendly production of MWW‐type zeolites.     

不同结构扩孔分子筛催化MTP反应行为及表面积炭物种表征

采用TEAOH溶液处理MFI结构ZSM-5分子筛、MWW结构MCM-22分子筛,NaOH溶液处理TON结构ZSM-22分子筛、CHA结构SSZ-13分子筛得到四种结构的扩孔分子筛。在反应温度480℃、反应压力0.1 MPa、甲醇与水质量比1∶1、甲醇质量空速1.5 h~(-1)的条件下,考察了四种扩孔分子筛的甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化性能,并采用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、NH_3-TPD、TG、UV-Raman和GC-M S等方法表征催化剂的物化性质及M TP反应2 h后的分子筛积炭性质。结果表明,四种分子筛扩孔改性后均出现介孔,其中,T-ZSM-5分子筛在MTP反应中寿命最长;T-MCM-22分子筛寿命次之且失活速率慢;而一维孔道结构N-ZSM-22分子筛和八元环尺寸较小的N-SSZ-13分子筛均失活迅速。受拓扑结构和孔道扩散的影响,MTP反应2 h后,分子筛积炭量增加的顺序为T-ZSM-5N-ZSM-22T-MCM-22N-SSZ-13且可溶焦分子质量随积炭量增加而增重,即从五甲基苯增重到菲、芘等多环芳烃。     

以四甲基铵硅酸盐为柱化剂合成层柱状MCM-36分子筛

以层状MCM-22P为前驱体,四甲基铵硅酸盐为柱化剂,采用动态水热法考察了MCM-36分子筛的合成条件,并通过XRD、N2物理吸附、TEM、27Al-MAS NMR以及NH3-TPD等手段对合成分子筛进行了表征。结果表明,与传统的采用正硅酸乙酯为柱化剂的柱化过程相比,以四甲基铵硅酸盐为柱化剂时,已溶胀的前驱体不经干燥处理即可直接在含水体系进行柱化插层合成得到层间距均一的层柱状MCM-36分子筛,适宜的合成条件为:先在80℃的高pH值(约13.5)环境下对前驱体溶胀24 h,然后在100℃下柱化插层24 h。表征结果表明,MCM-36分子筛具有层内微孔和层间介孔的复合孔道结构以及较大的比表面积(特别是外比表面积);与HMCM-22相比,HMCM-36的表面酸性虽明显降低,但其层间介孔结构的形成使大量B酸中心暴露于大分子易于接近的层间介孔孔壁,可为涉及较大分子的催化反应提供更多可接近的活性位中心。     

The role of symmetry in building up zeolite frameworks from layered zeolite precursors having ferrierite and CAS layers

Layered zeolite precursors represent an emerging class of materials that expand the zeolite field in a new direction and have already produced new intriguing discoveries. One is a new fundamental insight that a zeolite framework can assemble by two pathways, directly in 3-D and via a layered precursor. Also new types of materials such as pillared and delaminated zeolites have been synthesized. Starting with the discovery of MCM-22 precursor in 1990s, other framework structures have now been obtained by topotactic condensation, including classical zeolites such as sodalite and ferrierite. The recent structural diversity observed with FER and CAS layers, which were found to produce two frameworks each, i.e. FER/CDO and CAS/NSI, respectively, are herein rationalized as resulting from the absence of in-plane mirror symmetry. A systematic treatment is envisioned, such as consideration of translational and pseudo-translational interactions in condensation of elementary shapes into close-packed assemblies, providing a blueprint for a general approach to analyze new precursors in the future. Other already documented instances of structural diversity include the presence of both types of packing in one preparation (CAS and NSI) and incomplete pairing of silanols connecting FER layers in ESR-12.