隧洞开挖爆破地震反应谱特征研究

利用地震工程中应用比较成熟的反应谱理论对隧洞开挖爆破地震进行研究。针对反应谱计算中必须输入加速度数据的问题,对实测爆破振动速度数据进行数值微分计算,并采用小波分析方法消噪得到准确、清晰的加速度时程曲线,继而将其用于反应谱计算。结合不同工程中大量的爆破振动监测资料,对隧洞开挖爆破地震反应谱进行分析。结果表明:隧洞开挖爆破地震反应谱都有一些共同的特征,反应谱曲线一般存在一个明显的峰值点,峰值对应的周期集中在几毫秒到几十毫秒的区间内。另外,在归纳、整理大量地下工程开挖爆破地震反应谱的基础上,得到了隧洞开挖爆破地震的设计反应谱。     

考虑半覆水圆弧相变场地特征的地下多点地震动模拟方法与程序开发

建立了同时引入土壤介质相变和半覆水圆弧地形因素的场地模型，并给出了地下多点地震动模拟的理论框架，开发了依据本文理论的程序并予以可靠性验证。首先，基于探明的波场分布得到了SV波入射半覆水圆弧相变场地的频域解；其次，获得依据频域解的场地传递函数并求解出地下自功率谱，建立了基于所得到的地下相干函数的地下互功率谱，由此构建出地下功率谱矩阵；最后，实现频域模型向时域信号转化（即多点地震动时程曲线），进而基于上述理论进行可视化程序开发。通过数值算例进一步阐明了本研究的意义，结果表明，（1）地下与地表多点地震动在能量分布上存在显著差异，说明了研究的必要性；（2）生成地震动的拟合功率谱和拟合相干函数与理论值吻合较好，表明了结果的合理性；（3）可视化程序界面简洁，参数输入及调整方便，后处理结果显示清晰，反映出程序的便捷及适用性。     

基于小波-Galerkin方法的结构随机动力响应功率谱的确定

在最近发展的周期广义谐和小波PGHW(Periodic Generalized Harmonic Wavelet)的基础上,通过小波-Galerkin方法推导得到了线性单自由度结构的随机动力响应功率谱密度。在此过程中,利用PGHW的解析形式及其在频域内的特殊性:(1)推导得出了PGHW的联系系数(Connection Coefficient)的解析形式;(2)基于PGHW及其联系系数,利用小波-Galerkin方法推导得到了线性单自由度系统在确定性激励下的响应;(3)得到了在具有演变功率谱的随机动力激励下单自由度线性振子的随机响应功率谱解答。数值算例表明,无论是确定性响应解答,还是随机动力响应的功率谱密度,小波-Galerkin法的计算结果均能较好地吻合数值解。     

爆破震动信号的小波分析与HHT变换

以实测的爆破震动信号为例,分别应用小波分析和HHT(Hilbert-Huang Transform)变换从不同方面进行对比分析,讨论了爆破震动信号的特征提取和时频分布。结果表明:小波分析和HHT变换都是处理非平稳信号的两种好方法,都能很好地提取信号的主要特征信息和进行滤波、消噪。然而,小波分析存在选择小波基的困难,而HHT变换不需要预先选择基函数,其EMD（empirical mode decomposition）得到的IMF(intrinsic mode function)能反映原始信号的固有特性,通常具有实际物理意义;小波谱的能量在频率范围内分布较宽,而Hilbert能量谱能清晰地表明能量随时频的具体分布,大部分能量都集中在有限的能量谱线上;小波分析中时间、频率分辨率受Heisenberg测不准原理的限制,而HHT变换中时间分辨率不变且精度很高,其频率分辨率则可随信号内在的特性进行自适应调节。分析表明:HHT变换在分析非平稳信号时较小波分析更具适应性,在岩石中波的传播、衰减规律、结构动态响应特征和爆破震动破坏等研究中有着广阔的应用前景。     

水下目标在水下爆炸作用下冲击响应的时频特征

基于某水下目标的抗水下爆炸实验数据,利用小波变换良好的时频局部化性质对监测的水下目标 内部装置冲击加速度信号进行时频特征分析,得到了不同频带上冲击信号振动分量的时间历程曲线和能量 分布。结果表明,基于冲击信号小波时频特征分析的频带能量可以同时反映冲击振动的强度、频率和持续时 间对目标损伤的影响,同时结合不同频带的时间历程曲线可以获得冲击波和二次压力波在不同频带上的分 布和衰减的细节信息,由此可确定冲击波和二次压力波各自对目标毁伤的影响。     

随机风场下高层结构振动隔震与TMD混合控制研究

针对风荷载作用下高层建筑结构振动控制问题,基于建筑隔震和调谐质量阻尼器振动控制原理,利用ANSYS软件分别建立高层结构带隔震层和带调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)的单一控制策略以及两者相结合的混合振动控制策略。根据Davenport脉动风速谱,采用自回归模型(AutoRegressive,AR)法,考虑竖向相关性、平稳的多变量随机过程以及它的互谱密度矩阵模拟生成具有随机性的脉动风速时程曲线和风速谱的功率谱密度,并用于20层钢结构Benchmark结构模型。系统比较三种振动控制策略在顺风向脉动风载作用下的控制效果,结果表明隔震与TMD混合振动控制方法可以有效地抑制结构风振响应,控制效果很好地弥补了单一振动控制的缺陷。本文方法可应用于大尺度高层结构振动控制中,实现高层建筑结构风振响应的可靠控制。     

精细积分法应用于地震碰撞力反应谱计算研究

相邻结构的碰撞时程分析是计算地震碰撞力反应谱的基础。结构碰撞时程分析要求采用稳定性好、精度高及计算效率高的数值分析方法。精细积分法将二阶动力微分方程通过增元降阶的方式转换成Hamilton对偶变量体系,得到了动力微分方程的精确解。基于此,本文将精细积分法引入结构碰撞时程分析及地震碰撞力反应谱计算中。在推导精细积分法公式的基础上,在MATLAB环境下编制了结构碰撞时程分析程序和碰撞力反应谱计算程序,并实现了碰撞力反应谱程序的并行化。经算例验证,精细积分法应用于结构碰撞时程分析及地震碰撞力反应谱计算是可行的,程序计算结果准确。     

环境激励下基于小波包分析的结构损伤预警方法

将环境荷载激励技术与小波包分析相结合,提出对环境激励下的结构动力响应计算虚拟脉冲响应函数并在此基础上计算结构的小波包能量谱及其损伤预警指标,用以表征结构动力系统的损伤状态.通过Benchmark试验模型模拟结构的多种损伤状态,采集模型在环境激励下结构损伤前后的动力响应,计算了结构损伤预警的小波包能量谱及其损伤预警指标.试验结果表明,环境激励下基于小波包能量谱的结构损伤预警指标具有良好的损伤预警能力,可以准确地判定结构初期损伤的发生.     

基于谱元法的空间刚架动力学特性分析

以空间刚架结构为研究对象,应用谱元法研究其动力学特性,依次推导出杆、轴和铁木辛柯梁的动力学刚度阵,进而得到空间刚架的动力学刚度阵和频域响应的理论方程,拓展了谱元法应用范围。编程计算获得空间刚架的固有频率和点的谐响应曲线,与有限元分析相比较,进一步得到载荷下的瞬态响应。研究表明,谱元法在刚架结构的动力学特性分析中,比有限元方法高效高精度,更适宜解决中高频振动问题。     

输电塔线体系风振响应频域分析的一种简化方法

为了研究脉动风引起的结构振动问题,以两塔三跨不等高输电塔线体系为工程背景,将瞬时风速与瞬时风压的脉动部分之间的关系简化为线性,采用 Davenport 谱得到了脉动风荷载的功率谱密度函数;通过振动方程得到了稳态频率响应函数;根据系统的输入输出关系求出了在物理坐标下输电塔线体系的位移响应谱密度矩阵,从而推导了输电塔线体系风振响应频域分析的简化方法;利用MATLAB编制频域分析程序,对塔线体系进行计算,并将此结果与采用ADINA计算所得结果进行了对比。结果表明：两者的跨中和塔中位移功率谱密度曲线分别在点（0.05,2000）和点（0.05,9×10-6）附近有个相同的峰值,两种方法的计算结果基本吻合,验证了本文推导的输电塔线体系风振响应频域分析的简化方法的正确性;此种方法在获得准确风振响应的同时可以提高求解的计算效率。     

Burst event detection in wall turbulence by WVITA method

Wavelet Variable Interval Time Average (WVITA) is introduced as a method incorporating burst event detection in wall turbulence. Wavelet transform is performed to unfold the longitudinal fluctuating velocity time series measured in the near wall region of a turbulent boundary layer using hot-film anemometer. This unfolding is both in time and in space simultaneously. The splitted kinetic of the longitudinal fluctuating velocity time series among different scales is obtained by integrating the square of wavelet coefficient modulus over temporal space. The time scale that related to burst events in wall turbulence passing through the fixed probe is ascertained by maximum criterion of the kinetic energy evolution across scales. Wavelet transformed localized variance of the fluctuating velocity time series at the maximum kinetic scale is put forward instead of localized short time average variance in Variable Interval Time Average (VITA) scheme. The burst event detection result shows that WVITA scheme can avoid erroneous judgement and solve the grouping problem more effectively which is caused by VITA scheme itself and can not be avoided by adjusting the threshold level or changing the short time average interval. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19732005) and the National Climbing Project of China     

用能量最大准则确定VITA法的平均周期

引入了子波变换的方法来确定检测壁湍流猝发事件的VITA法的短时间平均周期T。为了确定VITA法的短时间平均周期T,用子波变换对热膜测速仪测量得到的湍流边界层近壁区域的流向脉动速度的时间序列进行了分解,分解在时域和频域同时进行,根据每一个尺度的子波系数的模的平方在时域的积分得到壁湍流每一个尺度的脉动动能随尺度的分布,用能量最大准则确定与壁湍流猝发事件的时间尺度对应的能量最大的尺度,该尺度也就是VITA法的短时间平均周期T。     

大气边界层流场的模拟与大气边界层风洞

动态风荷载测试数据的可靠性依赖于大气边界层流场的正确模拟。本文根据作者在ＦＤ－４大气边界层风洞中,进行大气边界层流场调试时,就如何准确模拟自然风的四个参数方面所积累经验的总结。     

Cross-correlation and cross-power spectral density representation by complex spectral moments

A new approach to provide a complete characterization of normal multivariate stochastic vector processes is presented in this paper. Such proposed method is based on the evaluation of the complex spectral moments of the processes. These quantities are strictly related to the Mellin transform and they are the generalization of the integer-order spectral moments introduced by Vanmarcke.The knowledge of the complex spectral moments permits to obtain the power spectral densities and their cross counterpart by a complex series expansions. Moreover, with just the aid of some mathematical properties the complex fractional moments permit to obtain also the correlation and cross-correlation functions, providing a complete characterization of the multivariate stochastic vector processes.Some numerical applications are reported in order to show the capabilities of this method. In particular, the examples regard two dimensional linear oscillators forced by Gaussian white noise, the characterization of the wind velocity field, and the stochastic response analysis of vibro-impact system under Gaussian white noise.     

Wavelet spectrum analysis on energy transfer of multi-scale structures in wall turbulence

The streamwise velocity components at different vertical heights in wall turbulence were measured. Wavelet transform was used to study the turbulent energy spectra, indicating that the global spectrum results from the weighted average of Fourier spectrum based on wavelet scales. W＇avelet transform with more vanishing moments can express the declining of turbulent spectrum. The local wavelet spectrum shows that the physical phenomena such as deformation position in the boundary layer, and the or breakup of eddies are related to the vertical energy-containing eddies exist in a multi-scale form. Moreover, the size of these eddies increases with the measured points moving out of the wall. In the buffer region, the small scale energy-containing eddies with higher frequency are excited. In the outer region, the maximal energy is concentrated in the low-frequency large-scale eddies, and the frequency domain of energy-containing eddies becomes narrower.     

On the role of thickness ratio and location of axis of rotation in the flat plate motions

Wind tunnel experiments were performed to characterize the flow-induced rotations and pitching of various flat plates as a function of the thickness ratio and the location of the axis of rotation. High-resolution telemetry, laser tachometer, and hotwire were used to get time series of the plates motions and the signature of the wake flow at a specific location. Results show that small axis offset can induce high-order modes in the plate rotation due to torque unbalance, and can trigger self-initiated pitching. The spectral decomposition of the flow velocity in the plate wake reveals the existence of a dominating high-frequency mode that corresponds to a static-like vortex shedding occurring at the maximum plate pitch. The associated characteristic length scale is the projected width at maximum pitching angle. The increase of the plate thickness ratio implies lower angular velocity in rotation cases. A simple model based on aerodynamic forces is used to explain the linear relation between pitching frequency and wind speed, the pitching frequency increase with axis offset, and the onset of pitching.     

利用子波分析对平壁湍流猝发现象的研究

利用槽道湍流直接数值模拟的数据库,采用子波分析的方法。对平壁湍流猝发现象的多尺度特性进行了研究,在不同惊讶上对猝发平均周期进行了统计,并利用局部标度指数研究了猝发过程的奇异性。     

Characteristic time scales of velocity and pressure events

Numerical and wind tunnel simulations of full-scale wind loads on structures are usually performed at a lower Reynolds number and different turbulence parameters. One way to assess the validity of such simulations is through matching magnitudes, duration and/or spectral characteristics of simulated pressure peaks with full-scale data. Because wavelet analysis provides a time/frequency decomposition, it has been proposed as an analysis tool for the intermittent and transient pressure peaks. This work aims at answering the question as to whether different wavelets yield the same-scale decomposition of pressure peaks and velocity events and could, thus, be used as a tool for the analysis of extreme loads on structures. The results show that, by isolating the peaks or events with a modified Gaussian window prior to applying the wavelet transform, the dependence of the measured time scale on different wavelet functions is reduced. The time scales of the pressure peak and the velocity event are estimated to be about the same indicating that one contributing factor, at the peak scale, to the pressure peak lies in the variation of the incoming flow at the same scale.     

利用POD对双坡屋盖风压场预测

本文利用本征正交分解(POD)方法对双坡屋盖未布置测压点位置的风压时间序列进行了预测。采用线性插值及双线性插值得到预测点位置上的本征模态值。结构由原风压场协方差分析得到的主坐标和上述新本征模态值获得未布置测压点位置的风压时间序列。通过在时间域和频率域内比较预测出的风压与实测风压说明了POD在预测双坡屋盖风压场的有效性。     

大跨度桥梁空间脉动风场的计算机模拟

针对现有Deodatis方法模拟大跨度桥梁空间脉动风场中存在的计算量问题,通过对谱分解矩阵引入插值近似,减少谱分解的次数,从而提高该谐波合成法的计算效率,并节省内存花费,实现了对三维空间脉动风场的有效模拟。改进方法模拟的脉动风速样本仍保持各态历经性,且逐渐收敛到目标功率谱。用改进的Deodatis方法模拟了润扬长江悬索桥桥面主梁上作用的纵向脉动风速。结果表明,该改进措施对Deodatis方法的应用效果非常明显,改进的Deodatis方法模拟脉动风速样本的相关函数与目标相关函数均吻合良好。尽管改进后的Deo-datis方法对谱分解矩阵采用了插值近似,但模拟的随机风速样本仍具有很好的精度。