气泡室中"胚胎"气泡的联并成长为可见气泡的理论计算

借助岛的联并理论,可以很好地解决气泡室中"胚胎"气泡成长为可见气泡问题.理论计算表明,联并后的大"胚胎"气泡在成长为可见气泡的过程中,气泡的半径不仅与工作物质如液体的表面张力系数、饱和蒸汽压和流体的沸点有关,而且还与"胚胎 "气泡从其周围吸收热量和"胚胎"气泡联并的个数有关.理论上可以合理解释能量相同的中子和质子入射到气泡室所产生的径迹粗短;也可以合理解释电荷数较多的入射粒子较能量相同但电荷数不同的入射粒子,其在气泡室中径迹上气泡的半径要大.     

双进双出气泡泵输送性能模型的建立及修正

本文建立了用于扩散吸收式热变换器的双进双出结构气泡泵输送性能理论模型,并引入阻力系数与发生系数进行模型修正并采用两组不同动力压头的气泡泵实验数据进行了拟合。结果表明,修正模型的稀溶液流量、提升效率和制冷剂流量拟合值的相对误差较未修正模型降低了两个数量级;修正模型的稀溶液流量和提升效率的拟合效果要比制冷剂流量好;动力压头越小,修正模型的稀溶液流量和提升效率的修正值越准确。本文的研究结果可为后续的气泡泵设计提供重要的参考依据。     

金属熔体中气泡形核的理论分析

引入界面接触角，考虑表面张力对气泡形貌的影响，以熔体中均质形核、夹杂物的平表面上异质形核和圆锥形凹坑内异质形核三种典型模型对气泡形核机理进行理论研究.研究发现，三种形核模型下具有相等的微米量级的气泡临界形核半径，并随气压的增大而减小.结果表明，用以制备藕状规则多孔金属的Gasar工艺中能够形成的最小气孔的直径为微米量级(0.1—1.0 MPa气压).在圆锥形凹坑内异质形核时存在最佳圆锥顶角(对应最小气泡体积)，其值与气压无关，只随接触角的增大而增大.在接触角处于90°—180°范围内，最佳圆锥顶角下圆锥形 关键词： 气泡 形核 多孔金属 Gasar     

采用遗传算法对压力脉动过程中气泡模型参数的辨识

流动液体中的压力变化会引起气泡和气穴的产生及破灭,而气泡和气穴又会对液体的流动产生影响及压力变化.为了合理预测流控系统瞬态压力脉动过程中气泡和气穴的体积变化及其对脉动传播过程的影响,基于气泡溶解和析出的物理过程,建立了压力脉动过程中气泡和气穴产生及破灭的数学模型,并提出采用遗传算法对气泡模型中初始气泡体积、气体溶解和析出时间常数进行参数辨识.以一段液压油管路为研究对象,对管路中伴随气泡和气穴的瞬态压力脉动过程进行仿真及实验研究.利用仿真及实验结果,验证了采用遗传算法对气泡模型进行参数辨识的可行性. 关键词： 气泡 气穴 压力脉动 参数辨识     

吸收性海水中气泡光散射特性的理论研究

 给出了一种适合于吸收性介质内粒子散射的Mie级数新的表示形式。利用Mie理论研究了吸收性海水中气泡的单散射特性和气泡群的相位函数。与非吸收性海水中气泡的光散射特性相比,分析了海水折射率虚部对气泡光散射的影响。结果表明：180°后向散射的增强是气泡固有的光学性质,与所处介质无关,可以利用后向散射的增强来探测气泡。     

滞止流体中毛细管管口气泡生长及脱离的可视化实验

本文采用高速摄影仪对滞止流体中毛细管管口的气泡生长和脱离过程进行了可视化实验研究.实验结果表明:气泡生长脱离过程包括生长初期、快速生长期,缓慢生长末期等三个区域,气-液相界面的接触角随之产生相应的变化.随着毛细管管径的增大,气泡的脱离直径随之增大,生长脱离周期减小;气流量越大,气泡脱离直径越大,生长脱离周期越小;注气室容积变化对气泡的脱离直径影响很小,但随着注气室容积增大,气泡的生长脱离周期增大.     

原子核的配对壳模型及数值计算(I)

原子核配对壳模型用“真实”的价质子对和价中子对构造组态空间的波函数,包含了单粒子能量项的贡献.在配对壳模型内,费米子运力学对称模型(FDSM)和相互作用玻色子模型(IBM)可以作为它的特殊情况.本文报道这一模型的思想、框架及其数值计算程序.     

基于“M+N”理论的光谱分析中光源电压对预测精度影响的研究

"M+N"理论从误差理论的角度阐明了光谱分析中外界干扰因素即"N"因素对于测量精度的影响,并给出了提高测量精度的方法。通过采用实测变电压光源光谱数据与多组分线性吸收谱仿真模型相结合的方法,构造了三组分的理想混合溶液并选择光源电压作为影响被测组分浓度测量精度的"N"因素,分别设定了不同信噪比下的两组各三种不同的校正集与预测集样本"N"因素分布方式,得出了对于系统误差类"N"因素而言,校正集与预测集的"N"因素分布范围对组分浓度的预测精度具有一定影响的结论。实验结果验证了"M+N"理论中"N"因素用于提高测量精度的可行性,同时为其他测量系统减小外界干扰提高测量精度提供了理论指导。     

Pd-Ag膜电解浓缩氚的动力学模型及理论计算

建立了模拟Pd-Ag合金膜电解浓缩氚的过程和诸多电解参数的动力学模型。采用求解数学扩散方程的方法得到理论值,并与文献报道的实验数据进行比较。计算结果表明：氚在Pd-Ag膜上的吸附、解吸、浓缩等行为受到诸多条件的制约。在保证密封性能的前提下,对Pd-Ag膜电解槽体的要求是至少应包括有含氚水路循环、阳极气体消除和阴极扩散后氚再生3个组成部分,采取相匹配的级联技术可以提高分离效果;对电解参数的要求是采取尽可能高的电解液温度和稳定的OH^-浓度,合适的电流密度,合理的膜厚度、表面特征和Pd黑结合紧密。     

热等离子体中Stark谱线增宽和移动的理论及实验现状

本文系统介绍了热等离子体中原子和离子辐射的谱线增宽理论和实验现状。特别是结合当前面临的“反直觉结果”（Counter-Intuitive Results),着重讨论了一些可能有用的理论方法。     

Radial oscillation and translational motion of a gas bubble in a micro-cavity

According to classical nucleation theory, a gas nucleus can grow into a cavitation bubble when the ambient pressure is negative. Here, the growth process of a gas nucleus in a micro-cavity was simplified to two “events”, and the full confinement effect of the surrounding medium of the cavity was considered by including the bulk modulus in the equation of state. The Rayleigh–Plesset-like equation of the cavitation bubble in the cavity was derived to model the radial oscillation and translational motion of the cavitation bubble in the local acoustic field. The numerical results show that the nucleation time of the cavitation bubble is sensitive to the initial position of the gas nucleus. The cavity size affects the duration of the radial oscillation of the cavitation bubble, where the duration is shorter for smaller cavities. The equilibrium radius of a cavitation bubble grown from a gas nucleus increases with increasing size of the cavity. There are two possible types of translational motion: reciprocal motion around the center of the cavity and motion toward the cavity wall. The growth process of gas nuclei into cavitation bubbles is also dependent on the compressibility of the surrounding medium and the magnitude of the negative pressure. Therefore, gas nuclei in a liquid cavity can be excited by acoustic waves to form cavitation bubbles, and the translational motion of the cavitation bubbles can be easily observed owing to the confining influence of the medium outside the cavity.     

A half-moment model for radiative transfer in a 3D gray medium and its reduction to a moment model for hot, opaque sources

We present in this paper a new 3D half-moment model for radiative transfer in a gray medium, called the model, which uses maximum entropy closure. This model is a generalization to 3D of the 1D version recently proposed in (J. Comp. Phys. 180 (2002) 584). The direction space Ω is divided into two pieces, Ω⁺ and Ω^-, in a dynamical way by the plane perpendicular to the total radiative flux, and the half moments are defined from these subspaces. The model closure and the integrations of the radiative transfer equation performed on the moving Ω^± spaces are detailed. 1D planar results, which have motivated the extension of the model of (J. Comp. Phys. 180 (2002) 584) to multi-dimensions, are shown. These results are very good. The model is thereafter derived for 3D spherically symmetric geometry, where the correctness of the non-trivial border terms can be checked. Two 3D spherically symmetric problems are numerically solved in order to show the accuracy of the closure and the role of the border terms. Once again, compared to the solution obtained with a ray tracing solver, results are very good. From the 3D half-moment model, a new moment model, called , is derived for the particular case of a 3D hot and opaque source radiating into a cold medium, for applications such as simulations of stellar atmospheres and fires. Two-dimensional numerical results are presented and compared to those obtained solving the RTE and with other moment models. They demonstrate the very good accuracy of the model, its good convergence properties, and better prediction compared to all other existing moment models in its domain of applicability.     

Perturbation theory of the Fermi surface in a quantum liquid. A general quasiparticle formalism and one-dimensional systems

We develop a perturbation theory formalism for the theory of the Fermi surface in a Fermi liquid of particles interacting via a bounded short-range repulsive pair potential. The formalism is based on the renormalization group and provides a formal expansion of the large-distance Schwinger functions in terms of a family of running couplings consisting of one- and two-body quasiparticle potentials. The flow of the running couplings is described in terms of a beta function, which is studied to all orders of perturbation theory and shown to obey, in thenth order,n! bounds. The flow equations are written in general dimensiond1 for the spinless case (for simplicity). The picture that emerges is that on a large scale the system looks like a system of fermions interacting via a-like interaction potential (i.e., a potential approaching 0 everywhere except at the origin, where it diverges, although keeping the integral bounded); the theory is not asymptotically free in the usual sense and the freedom mechanism is thus more delicate than usual: the technical problem of dealing with unbounded effective potentials is solved by introducing a mathematically precise notion ofquasiparticles, which turn out to be natural objects with finite interaction even when the physical potential diverges as a deltalike function. A remarkable kind of gauge symmetry is associated with the quasiparticles. To substantiate the analogy with the quasiparticle theory we discuss the mean field theory using our notion of quasiparticles: the resulting self-consistency relations are closely reminiscent of those of the BCS model. The formalism seems suited for a joint theory of normal states of Fermi liquids and of BCS states: the first are associated with the trivial fixed point of our flow or with nearby nontrivial fixed points (or invariant sets) and the second may naturally correspond to really nontrivial fixed points (which may nevertheless turn out to be accessible to analysis because the BCS state is a quasi free state, hence quite simple, unlike the nontrivial fixed points of field theory). Thed=1 case is deeply different from thed> 1 case, for our spinless fermions: we can treat it essentially completely for small coupling. The system is not asymptotically free and presents anomalous renormalization group flow with a vanishing beta function, and the discontinuity of the occupation number at the Fermi surface is smoothed by the interaction (remaining singular with a coupling-dependent singularity of power type with exponent identified with the anomalous dimension). Finally, we present a heuristic discussion of the theory for the flow of the running coupling constants in spinlessd> 1 systems: their structure is simplified further and the relevant part of the running interaction is precisely the interaction between pairs of quasiparticles which we identify with the Cooper pairs of superconductivity. The formal perturbation theory seems to have a chance to work only if the interaction between the Cooper pairs is repulsive: and to second order we show that in the spin-0 case this happens if the physical potential is repulsive. Our results indicate the possibility of the existence of a normal Fermi surface only if the interaction is repulsive.     

A simple model of ultrasound propagation in a cavitating liquid. Part II: Primary Bjerknes force and bubble structures

In a companion paper, a reduced model for propagation of acoustic waves in a cloud of inertial cavitation bubbles was proposed. The wave attenuation was calculated directly from the energy dissipated by a single bubble, the latter being estimated directly from the fully nonlinear radial dynamics. The use of this model in a mono-dimensional configuration has shown that the attenuation near the vibrating emitter was much higher than predictions obtained from linear theory, and that this strong attenuation creates a large traveling wave contribution, even for closed domain where standing waves are normally expected. In this paper, we show that, owing to the appearance of traveling waves, the primary Bjerknes force near the emitter becomes very large and tends to expel the bubbles up to a stagnation point. Two-dimensional axi-symmetric computations of the acoustic field created by a large area immersed sonotrode are also performed, and the paths of the bubbles in the resulting Bjerknes force field are sketched. Cone bubble structures are recovered and compare reasonably well to reported experimental results. The underlying mechanisms yielding such structures is examined, and it is found that the conical structure is generic and results from the appearance a sound velocity gradient along the transducer area. Finally, a more complex system, similar to an ultrasonic bath, in which the sound field results from the flexural vibrations of a thin plate, is also simulated. The calculated bubble paths reveal the appearance of other commonly observed structures in such configurations, such as streamers and flare structures.     

Masses and some electromagnetic properties of charm andb-quark hadrons in a bag model with a variable bag pressure

We investigate how a new bag phenomenology with a variable bag pressure as its main ingredient is successful in reproducing various properties of heavy hadrons. Our results for masses, magnetic moments and M1 radiative decay widths indicate that these properties arise in a natural and consistent manner from the theory and that no additionalad hoc assumption is required to explain them.     

A closer look at the Debye-Hückel theory and its modification in the SiS model of electrolyte solutions

So far, it has rarely been acknowledged that the initial version of the Debye-Hückel theory provided for different mean distances of closest approach to different ions, but the final formulation of the theory was presented with a single geometric parameter for all the ions in a solution. Here the initial design is recalled by deriving the Debye-Hückel equation for the mean activity coefficient in binary solutions with two geometric parameters for the two ion species present and, in the course of this, looking critically at details of the derivations. The equation is compared with the SiS model of electrolyte solutions (Mol. Phys. 108, 1435 (2010)) both in theoretical aspects and as regards their abilities to reproduce experimental data. It is found that the SiS model, as distinct from the original theory, is thermodynamically inconsistent in that it derives the mean activity coefficient from chemical potentials of ions, which do not represent partial derivatives of a single free-energy function of the solution. In addition, arguments are set forth that the geometric parameters in both equations cannot be interpreted in terms of a realistic structural chemistry. The results of comparing the two equations with experiment are found to bear out this view.