10m3爆炸罐中甲烷燃烧爆炸发展过程

在大型多相混合物爆炸实验系统(10m3爆炸罐)中对甲烷/空气混合物在40J电火花点火条件下爆炸发展过程进行了实验和数值模拟研究.采用中心电火花点火,并在距点火点不同距离处设置4个压力传感器.得到下列实验结果:甲烷爆炸上、下限分别为13.9%、4.75%;甲烷浓度为9.5%的爆炸特性参数随距离变化规律;不同甲烷浓度对超压...     

锆金属粉尘云的爆炸特性

采用20 L近球形爆炸实验系统对锆粉尘云的爆炸特性开展了实验研究,分别分析了初始点火能量、点火延迟时间、粉尘云浓度3种因素对锆粉尘云爆炸强度的影响,揭示了锆粉尘云在密闭容器中的爆炸特性。在本实验条件下,结果表明:初始点火能量对锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力有显著影响,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力随初始点火能量的增大而增大;随点火延迟时间的增加,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳点火延迟时间;随粉尘云浓度的增大,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳锆粉尘云浓度,得到锆粉尘云的爆炸下限为18~20 g/m3。     

密闭空间煤粉的爆炸特性

利用ISO6184/1和IEC推荐的20L球型爆炸测试装置,对4种规格的煤粉进行了系统的粉尘爆炸实验,探讨了煤粉的爆炸规律。得到了样品的爆炸下限浓度、最大爆炸压力,最大爆炸压力上升速率变化规律;分析了浓度、粒径、点火能量对煤粉爆炸猛烈度的影响。结果表明,粒径越小的煤粉,爆炸下限越小,而且在指定浓度下爆炸越猛烈。随着浓度的增大,最大爆炸压力和上升速率先增后减。样品3,峰值爆炸压力对应的浓度为400～1000g/m3,爆炸压力最大值为0.54MPa;点火头能量的增大在一定程度上促使反应更充分,从而爆炸强度更强。由于煤粉组成的特点,实验数据一定程度上说明了爆炸过程中气相燃烧的重要作用。 更多还原     

点火能量对粉尘爆炸行为的影响

为防控工业粉尘爆炸和完善粉尘爆炸测试方法,在Siwek20L球形爆炸测试系统内,实验研究了 不同点火能量下高、低挥发性粉尘的爆炸行为。对粉尘爆炸猛度(最大爆炸压力、最大升压速率和燃烧持续时 间)、敏感度(爆炸下限)及惰性介质的抑爆效力随点火能量的变化规律进行了重点探讨。结果表明,增加点火 能量能提高粉尘云爆炸能量和燃烧速率,低挥发性粉尘爆炸行为受点火能量的影响更显著。低挥发性粉尘在 低质量浓度下无法被低点火能量充分引燃,爆炸不良效应显著;随着粉尘质量浓度的增加,爆炸不良效应不 断减弱直至消失。低挥发性粉尘爆炸下限随点火能量增加急剧下降,而高挥发性粉尘爆炸下限受点火能量影 响较小。惰性介质抑爆效力随点火能量增加而下降。建议采用5~10kJ点火能量考察低挥发性粉尘爆炸下 限及惰性介质对粉尘爆炸的抑制效力。研究结果有助于理解粉尘爆炸规律、完善测试方法和安全设计。     

点火能对预混气体爆炸过程及管道薄壁加载响应的影响

在两端封闭的无缝不锈钢管道中,利用压力传感器、应变片以及数据采集系统实验测试了不同点火能作用下,管道内甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸波发展规律及由此造成的管道外壁的动态响应。结果表明,点火能量越大,爆炸反应程度越剧烈,管道内最大爆炸压力就越大,管道薄壁的最大动态应变也越大,爆炸波发展就越迅速,并且管壁动态应变信号和压力波信号出现较好的一致性。本文结果可为油气长输管道的爆炸破坏效应研究提供一种新的思路和方法。     

点火能对丙烷-空气预混气体爆炸过程及管壁动态响应的影响

在长12 m的无缝不锈钢直管中,通过改变初始点火能量,探究了点火能对封闭管道内丙烷-空气混合气体爆炸传播特性和激波对管壁动态加载的影响。结果表明,初始点火能对预混气体爆炸火焰传播规律以及管壁的动态响应有显著影响:点火能越大,爆炸越剧烈,爆炸压力峰值压力和管壁最大应变就越大,且压力波和管壁应变的发展一致。火焰在传播过程中受到管道末端反射波的作用会发生短暂熄灭和复燃;管壁承受冲击波加载,应变信号主要分布在0~781.25 Hz,管壁最大应变率大于10-3 s-1,实验工况下管壁应变属动态响应。     

大型水平爆轰管中悬浮铝粉爆炸过程的实验研究

铝粉的燃烧与爆轰性能是粉尘爆炸领域研究的热点.利用长29.6m,内径199mm,配有40套喷粉扬尘系统的水平爆轰管,在40J电火花点火条件下,实现了悬浮铝粉-空气混和物火焰加速、爆燃、爆轰及其转捩过程,测得了爆炸波传播过程中的压力信号,并且观察到了爆轰波的稳定传播现象.实验结果表明,当铝粉浓度为300 g/m3时,在距离点火端10.15m(长径比L/D=51)处发生了DDT,测得的爆轰波传播过程中管内的最大爆速为1840m/s,最大峰值超压为10.5MPa.铝粉尘爆炸波在爆轰管内的传播过程可分为爆燃段、爆燃转爆轰(DDT)、爆轰增强以及稳态爆轰四个阶段.     

C2H4-O2混合气体直接起爆的临界能量

主要基于化学动力学和Ng模型,对C2H4-O2混合气体的爆轰胞格尺寸进行预测;结合Lee表面积能量模型,预测物质在不同初始压力和化学当量比的条件下,直接起爆引起球面爆轰的临界起爆能量。直接起爆实验主要采用高压电点火提供起爆能量,起爆能量通过放电过程中电流的输出信号确定。结果表明,理论预测与实验值较吻合。首先,通过化学动力学计算得出ZND模型的爆轰参数,利用Ng模型得出爆轰胞格尺寸与ZND诱导区长度之间的比例因数A在不同初始压力与当量比的条件下分别为:A=43.815(1+p1/p0)-0.123 71和A=8.531exp(φ/3.135)+28.644,在此基础上对爆轰胞格尺寸进行定量预测。胞格尺寸的理论预测与实验结果吻合。其次,把爆轰胞格尺寸作为中间特征参数并结合Lee的表面积能量模型,提出可以预测临界起爆能量的定量模型,并得出C2H4-O2混合气体直接起爆的临界起爆能量与初始压力和化学当量比的参量拟合关系分别为Ec=0.332(p1/p0)-2.017和Ec=exp[3.951(φ-1.401)2-1.9]。     

一类忆阻神经元的电活动多模振荡及Hamilton 能量反馈控制

根据法拉第电磁感应定律,在离子穿越细胞膜或者在外界电磁辐射下,细胞内外的电生理环境会产生电磁感应效应,继而会影响神经元的电活动行为. 基于此,本文考虑电磁感应影响下的 Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) 神经元模型,研究了其混合模式振荡放电特征,并设计一个 Hamilton 能量反馈控制器,将其控制到不同的周期簇放电状态. 首先,通过理论分析发现磁通 HR 神经元系统的 Hopf 分岔使其平衡点的稳定性发生了改变,并产生极限环,进而研究了 Hopf 分岔点附近膜电压的放电特征. 基于双参数数值仿真发现该系统具有丰富的分岔结构,在不同的参数平面上存在倍周期分岔、伴有混沌的加周期分岔、无混沌的加周期分岔以及共存的混合模式振荡. 最后,为了有效控制膜电压的混合模式振荡,利用亥姆霍兹理论计算出磁通 HR 神经元系统的 Hamilton 能量函数并设计 Hamilton 能量反馈控制器,通过数值仿真分析了膜电压在不同反馈增益下的簇放电状态,发现该控制器能够有效地控制膜电压到不同的周期簇放电模式. 本文的研究结果为探究电磁感应下神经元的分岔结构及其能量控制领域提供了有用的理论支撑.      

密闭空间内不同炸药爆源的能量输出结构及与目标作用研究

对钝化黑索今（RDX）、含铝炸药（RDX/Al）、一次引爆型燃料空气炸药（SEFAE）在爆炸容器和爆炸水池中爆炸波的能量输出结构进行了实验研究。用TVD格式数值模拟了带平板封头爆炸容器的内部爆炸载荷的分布规律。并对在不同爆炸载荷作用下,容器典型位置的应变进行了测量。结果表明:（1）密闭空间内,RDX/Al（90/10）和SEFAE体系具有后燃效应;（2）在本实验条件下,平板封头与罐体结合处的载荷最大;（3）SEFAE产生的爆炸载荷对容器的作用最小,钝化RDX和RDX/Al（90/10）两者相当。3种炸药产生应变的频谱相似,强度略有差别;（4）在本实验的条件下,爆炸载荷的结构不是应变增长的主要原因。     

Measurement of effective blast energy for direct initiation of spherical gaseous detonations from high-voltage spark discharge

In this study, effective energy from spark discharge for direct blast initiation of spherical gaseous detonations is investigated. In the experiment, direct initiation of detonation is achieved via a spark discharge from a high-voltage and low-inductance capacitor bank and the spark energy is estimated from the analysis of the current output. To determine the blast wave energy from the powerful spark, the time-of-arrival of the blast wave in air is measured at different radii using a piezoelectric pressure transducer. Good agreement is found in the scaled blast trajectories, i.e., scaled time c _o·t/R _o where c _o is the ambient sound speed, as a function of blast radius R _s/R _o between the numerical simulation of a spherical blast wave from a point energy source and the experimental results where the explosion length scale R _o is computed using the equivalent spark energy from the first 1/4 current discharge cycle. Alternatively, by fitting the experimental trajectories data, the blast energy estimated from the numerical simulation appears also in good agreement with that obtained experimentally using the 1/4 cycle criterion. Using the 1/4 cycle of spark discharge for the effective energy, direct initiation experiments of spherical gaseous detonations are carried out to determine the critical initiation energy in C₂H₂–2.5O₂ mixtures with 70 and 0% argon dilution. The experimental results obtained from the 1/4 cycle of spark discharge agree well with the prediction from two initiation models, namely, the Lee’s surface energy model and a simplified work done model. The main source of discrepancy in the comparison can be explained by the uncertainty of cell size measurement which is needed for both the semi-empirical models.     

Cylindrical shock waves generated by a spark discharge and their interaction with the shock waves from a pulsed induction discharge

An experimental investigation of a spark discharge in argon is described. The existence of a shock wave and a following thermal wave is demonstrated. The experimental law of propagation of the thermal wave front is obtained. The effect of the discharge parameters on the dynamics of both waves is studied. The interaction between the cylindrical shock waves generated by a pulsed induction discharge and the shock waves formed in a spark discharge is considered. Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 166–170, January–February, 1994.     

Air blast and heat radiation from fuel-rich mixture detonations

Large scale experiments were carried out to study the effect of fuel concentration on air blast parameters and heat radiation from gaseous detonations. Hemispheric plastic envelope (4 meters in radius) was used with propane-air mixtures containing from 4 to 7 vol. % of fuel. The expressions for overpressures and impulses were determined in Sachs variables. The effect of fuel concentration on blast parameters is shown to be insignificant for the same amount of oxygen in the mixture volume. Thus the blast wave parameters can be described as for stoichiometric mixtures using additional scaling for the explosion energy according to oxygen content (cloud volume). The results of large scale experiments with fuel spray clouds containing 0.16–100 tons of fuel with mean concentration from stoichiometric () up to are reconsidered. These results confirm the proposed scaling of air blast parameters for a wide range of fuel types, cloud volumes and fuel concentrations. Detonations of fuel rich gaseous mixtures result in a strong heat radiation. Heat radiation energy, time and size of the fireball formed are studied as a function of fuel concentration. Received March 10, 1995 / Accepted March 12, 1995     

Low jitter reliable nanosecond spark source for optical short-duration measurements

A simple nanosecond spark source (Nanospark) has been constructed from several small ceramic capacitors, one thyratron and one coaxial cable. During operation, a 500 pF capacitor in the spark head is pulsecharged in about 70 ns with automatic preionization from a high-voltage pulse generator switched by a thyratron. This charge is available for discharge when the gas breakdown starts. The preionization is useful to start the gas breakdown easily and to decrease the pulse to pulse jitter. This Nanospark produces 12–15 ns (FWHM) light pulses with a time jitter of less than 60 ns when operated at 8–11 kV and at air of atmospheric pressure. The initiation of the spark discharge is highly reliable. The spark has adequately exposed polaroid film (ASA 3000).     

水下针-板放电气泡脉动及冲击特性

为明确水中脉冲放电能量释放过程所产生气泡的脉动和压力波冲击特性，依据能量等效原则，在LS-DYNA软件中建立针-板电极结构的水下爆轰模型，模拟气泡形态。通过与获取的物理图像比对，发现气泡形态和时间演化尺度高度一致。在此基础上，对气泡的冲击特性进一步分析，结果表明:冲击波峰值、气泡脉动周期和半径大小随放电能量增加而加大，随静水压力的增加而减小；当放电电压由14 kV增至20 kV，二次压力波峰值由2.89 MPa升至4.09 MPa，提高41.5%；当静水压力由202.65 kPa增至506.63 kPa，二次压力波峰值从5.15 MPa升至6.36 MPa，提高23.5%，放电能量和水压的增加对二次压力波提升明显；随着距离增加，二次压力波所占冲击波的峰值压力比重，由12.6%增加至35.3%，远场放电位置二次压力波不可忽视。     

Magnetic Field Influence on the Gas Detonation Induced by Spark Discharge

The present paper describes the influence of magnetic field on the spark discharge utilized for initialization of detonation. The method of schlieren time-based scanning shows the increase of shock wave velocity in the case when magnetic field was applied to the area of electrical discharge in the air. The critical energy values are obtained for a direct initialization of detonation in hydrogen–air and hexane–air mixtures. Magnetic field has a significant influence on the deflagration–combustion transition in both mixtures at the critical energy values. Pressure and velocity of the shock front were measured by ICP pressure transducers, flame front was recorded by photo-diodes. Two cases were studied experimentally: external magnetic field is produced by inductance coils connected to capacitor; own magnetic field is induced directly by discharge current in the cables positioned in special way.     

含金属微粉泡沫材料中爆炸波衰减规律实验研究

设计并制备了一种新型的聚氨酯泡沫材料,研究了爆炸波在该材料中的衰减规律.材料的主要设计原理是在聚氨酯材料中均匀混合了10μm量级的金属微粉,以提高骨架的吸热能力,从而提高其抗爆性能.搭建了实验平台并分别测量了爆炸波在相同孔隙率下含金属微粉和不含金属微粉的聚氨酯材料,同时测量了不同金属微粉含量的聚氨酯材料中的传播特性.实验结果表明:含金属微粉的聚氨酯材料具有更好的抗爆性能.     

Triggering regime of oil-filled trigatron dischargers

A comparative analysis made in [1, 2] of different types of regulable high-voltage dischargers with liquid insulation showed that trigatrons are currently the most promising for use in high-voltage pulse-operated devices due to their simplicity and reliability. Two basic mechanisms of discharge initiation can be realized in trigatrons — initiation by intensification of the field in the region of the control electrode [2, 3], and triggering by a spark in the ignition gap [4, 5]. The first type of trigatron has been studied sufficiently only for short voltage periods [3, 6, 7], so it is used mainly in switching the pulse-shaping lines of powerful nanosecond pulse generators with rapid (0.5–1.5 sec) charging [8, 9]. Almost no use is now made of the second type of trigatron switch in high-voltage pulse technology due to its unsatisfactory time characteristics. Here we report results of a study of the time characteristics of both types of oil-filled trigatrons operating in a regime whereby they form the leading edge of rectangular voltage pulses with amplitudes up to 800 kV and durations of 1–100 sec. The goal is to find the optimum conditions for triggering of trigatron dischargers with liquid insulation in the region of microsecond voltage discharges. Experiments were conducted on the unit in [10]. The test discharger was placed in a cylindrical chamber 45 cm in diameter and 27 cm in length. The high-voltage electrode of the discharger was in the form of a cylinder 20 cm in diameter positioned coaxially inside the chamber. The 10-mm-diameter ground electrode was positioned radially in a branch pipe 8 cm long. The control electrode was placed in a 2-cm-diameter hole in the center of the ground electrode. The chamber with the test discharge was filled with transformer oil with a breakdown voltage of about 50 kV. The oil was not replaced or cleaned during the experiment. We did not find that contamination of the oil by discharge products had any effect on the time characteristics of either type of discharger. The results were analyzed by the least squares method, with 50 measurements to a point (it was found that time lag of the discharger triggering conforms approximately to a normal distribution law for both types of discharger).Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 26–31, November–December, 1986.     

Macro-mechanical modelling of blast wave mitigation in foams. Part I: review of available experiments and models

Multiphase flows, which involve compressible or incompressible fluids with linear or nonlinear dynamics, are found in all areas of technology at all length scales and flow regimes. In this contribution, we discuss application of aqueous-foam barriers against blast wave impact. The first experiments demonstrating this behaviour were conducted in the early 1980s in free-field tests. Based on structural requirements, various foams with different blast energy contents were tested with the aim of characterizing the time history of the blast pressure reduction. A number of consistent methodologies for calculating this pressure reduction in foam are based on the effective gas flow model. For estimating the uncertainties of these methodologies, we briefly demonstrate their comparison with existing experimental data. Thereafter, we present various modifications of modelling approaches and their comparison with new results of blast wave experiments.     

The blast resistance of sandwich composites with stepwise graded cores

Shock tube experiments were performed to study the dynamic response of sandwich panels with E-Glass Vinyl Ester (EVE) composite face sheets and stepwise graded styrene foam cores. Two types of core configurations, with identical areal density, were subjected to the shock wave loading. The core layers were arranged according to the density of the respective foam; configuration 1 consisted of low/middle/high density foams and configuration 2 consisted of middle/low/high density foams. The method to calculate the incident and reflected energies of the shock wave, as well as the deformation energy of the specimen, were proposed based on the shock wave pressure profiles and the high speed deflection images that were obtained. The experimental results showed that configuration 1 outperformed configuration 2 in regards to their blast resistance. Significant core material compression was observed in configuration 1, while in configuration 2 the core layers disintegrated and the front skin (blast side) fractured into two pieces along the midsection. The estimated energies were then calculated for both configurations. The total energy difference between the incident and reflected energies was almost identical, even though the deformation energy for configuration 2 was larger.