正癸烷与二甲苯在超临界压力下的热裂解

采用连续流动装置对正癸烷和二甲苯在超临界压力下的热裂解对比研究. 用气相色谱和色质联用仪对其气相产物和液相产物进行分析, 计算气相产物产率和裂解转化率, 并运用计算化学方法获得正癸烷和二甲苯不同化学键的键能, 从实验和理论上分析其裂解反应的难易程度和裂解规律. 实验结果表明, 在4 MPa和650、700、750 ℃条件下, 正癸烷比二甲苯更容易裂解, 正癸烷裂解产物以C₁-C₃小分子的烃类和氢气为主, 而二甲苯裂解产物主要为乙苯、甲苯和其它芳香类化合物; 键能计算结果表明, 正癸烷碳链骨架的C－C键能和C－H键能均较小, 裂解反应的诱发步骤应该是C－C键断裂, 而二甲苯苯环上C－C和C－H键能均较大, 裂解诱发步骤应该是侧链甲基脱氢反应. 因此正癸烷裂解反应以C－C键断裂和脱氢反应为主, 二甲苯裂解主要发生侧链甲基C－C键断裂和脱氢反应, 而芳环则比较稳定, 理论计算键能分析与裂解实验结果一致.     

催化裂化干气与苯烷基化催化蒸馏制乙苯反应网络热力学研究

 高温气相反应条件下的催化裂化干气制乙苯过程中，容易生成甲苯和二甲苯等副产物；在该过程中采用催化蒸馏技术，使苯与乙烯在低温条件下进行反应，可大幅度降低产品中二甲苯的含量．通过对催化裂化干气与苯烷基化催化精馏过程中的各反应步骤进行分析与热力学计算，结合反应的实际产物组成，提出了苯与乙烯烷基化的反应网络，探讨了苯与乙烯烷基化反应过程中甲苯和二甲苯的形成机理及影响因素．结果表明，增大苯／乙烯比对提高乙烯平衡转化率及乙苯收率有利；在较低温度下进行烷基化反应，可大大减缓C－C键裂解速度，抑制甲苯和二甲苯生成，提高乙苯产品质量．     

环己烷超临界裂解性能分析

详细研究了超临界条件下环己烷的热裂解性能,其中气相产物采用气相色谱分析,液相产物通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析,主要裂解产物为甲烷、乙烷、乙烯、丙烷、丙烯、丁烯、己烯、环己烯和苯等。研究发现,温度、压力和流体的湍动程度显著影响裂解反应,裂解转化率和裂解深度随温度升高均增加,压力和流体的湍动程度对裂解的影响是通过改变停留时间产生的。根据液相产物的主要成分,推测了可能的裂解过程。     

乙苯裂解机理和超临界压力下的动力学模拟

基于乙苯燃烧机理的去氧处理获得的乙苯裂解机理, 采用QRRK/MSC算法代码对小分子产物的高压裂解相关参数进行改进, 构建了高压条件下乙苯裂解的136个物种及626步反应的机理. 在超临界压力和高温条件下的动力学模拟表明, 乙苯裂解机理的气相分子产率和转化率的模拟结果与实验结果相吻合. 采用敏感度分析对机理的控速步骤进行验证, 考察了机理中的关键反应, 结果表明本机理能较好地预测高压实验结果, 可应用于超临界裂解换热的计算模拟.     

奥克托金(HMX)的T-Jump/FTIR快速热裂解研究

采用T-Jump/FTIR快速热裂解原位红外光谱联用技术研究了奥克托金(HMX)在0.1,0.2,0.3和0.4MPa的Ar气条件下,以1000℃·s-1的升温速率快速升温至设定的反应温度,用快速扫描傅立叶变换红外光谱跟踪分析分解产物的种类和相对摩尔浓度的变化,研究了温度及压力对初始检测产物的影响.结果表明,HMX在快速热裂解5s过程中红外所检测到的主要气相产物为CO,CO2,NO,NO2,N2O,HCONH2,CH2O,H2O,HNCO及HCN,并给出了这些产物相对摩尔浓度随时间变化的曲线.根据气体产物相对摩尔浓度的比率N2O/HCN,研究了压力和反应温度对HMX的快速热裂解过程及机理的影响,认为在低温HMX分解的C—N键断裂在两竞争反应中占优,通过压力的变化证明了气相产物之间存在二次反应.     

超临界条件下正庚烷的裂解与结焦

以正庚烷为碳氢燃料模型化合物, 考察其在超临界条件下的裂解和结焦情况, 着重探讨了裂解温度和雷诺数(Re)对裂解反应的影响. 在4.0 MPa和500～650 ℃范围内, 随着反应温度升高, 正庚烷的裂解转化率大幅度提高, 裂解反应及其产物的二次反应使结焦前驱物增加, 最终导致结焦严重; 在超临界条件下, 提高流体的湍动程度, 有利于抑制结焦. 采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和X射线衍射(XRD)等技术分析固体焦的形貌特性, 结果表明正庚烷裂解结焦主要以金属催化作用产生的丝状焦为主, 丝状焦的生长是不锈钢发生渗碳现象的重要原因.     

甲苯热解机理的AM1研究(Ⅰ)热力学分析

在实验的基础上,本文用Gaussian98程序包中AM1法UHF计算,对碳材料用碳前驱体甲苯的热裂解反应机理进行了研究。在对反应物,产物自由基的结构进行能量梯度法全优化的同时,计算了不同温度下的标准热力学参数（298－1073K）。热力学计算结果表明：（1）当甲苯的热裂解温度相对较低时（773K左右）,热力学计算结果首先支持苯环上甲基C－H键的断裂生成苯基自由基并继而生成联二甲苯的反应;随着温度的提高（达1073K时）,生成苯自由基和甲基自由基的反应比例将大生成苄基自由基的比例;该反应机理与实验结果基本一致。（2）采用Gaussian98程序包中AM1法中的UHF计算,较适合低级芳香烃热裂解反应机理的理论研究。     

压力对USY催化甲苯裂解结焦及其前驱体的影响

研究了压力对USY催化剂催化甲苯裂解结焦及其前驱体的影响。采用热重、红外、13C固体核磁、元素分析、色质联用、程序升温氧化法等手段对催化剂上的焦炭和液相产物中的焦炭前驱体进行了考察。结果表明，沉积在催化剂上的焦炭主要为缩合度较高的多环芳烃，随着压力的升高，总的结焦量减少，液相产物中多环芳烃的环数和质量分数呈增加趋势，证明了超临界流体对焦炭前驱体有萃取效果。并探讨了超临界条件下甲苯催化裂解结焦的机理。     

泥炭在超临界水中热解的研究

以氧化钙做为催化剂和CO2化学固定剂,详细考察了Ca/C摩尔比、反应温度﹑停留时间、压力等条件对泥炭在超临界水中转化的影响。在723K,Ca/C摩尔比为0.46时,CO2被完全固定,在气相产物中只有氢气、甲烷和低碳烃,碳转化率由未添加CaO时的68.73％提高到85.36％。CaO能够促进泥炭的裂解,并对烃类的重整反应和水煤气变换反应起到催化作用。液相产物的收率在723K达到极大值,在36.5MPa,液相产物的收率是热解条件下的3倍,随着停留时间的延长,液相产物中的极性组分发生分解。     

不同质量流量下正癸烷的裂解换热特性

碳氢燃料裂解吸热反应是超燃冲压发动机实现主动冷却所利用的重要手段。为探究不同燃油流量下冷却通道中的裂解换热特性,本文通过设置不同质量流量,不同出口温度探究了正癸烷的热沉、转化率、壁面温度以及结焦情况,确定了正癸烷在不同质量流量下的裂解换热特性。结果表明正癸烷在高温时化学反应对停留时间的影响减弱,停留时间对化学反应的影响得到增强。正癸烷的气相产物分布随着质量流量变化而变化,烷烃含量随质量流量增大而减少,烯烃含量随质量流量增大而增加。发现了低流量高出口温度情况下正癸烷的裂解强化换热现象,发生裂解强化换热时壁温会显著下降。同时通过裂解残液的色谱分析,得到了结焦反应迅速增强的温度与流量。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.