管道中具有累积效应的二阶谐纵向导波生成点的数值验证

利用非线性导波检测早期损伤的潜在优势,在于其对微裂纹或以微结构变化的形式表现出来的材料性能退化的敏感性.而长距离传播能力使得振幅具有累积效应的非线性二阶谐纵向导波成为检测管道的理想方法.论文提出了在均匀各向同性的应力自由弹性固体管道中,产生轴对称二阶谐纵向导波的方案,该方案使用同频零阶纵向导波作为激励波.根据相速度匹配条件得到与此方案相对应的可能的谐导波生成点后,利用另一条件即非零功率流对生成点进行了数值验证,最终确定了在管道中产生二阶谐纵向导波的生成点.     

管道超声导波检测技术研究进展

综述管道超声导波检测技术及其应用研究进展。着重对超声导波技术和模态声发射技术在管道检测中的最新应用进行了评述，内容涉及超声导波的传播特性、实验检测方法及其数值模拟等。     

基于导波技术的螺柱轴力无损检测

根据弹性动力学理论,采用纵向导波与弯曲导波相结合的方法对螺柱所受轴向应力进行无损检测。计算了M22螺柱中纵向导波和弯曲导波的群速度频散曲线。根据频散曲线,确定了采用导波对螺柱轴向应力进行无损检测的最优检测信号频率范围(50~80 kHz),此频率范围的纵向导波与弯曲导波模态单一,并且频散性较低。分别计算了不同轴向应力σ作用下,多种频率的纵向导波和和弯曲导波在螺柱中传播的群速度值cgσrL和cgσrF。结果表明,随着轴向应力的增大,同频率纵向导波和弯曲导波的群速度皆呈线性递减趋势。利用纵向导波和弯曲导波群速度与轴向应力的线性关系及纵向导波和弯曲导波在轴向应力作用螺柱端面的反射时间tLσ和tσF,可以迅速确定螺柱所受轴向应力值。     

基于小波分析的超声导波管道裂纹检测方法研究

利用LS-DYNA970动态有限元分析软件对考虑横应变下的管道纵向超声导波损伤检测进行了数值模拟,分析了不同的激发频率对管道中导波频散现象的影响.选择适当的尺度和小波基函数,利用小波变换实现了对微弱且无法直接观测的缺陷检测信号的识别.同时通过时频分析研究了噪声信号在检测信号中的分布规律,并运用小波包分解和重构算法将信噪分离,实现高噪条件下管道微缺陷的损伤识别.     

噪声对管道超声纵向导波损伤检测的影响

在管道超声导波检测技术的基础上,对不同程度纵向缺陷的损伤检测进行了数值模拟.利用缺陷反射信号对损伤的定位,通过改变管壁局部刚度,研究了缺陷反射信号强度变化的相关规律以及超声导波对缺陷的敏感度,分析了噪声信号对损伤识别的影响,并利用小波的分解和重构算法将信噪分离.结果表明不同程度的信噪比会对超声导波检测法造成一定的影响,通过低通滤噪的方法对信号进行信噪分离,可实现高噪条件下的损伤检测.     

以能量密度为参量的管中导波无损检测参数选择

一般情况下，检测管状结构时采用位移分布或应力分布来选择超声无损检测的导波模式及其频厚积，这在有些情况下是不合适的。本文用总能量密度来选择检测管状结构的最佳导波模式及其频厚积，并用位移分布进行了比较，最后用混合边界元法进行了数值模拟，对其结果的有效性进行了验证。结果表明，总能量密度能有效的选择检测管材的最佳导波模式及其频厚积范围的检测的最佳位置。     

管道液体流速对超声导波纵向模态传播的影响分析

建立了充液管道中液体流动时超声导波纵向模态的群速度频散方程,研究了模态、激励频率对载流管道内超声导波传播的影响。在数值仿真的基础上,利用环形压电阵列在载流管道中激励接收频率305kHz的L(0,5)模态,对纵向模态在载流管道中的传播特性进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,载流管道内频率305kHz的L(0,5)模态的群速度与液体流速呈近似线性变化。实验结果与理论分析结果相符,该结论为载流管道流量在线测量提供了一种新方法,为超声导波流量计的研制打下了理论基础。     

厚壁管道周向导波检测技术实验研究

厚壁管道是火电机组四大管道系统的核心部件,将超声导波技术应用于厚壁管道的无损检测显得十分重要.首先确定厚壁管道检测的激励方式,优化选取适合厚壁管道检测的0.5MHz探头和楔形块角度为60°的斜探头组合.通过改变斜探头与外壁轴向缺陷之间周向距离,在一定范围内仍可检测到缺陷回波,且接收到的周向回波幅值变化不大,表明周向导波...     

基于电磁声激励Lamb波的裂纹深度检测

本文采用电磁声传感器接收单一S₀模态激励,测量Lamb波在板中不同深度的槽形裂纹处的反射与透射,用于对已知扩展长度的表面裂纹进行深度测量。然后分析了Lamb波模态的频散与波动特性,由超声Lamb波的波结构,近似计算了S₀模态入射到裂纹时的反射系数。计算结果与实验结果一致。结果表明,Lamb波在有限长裂纹处的反射系数可采用二维模型中的反射系数求解公式近似求解。采用电磁超声传感器接收单一S₀模态激励,重复测量稳定性高,适用于Lamb波反射系数的测量。Lamb波的反射系数与裂纹深度有很好的对应关系,可用于板表面已知长度裂纹的深度测量。     

含轴向表面裂纹海洋管道的应力强度因子分析

基于权函数方法,对表面含有轴向裂纹的海洋管道进行分析,给出了计算裂纹前端应力强度因子的积分表达式,进一步导出了满足工程精度要求的应力强度因子的实用计算公式.研究了具有此类裂纹的海洋管道在内压作用下,裂纹最深点和表面点的应力强度因子随裂纹深度和裂纹纵横比的变化规律,并对其可靠度进行了评估.数值结果表明:含轴向裂纹海洋管道的应力强度因子随裂纹长度和深度的增加而增加;当裂纹长度和深度、管道壁厚和半径以及荷载为随机变量时,其可靠度随压力均值的增大而减少.该方法为海底管道的断裂计算和可靠性分析提供了参考依据.     

Scattering of guided waves by circumferential cracks in composite cylinders

A somewhat generalized numerical procedure is used in this paper to study the problem of wave scattering by circumferential cracks in composite pipes. The study is motivated by the need to develop a model for the quantitative, ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation of cracks in pipes. For this purpose, a stiffness-based Rayleigh–Ritz type approach is employed first to obtain the approximate wave numbers and wave modes. Using the wave function expansions of the incident and scattered fields in the axial direction and decomposing the problem into separate symmetric and anti-symmetric problems, a three-dimensional wave scattering problem is reduced to two, independent two-dimensional problems over the circular cross-section. Both these problems can be reduced further to quasi-one-dimensions by discretizing the cross-section into finite elements and using a transfer matrix approach in the circumferential direction. This simplification greatly reduces the computational time. A comparison of the results for an isotropic pipe demonstrates the reliability and accuracy of the modified numerical procedure. Numerical results for the reflection and transmission coefficients of different incident wave modes are also presented for a 2-ply composite pipe with a crack. The crack may have an arbitrary circumferential length and radial depth. Simple extrapolations from one wave to another wave, separately incident on a crack, are demonstrated to be impossible due to different mode conversions by the crack.     

白云岩受压声学特性及其在裂缝研究中的应用

通过实验手段研究了白云岩在三轴和单轴加载过程中的声波波速、幅度、频谱特性的变化特征. 结果发现:(1)白云岩在受压变形过程中,声波波速的变化较好地反映了岩石内部裂缝的闭合、产生、扩展和贯穿等变化. 总体而言,横波波速比纵波能更好地预测裂缝的产生,而纵波对裂缝的非稳定发展或贯穿有较敏感的反映. (2)随着轴压的增大,纵、横波波形的末端都有散射波的出现,且横波波形末端的"鱼尾"状散射波信号更为明显(此时应力点为极限强度的60%左右),预示着岩石内部裂缝的产生和稳定扩展. (3)频谱曲线也很好地反映了岩石内部结构变形情况. 随着岩石受力的增大,频谱曲线上的振幅都呈现增大趋势,标志着岩石的压实阶段;当频谱曲线上低频段较高频段活跃时,标志着裂缝的产生;更有甚者,低频还会取代高频成为主频. (4)在岩石受压裂缝闭合阶段,首波振幅和频谱主振幅都呈现上升趋势;而在裂缝不稳定扩展阶段,主振幅表现出比首波振幅低的上升趋势;振幅曲线达到峰值后都存在一突降拐点,预示着岩石的贯通破坏. 研究对于地层岩石的动态长期监测和工程岩体的稳定性评价都具有重要的理论参考价值.      

Transient effects of orthogonal pipe oscillations on laminar developing incompressible flow

This paper presents a numerical study of the transient developing laminar flow of a Newtonian incompressible fluid in a straight horizontal pipe oscillating around the vertical diameter at its entrance. The flow field is influenced by the tangential and Coriolis forces, which depend on the through‐flow Reynolds number, the oscillation Reynolds number and the angular amplitude of the pipe oscillation. The impulsive start of the latter generates a transient pulsating flow, whose duration increases with axial distance. In any cross‐section, this flow consists of a pair of symmetrical counter‐rotating vortices, which are alternatively clockwise and anti‐clockwise. The circumferentially averaged friction factor and the axial pressure gradient fluctuate with time and are always larger than the corresponding values for a stationary pipe. On the other hand, local axial velocities and local wall shear stress can be smaller than the corresponding stationary pipe values during some part of the pipe oscillation. The fluctuation amplitude of these local variables increases with axial distance and can be as high as 50% of the corresponding stationary pipe value, even at short distances from the pipe entrance. Eventually, the flow field reaches a periodic regime that depends only on the axial position. The results show that the transient flow field depends on the pipe oscillation pattern (initial position and/or direction of initial movement). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非贯穿直裂纹管局部柔度系数的理论研究

局部柔度是裂纹结构力学响应分析和损伤识别的重要参数之一,然而目前尚缺乏裂纹管局部柔度系数的求解方法.本文根据线性断裂力学理论,获得了轴力、剪力和弯矩等荷载作用下非贯穿直裂纹管单元的附加局部柔度方程,利用自适应的Simpson数值积分方法计算得到裂纹引起的附加局部柔度系数.通过与Naniwadekar等裂纹管模型试验进行...     

DRIVING FORCE AND DEFORMATION ANALYSIS FOR DYNAMIC CRACK PROPAGATION IN GAS PIPELINES UNDER DIFFERENT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

In the light of a growing need for fracture control of rapid crack propagation(RCP)ingas pipelines,a program PFRAC(Pipeline FRacture Analysis Code)has been developed to analysethc various events.In this paper,by using PFRAC for the simulation of axial crack propagation in gaspipelines,a number of dynamic analysis issues rclating to boundary effects for uncracked and crackedpipes are investigated.This indicates that the boundary conditions along the length of the pipe play animportant role for fracture analysis in the pipe.In contrast.the boundary condutions at thc ends of along pipeline have little effect on the dynamic fracture events.     

结构中微裂纹与超声波的混频非线性作用数值仿真研究

针对结构中微裂纹检测难题,本文对结构中微裂纹与超声波的混频非线性作用进行了数值仿真研究。基于经典非线性理论,得到了两列超声纵波相互作用产生混频效应的理论条件。通过有限元仿真,研究了两列纵波与微裂纹相互作用产生混频的条件,并分析了界面处静应力、摩擦系数和裂纹方向对混频效应的影响。研究发现,超声波与微裂纹相互作用产生混频非线性效应的发生条件仍符合经典非线性理论下的混频产生条件。裂纹界面处施加的静应力对差频横波幅值有明显影响;当施加静应力与无裂纹模型得到的最大应力值接近时,混频非线性效应最强;裂纹界面的摩擦系数对超声波的混频非线性效应影响较小;透射差频横波传播方向与经典非线性理论预测的理论差频分量方向基本一致,且几乎不受裂纹方向变化的影响,而反射差频横波的传播方向随裂纹方向的改变而有所不同。本文研究工作为微裂纹检出及方向识别做了有益探索。     

Damage detection based on the propagation of longitudinal guided wave in a bimetal composite pipe

This paper investigates the damage detection based on the propagation of guided wave in bimetal composite pipes, which can identify damage locations in both axial and circumferential directions. The feasibility of the method is showed by numerical simulations using FEM code ANSYS. Mode analysis is used to evaluate the guided wave mode and its structure, which can provide the basis of the mode selection in measurements scheme. The guided wave propagation in a damaged pipe is computed by transient analysis. 16 nodes around the pipe wall, as probes, are used to record the guided wave signal. When Pseudo Margenau—Hill distribution (PMHD) for each signal is carried out, three types of modes could be found, which are led mode, excited mode and lag mode in sequences. Based on the results, the arrival time of the excited mode could be used to locate damage in axial direction, and the energy distribution around the pipe of lag mode is consistent with the damage in circumferential direction. The simulation illustrated the possibility of detecting damage location in both axial and circumferential directions based on longitudinal ultrasonic guided waves only.     

Size Estimation of Fatigue Crack Appearing at Bolt Joints of Aluminum Alloy Plates by Synchronized SAW Measurement

The synchronized ultrasonic measurement with the surface acoustic wave (SAW) was carried out during the fatigue testing of bolted specimens of the aluminum alloy in synchronization with a fatigue cycle. The stationary SAW measurement was also carried out in the fatigue testing under pausing the fatigue tester at the mean load. In both measurements, the intensity of the scattered wave gradually increased with the number of fatigue cycles in the fretted region ahead of a bolt hole due to surface roughness, and the steep increment occurred following appearance and propagation of the fatigue crack. The steep increment was detected earlier in the synchronized measurement than that in the in-process measurement. In the synchronized SAW measurement, the intensity of the reflection from the fatigue crack increased with increasing stress level in the fatigue cycle. Then, the crack length was estimated with the intensity change of the reflection from the crack in the fatigue cycle following the Elber’s model modified by Suresh on the crack opening and closure following the stress intensity factor. The method developed in the present work shows the potential of the synchronized surface acoustic wave measurement as a tool for the early detectability of the fatigue crack as well as for the evaluation of crack opening/closure behavior in the bolted joint.