Quantum Versus Stochastic Processes and the Role of Complex Numbers

We argue that the complex numbers are an irreducible object of quantum probability: this can be seen in the measurements of geometric phases that have no classical probabilistic analogue. Having the complex phases as primitive ingredient implies that we need to accept nonadditive probabilities. This has the desirable consequence of removing constraints of standard theorems about the possibility of describing quantum theory with commutative variables. Motivated by the formalism of consistent histories and keeping an analogy with the theory of stochastic processes, we develop a (statistical) theory of quantum processes: they are characterized by the introduction of a density matrix on phase space paths (it thus includes phase information) and fully reproduces quantum mechanical predictions. We can write quantum differential equations (in analogy to Langevin equation) that could be interpreted as referring to individual quantum systems. We describe the reconstruction theorem by which a quantum process can yield the standard Hilbert space structure if the Markov property is imposed. We discuss the relevance of our results for the interpretation of quantum theory (a sample space is possible if probabilities are nonadditive) and quantum gravity (the Hilbert space arises here after the consideration of a background causal structure).     

几何量子计算

实现可集成的量子计算的关键步骤是实现保真度足够高的一组普适量子逻辑门，最近几年发展的几何量子计算使用几何位相来实现量子逻辑门，其特点是利用几何位相的整体几何性质来避免某些局域的无规噪声的影响，从而实现较高保真度的量子门，文章先简要介绍常规几何量子逻辑门的概念，然后重点介绍最近提出的非常规几何量子计算：量子计算中使用的逻辑门的总位相既包含有几何位相，又包含有动力学位相，但它仅依赖于一些几何特征，而且，对于任意的量子位输入态，在量子门操作过程中积累的位相要么是零，要么是仅依赖几何特征的位相。     

Direct measurement for general quantum states using parametric quantum circuits

In the field of quantum information,the acquisition of information for unknown quantum states is very important.When we only need to obtain specific elements of a state density matrix,the traditional quantum state tomography will become very complicated,because it requires a global quantum state reconstruction.Direct measurement of the quantum state allows us to obtain arbitrary specific matrix elements of the quantum state without state reconstruction,so direct measurement schemes have obtained...     

A quantum identification scheme based on polarization modulation

A quantum identification scheme including registration and identification phases is proposed. The users‘ passwords are transmitted by qubit string and recorded as a set of quantum operators. The security of the proposed scheme is guaranteed by the no-cloning theorem. Based on photon polarization modulation, an experimental approach is also designed to implement our proposed scheme.     

基于原子系综集体激发的量子存贮

近几年来,人们从理论和实验两个方面探讨了利用自由原子系综作为量子记忆体的可能性. 基于固定于格点上Λ型“原子”系综的准自旋波激发的研究, 提出了实现光子信息量子存贮的新方案. 这个方案的目标是为了克服自由原子系综量子存贮方案中存在的量子态漏损诱导退相干的致命问题. 研究过程中发现了系综型量子记忆体中隐藏动力学的对称性和其绝热暗态演化的选择定则. 为了确切地表述这个工作的意义,还扼要地介绍这个方案建立的前期关于原子系综对称集体激发的系列工作. In this article we reviews a new protocol of quantum memory based on the quasi pin wave excitation of the Λ systems fixed the sites of lattice. This protocol tries to avoid the disadvantage of the quantum memory scheme based on free atom ensemble, the quantum decoherence induced by the quantum leakage of collective state. Especially,we discover a universal dynamic symmetry hidden in various ensemble based quantum storage scheme. To understand the significance of this work exactly, we also give a brief introduction to our systematical studies on collective symmetric excitons in quantum ensemble,which is the necessary to propose the present scheme for quantum memory.     

State-Independent Geometric Quantum Gates via Nonadiabatic and Noncyclic Evolution

Geometric phases are robust to local noises and the nonadiabatic ones can reduce the evolution time, thus nonadiabatic geometric gates have strong robustness and can approach high fidelity. However, the advantage of geometric phase has not been fully explored in previous investigations. Here,a scheme is proposed for universal quantum gates with pure nonadiabatic and noncyclic geometric phases from smooth evolution paths. In the scheme, only geometric phase can be accumulated in a fast way, and thus it not only fully utilizes the local noise resistant property of geometric phase but also reduces the difficulty in experimental realization. Numerical results show that the implemented geometric gates have stronger robustness than dynamical gates and the geometric scheme with cyclic path. Furthermore, it proposes to construct universal quantum gate on superconducting circuits, with the fidelities of single-qubit gate and nontrivial two-qubit gate can achieve 99.97% and 99.87%, respectively. Therefore, these high-fidelity quantum gates are promising for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation.     

A Spatial Domain Quantum Watermarking Scheme

This paper presents a spatial domain quantum watermarking scheme. For a quantum watermarking scheme, a feasible quantum circuit is a key to achieve it. This paper gives a feasible quantum circuit for the presented scheme. In order to give the quantum circuit, a new quantum multi-control rotation gate, which can be achieved with quantum basic gates, is designed. With this quantum circuit, our scheme can arbitrarily control the embedding position of watermark images on carrier images with the aid of auxiliary qubits. Besides reversely acting the given quantum circuit, the paper gives another watermark extracting algorithm based on quantum measurements. Moreover, this paper also gives a new quantum image scrambling method and its quantum circuit. Differ from other quantum watermarking schemes, all given quantum circuits can be implemented with basic quantum gates. Moreover, the scheme is a spatial domain watermarking scheme, and is not based on any transform algorithm on quantum images. Meanwhile, it can make sure the watermark be secure even though the watermark has been found. With the given quantum circuit, this paper implements simulation experiments for the presented scheme. The experimental result shows that the scheme does well in the visual quality and the embedding capacity.     

Interference in Quantum Field Theory: Detecting Ghosts with Phases

This study discusses the implications of the principle of locality for interference in quantum field theory. As an example, it considers the interaction of two charges via a mediating quantum field and the resulting interference pattern in the Lorenz gauge. Using the Heisenberg picture, it is proposed that detecting relative phases or entanglement between two charges in an interference experiment is equivalent to accessing empirically the gauge degrees of freedom associated with the so-called ghost (scalar) modes of the field in the Lorenz gauge. These results imply that ghost modes are measurable and hence physically relevant, contrary to what is usually thought. They also raise interesting questions about the relation between the principle of locality and the principle of gauge-invariance. This analysis also applies to linearized quantum gravity in the harmonic gauge, and hence has implications for the recently proposed entanglement-based witnesses of non-classicality in gravity.     

Controlled phase gates based on two nonidentical quantum dots trapped in separate cavities

We propose a scheme for realizing two-qubit controlled phase gates on two nonidentical quantum dots trapped in separate cavities. In our scheme, each dot simultaneously interacts with one highly detuned cavity mode and two strong driven classical fields. During the gate operation, the quantum dots undergo no transition, while the system can acquire different phases conditional on different states of the quantum dots. With the application of the single-qubit operations, two-qubit controlled phase gates can be realized.     

A full quantum network scheme

In this paper, we study the thermodynamic features of a two-dimensional charged black hole. Weinhold curvature and Ruppeiner curvature are explored as information geometry, respectively. Moreover, based on the Legendre invariant proposed by Hernando Quevedo, the geometro-thermodynamics behavior of this black hole is investigated.     

Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing of Secure Direct Communication Using Teleportation

We present an (n,n) threshold quantum secret sharing scheme of secure direct communication using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state and teleportation.After ensuring the security of the quantum channel,the sender encodes the secret message directly on a sequence of particle states and transmits it to the receivers by teleportation.The receivers can recover the secret message by combining their measurement results with the sender's result.If a perfect quantum channel is used,our scheme is completely secure because the transmitting particle sequence does not carry the secret message.We also show our scheme is secure for noise quantum channel.     

声子晶体中的多重拓扑相

研究了圆环型波导依照蜂窝结构排列的声子晶体系统中的拓扑相变.利用晶格结构的点群对称性实现赝自旋,并在圆环中引入旋转气流来打破时间反演对称性.通过紧束缚近似模型计算的解析结果表明,没有引入气流时,调节几何参数,系统存在普通绝缘体和量子自旋霍尔效应绝缘体两个相;引入气流后,可以实现新的时间反演对称性破缺的量子自旋霍尔效应相,而增大气流强度,则可以实现量子反常霍尔效应相.这三个拓扑相可以通过自旋陈数来分类.通过有限元软件模拟了多个系统中边界态的传播,发现不同于量子自旋霍尔效应相,量子反常霍尔相系统的表面只支持一种自旋的边界态,并且它无需时间反演对称性保护.     

量子Turbo码

量子纠错编码技术在量子通信和量子计算领域起着非常重要的作用.构造量子纠错编码的主要方法是借鉴经典纠错编码技术,目前几乎所有经典纠错编码方案都已经被移植到量子领域中来,然而在经典编码领域纠错性能最杰出的Turbo码却至今没有量子对应.提出了一种利用量子寄存器网络构造量子递归系统卷积码的简单实现方案,同时利用量子SWAP门设计了一种高效的量子交织器门组网络方案.最后仿照经典Turbo码的设计原理提出串行级联的量子Turbo码,同时提出了可行的译码方法.量子Turbo码不仅丰富了量子纠错码研究的领域,同时为解释 关键词： 量子递归系统卷积码 量子Turbo码 量子纠错编码 量子信息     

A high-fidelity memory scheme for quantum data buses

A novel quantum memory scheme is proposed for quantum data buses in scalable quantum computers by using adjustable interaction. Our investigation focuses on a hybrid quantum system including coupled flux qubits and a nitrogen–vacancy center ensemble. In our scheme, the transmission and storage(retrieval) of quantum state are performed in two separated steps, which can be controlled by adjusting the coupling strength between the computing unit and the quantum memory. The scheme can be used not only to reduce the time of quantum state transmission, but also to increase the robustness of the system with respect to detuning caused by magnetic noises. In comparison with the previous memory scheme, about 80% of the transmission time is saved. Moreover, it is exemplified that in our scheme the fidelity could achieve 0.99 even when there exists detuning, while the one in the previous scheme is 0.75.     

Scheme for sharing classical information via tripartite entangled states

We investigate schemes for quantum secret sharing and quantum dense coding via tripartite entangled states. We present a scheme for sharing classical information via entanglement swapping using two tripartite entangled GHZ states. In order to throw light upon the security affairs of the quantum dense coding protocol, we also suggest a secure quantum dense coding scheme via W state by analogy with the theory of sharing information among involved users.     

基于六光子量子避错码的量子密钥分发方案

量子信道中不可避免存在的噪声将扭曲被传输的信息,对通信造成危害。目前克服量子信道噪声的较好方案是量子避错码（QEAC）。将量子避错码思想用于量子密钥分发,能有效克服信道中的噪声,且无需复杂的系统。用六光子构造了量子避错码,提出了一种丛于六光子避错码的量子密钥分发（QDK）方案。以提高量子密钥分发的量子比特效率和安全性为前提,对六光子避错码的所有可能态进行组合,得到一种六光子避错码的最优组合方法,可将两比特信息编码在一个态中,根据测肇结果和分组信息进行解码,得到正确信息的平均概率为7／16。与最近的基于四光子避错码的克服量子信道噪声的量子密钥分发方案相比,该方案的量子比特效率提高了16．67％,密钥分发安全性足它的3．5倍。     

Quantum Theory Without Hilbert Spaces

Quantum theory does not only predict probabilities, but also relative phases for any experiment, that involves measurements of an ensemble of systems at different moments of time. We argue, that any operational formulation of quantum theory needs an algebra of observables and an object that incorporates the information about relative phases and probabilities. The latter is the (de)coherence functional, introduced by the consistent histories approach to quantum theory. The acceptance of relative phases as a primitive ingredient of any quantum theory, liberates us from the need to use a Hilbert space and non-commutative observables. It is shown, that quantum phenomena are adequately described by a theory of relative phases and non-additive probabilities on the classical phase space. The only difference lies on the type of observables that correspond to sharp measurements. This class of theories does not suffer from the consequences of Bell's theorem (it is not a theory of Kolmogorov probabilities) and Kochen–Specker's theorem (it has distributive logic). We discuss its predictability properties, the meaning of the classical limit and attempt to see if it can be experimentally distinguished from standard quantum theory. Our construction is operational and statistical, in the spirit of Copenhagen, but makes plausible the existence of a realist, geometric theory for individual quantum systems.     

An Image Encryption Scheme Based on Logistic Quantum Chaos

This paper proposes an image encryption scheme based on logistic quantum chaos. Firstly, we use compressive sensing algorithms to compress plaintext images and quantum logistic and Hadamard matrix to generate the measurement matrix. Secondly, the improved flexible representation of the quantum images (FRQI) encoding method is utilized for encoding the compressed image. The pixel value scrambling operation of the encoded image is realized by rotating the qubit around the axis. Finally, the quantum pixel is encoded into the pixel value in the classical computer, and the bit-level diffusion and scrambling are performed on it. Numerical analysis and simulation results show that our proposed scheme has the large keyspace and strong key sensitivity. The proposed scheme can also resist standard attack methods such as differential attacks and statistical analysis.     

The double slit experiment,the Aharonov-Bohm effect,and a new quantum potential theory: Towards a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics

In this paper, a new proposal of the quantum potential theory is presented, along with a discussion of the two-slit interference experiment and the Aharonov-Bohm effect, which are explicitly calculated within the scheme adopted. The present formulation holds the notion of particle trajectory and follows the interpretation suggested by de Broglie and Bohm, the quantum potential being a manifestation of the quantum wave. This wave always satisfies the Schrödinger equation and is considered as areal and separate entity from the particle with which is associated. In our approach we try to circumvent some conceptual difficulties that prevent the de Broglie-Bohm's theory from fulfilling a complete objective program. New effects are predicted, specially for the Aharonov-Bohm experiment in the regime of high magnetic fields, and a setup for their detection is proposed.     

Classical Versus Quantum Probability in Sequential Measurements

We demonstrate in this paper that the probabilities for sequential measurements have features very different from those of single-time measurements. First, they cannot be modelled by a classical stochastic process. Second, they are contextual, namely they depend strongly on the specific measurement scheme through which they are determined. We construct Positive-Operator-Valued measures (POVM) that provide such probabilities. For observables with continuous spectrum, the constructed POVMs depend strongly on the resolution of the measurement device, a conclusion that persists even if we consider a quantum mechanical measurement device or the presence of an environment. We then examine the same issues in alternative interpretations of quantum theory. We first show that multi-time probabilities cannot be naturally defined in terms of a frequency operator. We next prove that local hidden variable theories cannot reproduce the predictions of quantum theory for sequential measurements, even when the degrees of freedom of the measuring apparatus are taken into account. Bohmian mechanics, however, does not fall in this category. We finally examine an alternative proposal that sequential measurements can be modeled by a process that does not satisfy the Kolmogorov axioms of probability. This removes contextuality without introducing non-locality, but implies that the empirical probabilities cannot be always defined (the event frequencies do not converge). We argue that the predictions of this hypothesis are not ruled out by existing experimental results (examining in particular the “which way” experiments); they are, however, distinguishable in principle.