A study of a liquid-filled lens module with a flexible sensor for aberration correction

This study introduces the concept of a liquid-filled lens module; the module is composed of a flexible lens membrane, a flexible sensor membrane that is constructed by attaching sensor chips onto a flexible substrate and transparent liquid that fills the space between the flexible lens membrane and the sensor membrane. The image quality of the liquid-filled lens module is comparable to that of a solid lens module with a flat-type image sensor. However, the liquid-filled lens module has the advantages of requiring fewer parts, having better optical aberration compensation, a wider image range. This study identifies the optimized conditions for the sensor membrane to fulfill the Petzval surface of the optical module and the compensation mechanism of the flexible lens and the sensor membranes. The simulation results show that the distortion aberration, the field of curvature and the Modulation Transfer Function are good.     

Focal length measurement of a varifocal liquid lens with capacitance detection

This paper reports on a detailed deformation model of varifocal liquid lenses fabricated by Parylene-on-liquid-deposition (POLD), which can be applied to measure and adjust the focal length of such lenses without using extra sensors or sensing mechanisms. The lens was fabricated by encapsulating a liquid between a transparent electrode and a polymer film that was covered with a metal electrode. When voltage is applied to the two electrodes, the lens deforms due to the electrostatic force, and its focal length and the capacitance between the two electrodes change simultaneously. This characteristic enables the focal length of the lens to be adjusted and detected by measuring the capacitance change. The focal length of the fabricated varifocal liquid lens changed from 153.6 to 82.6 mm by applying 150-V. The focal length change of the liquid lens was calculated from the change in its capacitance. Finally, to confirm the efficiency of this varifocal liquid lens, we fabricated a confocal distance sensor using the lens for laser scanning and demonstrated that this system can be used to measure distances of 94–140 mm with an average error of 0.83 mm and a standard deviation of 0.77 mm.     

液体透镜在变焦系统中的应用

利用液体透镜进行变焦系统设计可以大幅降低系统的复杂程度,本文介绍和讨论了该项技术的研究和应用现状。首先,基于液体透镜的分类即渐变折射率透镜和变曲率透镜介绍了几种主要液体透镜的原理和特点,给出了具有代表性的ARCTIC透镜系列和Optotune透镜系列的设计参数和优点。然后,对液体透镜技术在变焦系统中的应用进行了分析,描述了其在变焦眼镜、手机相机、内窥镜和显微镜等诸多领域中应用的现状和优势。最后,利用液体透镜设计了一种长焦距变焦系统,该系统可实现2.5倍的可见光变焦。     

一种液晶透镜盒间隙的测试方法

针对当前液晶透镜盒间隙测试存在的难题, 文中提出采用线偏振干涉法测试方法, 采用光强均匀分布的单色光入射, 检偏器的偏光轴方向与起偏器的偏光轴垂直或者平行, 液晶透镜的液晶取向层的摩擦方向与起偏器偏振轴夹角为45°, 此时干涉条纹亮暗差别最明显. 利用液晶透镜中心保持预倾角不变的透过率以及其他位置透过率最大值来计算液晶透镜的盒间隙, 该方法简单、可靠, 因采用光学手段测试, 其精确度相对较高. 关键词： 液晶透镜 盒间隙 线偏振光干涉 透过率     

三视场红外搜索光学系统的设计

设计一款实际工程应用的红外三视场光学系统,其中大中视场利用透镜组切换变倍,小视场和大视场利用反射镜切换变倍。设计中采用二次成像的方式,3个视场共用二次成像透镜组,保证100％冷屏效率,减小第1片透镜的过口径。同时,采用非球面技术校正系统的球差和彗差,通过光学设计软件CODE V仿真,得出最大的点列斑为11 m左右,并且MTF接近衍射极限,成像质量完全满足使用要求。最后,该系统利用反射镜折叠光路实现了系统结构紧凑、体积小的特点。     

一款超薄800万像素手机镜头的设计

为了满足市场对超薄手机镜头的要求,运用光学软件CODEV,结合非球面理论,设计一款新的超薄800万像素手机镜头。该镜头由4片非球面塑料镜片,1片滤光镜片和1片保护玻璃组成,其中第1片透镜是正透镜,第2片镜片是负透镜,第3片镜片是正透镜,第4片镜片是负透镜,且光阑位于第1片透镜的前面。镜头光圈值F为2.4,视场角2为65.5,焦距为3.731 5 mm,后焦距0.31 mm,镜头总长度为4.6 mm,在最高频率1/2处大多数视场的MTF值均大于0.5,畸变小于2% 。     

Intraocular lens to correct corneal coma

We present a new methodology to obtain, to the best of our knowledge, the first intraocular lens (IOL) designed to balance the coma induced by the cornea due to the global ocular tilt. This lens is designed to mimic the situation naturally occurring in the normal healthy eye. The new proposed IOL provides an improved optical quality for all lens powers.     

Coma measurement using a PSM and transmission image sensor

As feature size decreases, especially with the use of resolution enhancement technique, requirements for the coma aberrations in the projection lenses of the lithographic tools have become extremely severe. So, fast and accurate in situ measurement of coma is necessary. In the present paper, we present a new method for characterizing the coma aberrations in the projection lens using a phase-shifting mask and a transmission image sensor. By measuring the image positions at multiple NA and partial coherence settings, we are able to extract the coma aberration. The simulation results show that the accuracy of coma measurement increases approximately 20% compared to the previous straightforward measurement technique.     

Correcting anterior corneal aberration and variability of lens movements in keratoconic eyes with back-surface customized soft contact lenses

Customized contact lenses are limited in their correction performance, especially on irregular corneas, owing to decentration and rotation of the lenses. To overcome this limitation, we proposed to customize the back surface of soft contact lenses to match the anterior irregular corneal surface. These lenses were designed to correct anterior corneal aberrations and to improve lens stability. Although in keratoconic eyes the anterior corneal aberrations were effectively corrected, significant residual aberrations were observed. The internal optics, especially the posterior surface of the cornea, was the main source of these residual aberrations. Compared with conventional soft contact lenses, lens stability, on average over three eyes, was improved by a factor of 2 for horizontal and vertical decentrations and a factor of 5 in rotational orientation with the back-surface customized lenses.     

液体透镜的诞生和发展

本文介绍当今世界最先进的透镜成像系统——液体变焦透镜的诞生和发展.首先是哥伦比亚大学的反射式旋转液体透镜,可用作天文望远镜;透射式液体透镜从加州大学圣地亚哥分校的压力透镜,到Lucent公司的纯电力控制的液体—空气界面的透镜,再到Philips公司的方便操作的封闭式液—液界面透镜,最后到法国VariOptic公司的能自动调节光轴的改进型透镜,其中着重介绍了VariOptic的液体透镜.     

逆伽俐略式阿尔巴达式镜片共用型取景器设计

提出一种逆伽俐略式阿尔巴达式镜片共用的取景器系统，当仅使用二片镜片时即为逆伽俐略式取景器，加入中间镜片并镀以亮框膜、半透半反膜后，即成为阿尔巴达式带亮框式取景器。论文给出取景系统初始结构设计方法及设计实例，并通过光路追迹，最终确定了取景系统的全部参数，包括每片镜片的参数、镜片间隔、亮框和视差校正框尺寸等。     

一种数码相机定焦镜头的光学系统设计

为适应市场上对结构简洁、成像品质高且生产成本低的数码相机镜头的需要,运用光学设计软件CODE V,在传统数码相机定焦镜头的基础上,结合非球面塑料透镜理论,模拟出了生产成本较低的三片式数码相机定焦镜头。该数码相机镜头结构的特点是：模块仅包括3块透镜;选择塑料镜头代替玻璃/塑料混合镜头或者全玻璃镜头,降低了系统的生产成本;系统的后焦距增大到0.8116mm,能够确保良好的远心光路性能;透镜表面完全采用非球面设计,较好地校正了球差等各种像差,使透镜具有良好的光学成像性能。     

电机补偿式焦度仪镜片参数的计算

针对目前市场上测量眼镜片相关参数全自动焦度仪测量范围小、测量精度较差等问题,研制了基于电机补偿原理的焦度仪。该焦度仪采用步进电机带动分划板做线性运动对分划板的位置进行补偿,通过改变焦度仪光学系统的物像关系来提高焦度仪的测量精度,扩大它的测量范围。测量时放入待测镜片,待整个调节过程结束后,电器部件会将每个接收到的图像进行分析计算后取平均值,得到待测镜片的各项参数。利用本样机对一些典型镜片进行了测量,结果显示所有镜片的误差范围均在±0.02 m-1内,表明本文研制的焦度仪完全符合国家计量检定规程的计量检定要求。     

短焦段数字电影变焦放映镜头的设计

为了填补国内短焦段数字电影变焦放映镜头的空白及满足国内数字电影市场对大投射比镜头的需求,本文采用机械补偿式变焦原理,利用ZEMAX光学设计软件自主研发设计出一款适用于0.65英寸、单数字光处理器、1.3K数字电影放映机的短焦段连续变焦数字电影放映镜头.镜头包括前固定组、变倍组、补偿组和后固定组,由8组10片玻璃球面透镜组成,其中变倍组由一片负透镜构成,补偿组由两组双胶合透镜组构成.镜头总长170mm,全口径70mm,变焦范围为14.5～18.2mm,相对孔径为1/2,投射比范围为0.99∶1～1.23∶1,后工作距离为32.6mm.镜头凸轮曲线的设计采用等间隔变焦的方法,设计出了平滑稳定、斜率适宜、压力角小的凸轮曲线,具有加工方便、加工准确度高、变倍组升角容易控制且焦距变化均匀的优点.整个镜头结构简单、体形小、重量轻、成本低.     

The use of defocussed position of a Ronchi grating for evaluating the refractive index of lens

This report describes a Ronchi-grating shearing interferometric collimation method for determining the refractive index of a lens. A new formula has been deduced for the refractive index of the lens, which is independent of lens parameters. This newly developed device has two lenses. One of them collimates the light from a point source while the other acts as a decollimator. The point source acting as a test target is situated in the front focal plane of the collimator. The test lens is placed inside a glass cell in the back focal plane of the collimator. The Ronchi grating is exactly placed in the back focal plane of the decollimator, and a fringe-free space is observed in the common region. When the test lens is immersed in a liquid cell, it disturbs the focal point and hence interference fringes are observed. The combined system consisting of the test lens and the decollimator is moved to bring the focal point on the Ronchi grating. Thus, the difference between the two settings gives the amount of defocusing.     

Design and fabrication of fluid controlled dynamic optical lens system

A novel small fluid controlled optical lens system that is capable of displaying dynamic variation of its focal length and field-of-view (FOV) is designed and fabricated. In this active lens system, appropriate volume of the optical fluid can be pumped into or out of the lens chamber to provide double-convex (DCX) or double-concave (DCV) lens effect. Simple optical imaging experiments were performed using different sets of glass lenses with fixed focal lengths to determine the optimum lens configuration required for designing a dynamic optical lens system. The experimental results obtained from the glass lenses demonstrate that a combination of a single DCX lens with three DCV lenses provides a wider FOV. The flexible membranes for fluid controlled lenses were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane polymer material, which has good optical transparency and elasticity. A simple fluid injection system is used to vary the radius of curvature of the lenses, and thereby to change the focal length. A dynamic optical lens system with a combination of one DCX and multiple variable focal length DCV lenses as designed here can image an object with a wide range of focal length and FOV. With this fluid controlled optical system, the FOV and focal length could be continuously varied and a maximum FOV of 118.3° could be achieved. The smallest f-number (f_/#) for this fluid controlled single lens system was found to be 1.3, which corresponds to the numerical aperture value of 0.35.     

Aberration analyses for liquid zooming lenses without moving parts

Liquid lenses with an adjustable focal length are of particular interest for their potential applications in compact imaging or zooming systems. We have analyzed the aberrations for liquid zooming lenses and compared them with those of traditional lenses. Based on the 3rd order aberration theory, possible structures for the liquid zooming lens without moving mechanism were determined. We showed that a two-group liquid lens system is the simplest one that contains no moving mechanical parts and has enough parameters to correct all chromatic aberrations for any focal length and most monochromatic aberrations for certain focal lengths.     

二极管激光光栅-外腔光谱合成技术模拟研究

光栅-外腔光谱合成效率主要由激光器和外腔的耦合效率决定。从衍射积分方程出发,建立了存在离轴像差情况下耦合效率模型,分析了光谱合成系统参数对耦合效率的影响。结果表明：当离轴距离增加、横模阶次增大、模场半径减小、阵列平面或光栅平面偏离焦平面时,耦合效率随之下降;光栅倾角和光栅平面-耦合输出镜距离对耦合效率影响甚微。对采用焦距为500 mm的对称双球面透镜,长度为10 mm二极管激光阵列的系统,快轴方向模场半径应大于0.15 mm, 慢轴方向模场半径应大于 20 μm, 阵列平面位置误差应控制在±0.5 mm内,光栅平面位置误差应控制在±0.2 mm内。     

二极管激光光栅-外腔光谱合成技术模拟研究

 光栅-外腔光谱合成效率主要由激光器和外腔的耦合效率决定。从衍射积分方程出发,建立了存在离轴像差情况下耦合效率模型,分析了光谱合成系统参数对耦合效率的影响。结果表明：当离轴距离增加、横模阶次增大、模场半径减小、阵列平面或光栅平面偏离焦平面时,耦合效率随之下降;光栅倾角和光栅平面-耦合输出镜距离对耦合效率影响甚微。对采用焦距为500 mm的对称双球面透镜,长度为10 mm二极管激光阵列的系统,快轴方向模场半径应大于0.15 mm, 慢轴方向模场半径应大于 20 μm, 阵列平面位置误差应控制在±0.5 mm内,光栅平面位置误差应控制在±0.2 mm内。     

A New Approach to the Design of Hybrid Lenses for Integrated Optics

The Fresnel lens is one of the most extensively studied components in both classical and integrated optics. This structure is free from axial spherical aberration, but is heavily affected by both off-axis and chromatic aberrations. The latter can be compensated by introducing a refractive component, whose chromatic behavior is the opposite of that of the diffractive lens. This hybrid refractive-diffractive structure, however, is not able to deal effectively with off-axis aberrations, namely, with coma. In this work, a novel methodology for the design of corrected hybrid lenses is proposed which allows for correction of both chromatism and coma. The design method is based on a ray-optics variational approach which provides a range of possible achromatic solutions. An optimization procedure is performed by means of a series of beam propagation method numerical calculations which make it possible to simulate the lens operation and thus to find the best solution.