密度泛函理论研究草甘膦在纯的, 金属原子掺杂石墨烯表面的吸附机理

本研究采用密度泛函理论方法详细讨论了纯的石墨烯及Ti, Fe, Al, Ca原子掺杂石墨烯吸附草甘膦的机理.通过它们之间的吸附能,差分电荷密度,布居电荷,态密度分析发现草甘膦可以被纯的石墨烯及金属原子掺杂石墨烯不同程度地吸附.纯的石墨烯对草甘膦的吸附作用远不及掺杂石墨烯,其中,草甘膦在Ca掺杂石墨烯表面有最强相互作用.这是因为草甘膦与纯的石墨烯之间主要形成了-P=O…π,-COOH…π和-OH…π非共价的相互作用,而与掺杂石墨烯之间主要形成了Metal-O“单齿”和O-Metal-O“双齿”共价相互作用.本研究结果希冀为石墨烯在环境保护方面的应用提供有价值的理论指导.     

DFT研究掺杂和电场条件下2,6-二氯苯并-2,4-二氯苯胺在石墨烯表面的吸附

本工作采用密度泛函理论详细探讨了2,6-二氯苯并-2,4-二氯苯胺（2,6-DBDA）氯代有机二噁英与纯的, Fe和Ti掺杂石墨烯之间的吸附机理, 并考虑了外加电场对吸附的影响. 结果表明掺杂 Fe和Ti原子增强了2,6-DBDA 在石墨烯表面的吸附, 这是因为Fe和Ti掺杂石墨烯与2,6-DBDA间形成了metal-N和metal-Cl共价相互作用. 此外, 在外加电场的作用下, 不同原子掺杂的石墨烯对2,6-DBDA的吸附影响不同. 2,6-DBDA-Ti-G体系, 在添加0.010 au的外电场时有最大相互作用, 而2,6-DBDA-Fe-G体系, 相互作用随着电场的施加反而有所减小. 金属掺杂及电场可以灵活调控2,6-DBDA在石墨烯表面的吸附, 此研究有望为氯代有机二噁英的检测及去除提供有价值的理论指导.     

密度泛函理论研究多巴胺在纯的, Fe和Ca掺杂石墨烯材料表面的吸附机理

本论文用密度泛函理论方法研究了多巴胺在纯的, Fe和Ca掺杂的石墨烯上的吸附机理. 通过它们之间的相互作用能, 态密度, 布局电荷, 差分电荷密度分析发现多巴胺平行躺在纯的石墨烯表面主要是π•••π, -CH•••π相互作用, 而垂直放在纯的石墨烯表面主要是-OH•••π相互作用, 这些都表现为典型的物理吸附. 而Fe和Ca掺杂的石墨烯大大增强了多巴胺的吸附, 主要体现为典型的化学吸附, 因为掺杂金属原子与多巴胺的邻苯二酚羟基主要形成“bridge bidenate” or “monodenate”共价相互作用. 而且我们发现“monodenate”共价作用不一定小于“bridge bidenate”共价作用, 主要取决于相互作用原子之间最短距离的大小. 研究结果有望为多巴胺-石墨烯基体系在生物组织工程, 传感器方面的应用上提供有价值的理论指导.     

密度泛函理论研究多巴胺在纯的,Fe和Ca掺杂的石墨烯材料表面的吸附机理

本论文用密度泛函理论方法研究了多巴胺在纯的,Fe和Ca掺杂的石墨烯上的吸附机理.通过它们之间的相互作用能,态密度,布局电荷,差分电荷密度分析发现多巴胺平行躺在纯的石墨烯表面主要是π…π,-CH…π相互作用,而垂直放在纯的石墨烯表面主要是-OH…π相互作用,这些都表现为典型的物理吸附.而Fe和Ca掺杂的石墨烯大大增强了多巴胺的吸附,主要体现为典型的化学吸附,因为掺杂金属原子与多巴胺的邻苯二酚羟基主要形成"bridge bidenate"or"monodenate"共价相互作用.而且我们发现"monodenate"共价作用不一定小于"bridge bidenate"共价作用,主要取决于相互作用原子之间最短距离的大小.研究结果有望为多巴胺-石墨烯基体系在生物组织工程,传感器方面的应用上提供有价值的理论指导.     

本征及掺杂磷烯对2,3,7,8-TCDD吸附机理的计算模拟研究

2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并对二噁英(2,3,7,8-TCDD)是二噁英家族中危害人类和环境最显著的一种.设计一种高效,灵敏的吸附剂来检测和去除2,3,7,8-TCDD对人类和环境的影响是亟需解决的问题.本研究利用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的计算模拟方法探索了本征磷烯对2,3,7,8-TCDD的吸附机理,并详细考察了掺杂Ti, Fe, Ca, Al金属原子后磷烯对2,3,7,8-TCDD吸附的影响.研究结果表明2,3,7,8-TCDD初始构型会影响磷烯对其吸附,当平躺于磷烯表面时有较大的吸附.而且掺杂金属原子的磷烯对2,3,7,8-TCDD的吸附也存在较大的影响,掺杂金属原子均增大了磷烯对2,3,7,8-TCDD的吸附,其中Ca掺杂磷烯>Fe掺杂磷烯>Ti掺杂磷烯>Al掺杂磷烯.研究结论对于2,3,7,8-TCDD的处理带来了新的思考方向,有望为二噁英的检测和去除提供有用的理论指导.     

Fe,Co,Ni掺杂石墨烯表面吸附C_2H_4的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的广义梯度近似(GGA),本文对本征石墨烯以及掺杂Fe,Co,Ni石墨烯的几何结构和电子性质进行了优化计算,并计算了C_2H_4在本征石墨烯以及掺杂石墨烯表面的吸附过程,讨论了体系的吸附能、稳定性、DOS及掺杂对键长的影响.结果表明C_2H_4在本征石墨烯B位的吸附和掺杂石墨烯的吸附为化学吸附,在本征石墨烯T和H位的吸附为物理吸附;掺杂后石墨烯的比表面积增大,与本征石墨烯相比,掺杂使费米能级附近的态密度积分显著提高,表明掺杂石墨烯的电导性会发生变化,从而影响对C_2H_4的气敏度..C_2H_4在Fe、Co、Ni分别掺石墨烯的最佳吸附位为T位、H位和B位;掺杂Fe,Ni后体系的吸附能力显著提高,且掺杂Ni时体系的吸附能力最好.     

掺杂石墨烯吸附特性的第一性原理研究

利用第一性原理方法研究了一氧化碳分子在本征和硼、氮、铝、磷掺杂的有限尺寸石墨烯上的吸附机理.结果表明,石墨烯作为一氧化碳传感器时的性能依赖于掺杂元素.本征、硼和氮掺杂石墨烯吸附一氧化碳时的吸附能较低,为物理吸附.铝、磷掺杂石墨烯的吸附能显著提高,比本征、硼和氮掺杂时高出约一个数量级,且铝和磷原子从石墨烯中突出,使其发生局部弯曲.铝掺杂石墨烯增强了石墨烯与一氧化碳分子之间的相互作用,可以提高石墨烯的气敏性和吸附能力,是一氧化碳传感器的最佳候选材料之一.     

B、N掺杂对钠在石墨烯上吸附性能的影响

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了本征石墨烯及缺陷石墨烯对Na原子的吸附行为.主要研究了三种石墨烯:本征石墨烯、B掺杂的石墨烯和N掺杂的石墨烯.结果表明,与本征石墨烯相比,B掺杂的石墨烯和N掺杂的石墨烯在吸附能、电荷密度、态密度和储钠量方面表现出很大的差异.B掺杂的石墨烯对Na原子的吸附能是-1.93 e V,约为本征石墨烯对Na原子吸附能的2.7倍;与本征石墨烯相比,N掺杂的石墨烯对Na原子的吸附能明显增大.态密度计算结果表明,Na原子与B掺杂的石墨烯中的B原子发生轨道杂化,而本征石墨烯和N掺杂的石墨烯中不存在轨道杂化现象.B掺杂的石墨烯对Na原子的吸附量是3个,与本征石墨烯相比显著提高.因此,B掺杂的石墨烯有望成为一种新型的储钠材料.     

含硫氨基酸与本征及缺陷石墨烯表面的相互作用

半胱氨酸及蛋氨酸是人体的两种含硫氨基酸,在生物活性中发挥着巨大的作用.本研究采用密度泛函理论方法对以上两种氨基酸在本征及缺陷石墨烯表面的吸附机理进行了详细研究.主要考虑了两种吸附体系:半胱氨酸及蛋氨酸平躺在两种石墨烯表面;两种氨基酸垂直地放置于两种石墨烯表面,且含硫的基团靠近表面.研究结果表明,半胱氨酸及蛋氨酸初始构型对它们之间的相互作用有一定的影响.两种氨基酸平躺时有较大的吸附能.此外,吸附能的结果显示两种氨基酸可以更好的与缺陷石墨烯表面紧密结合.同时,蛋氨酸与本征及缺陷石墨烯相互作用均大于半胱氨酸与本征及缺陷石墨烯相互作用.模拟结果有望为含硫氨基酸的石墨烯传感器提供有用的指导.     

B、N掺杂对钠在石墨烯上吸附性能的影响

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了本征石墨烯及缺陷石墨烯对Na原子的吸附行为。主要研究了三种石墨烯：本征石墨烯、B掺杂的石墨烯和N掺杂的石墨烯。结果表明,与本征石墨烯相比,B掺杂的石墨烯和N掺杂的石墨烯在吸附能、电荷密度、态密度和储钠量方面表现出很大的差异。B掺杂的石墨烯对Na原子的吸附能是-1.93 eV,约为本征石墨烯对Na原子吸附能的2.7倍;与本征石墨烯相比,N掺杂的石墨烯对Na原子的吸附能明显增大。态密度计算结果表明,Na原子与B掺杂的石墨烯中的B原子发生轨道杂化,而本征石墨烯和N掺杂的石墨烯中不存在轨道杂化现象。B掺杂的石墨烯对Na原子的吸附量是3个,与本征石墨烯相比显著提高。因此,B掺杂的石墨烯有望成为一种新型的储钠材料。     

Influence of copper crystal surface on the CVD growth of large area monolayer graphene

We study the influence of the surface structure of copper single crystals on the growth of large area monolayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). Using atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we find that graphene grows primarily in registry with the underlying copper lattice for both Cu(111) and Cu(100). The graphene has a hexagonal superstructure on Cu(111) with a significant electronic component,whereas it has a linear superstructure on Cu(100). Graphene on Cu(111) forms a microscopically uniform sheet, the quality of which is determined by the presence of grain boundaries where graphene grains with different orientations meet. Graphene grown on Cu(100) under similar conditions does not form a uniform sheet and instead displays exposed nanoscale edges. Our results indicate the importance of the copper crystal structure on the microstructure of graphene films produced by CVD.     

The enigma of the quantum Hall effect in graphene

We apply Laughlin’s gauge argument to analyze the ν=0 quantum Hall effect observed in graphene when the Fermi energy lies near the Dirac point, and conclude that this necessarily leads to divergent bulk longitudinal resistivity in the zero temperature thermodynamic limit. We further predict that in a Corbino geometry measurement, where edge transport and other mesoscopic effects are unimportant, one should find the longitudinal conductivity vanishing in all graphene samples which have an underlying ν=0 quantized Hall effect. We argue that this ν=0 graphene quantum Hall state is qualitatively similar to the high field insulating phase (also known as the Hall insulator) in the lowest Landau level of ordinary semiconductor two-dimensional electron systems. We establish the necessity of having a high magnetic field and high mobility samples for the observation of the divergent resistivity as arising from the existence of disorder-induced density inhomogeneity at the graphene Dirac point.     

密度泛函理论研究纯的及不同掺杂原子石墨烯和CaH2分子相互作用

本研究采用密度泛函理论研究了纯的及V, Fe, Ni, Pd, Si, P, S和Cl掺杂原子对石墨烯和CaH2分子之间相互作用. 研究结果发现CaH2分子与所有石墨烯表面均具有较大的相互作用, 而CaH2分子与掺杂石墨烯相互作用都大于与纯石墨烯的相互作用, 在所有掺杂原子中, 其中与Pd掺杂石墨烯具有最大的相互作用, S次之, 其它掺杂石墨烯与CaH2分子相互作用能力相差不大. 这些结果表明虽然所有石墨烯均有助于CaH2中H原子的脱附, 但掺杂石墨烯脱附能力仍然大于纯的石墨烯. 在掺杂原子中, Pd和S掺杂石墨烯对CaH2中H原子的脱附效果最好, 其它的掺杂原子脱附效果相差不明显. 此研究结果将有望为CaH2分子在石墨烯基材料中吸氢-脱氢行为提供有用的理论参考价值.     

Transport in suspended graphene

Motivated by recent experiments on suspended graphene showing carrier mobilities as high as 200,000 cm²/V s, we theoretically calculate transport properties assuming Coulomb impurities as the dominant scattering mechanism. We argue that the substrate-free experiments done in the diffusive regime are consistent with our theory and verify many of our earlier predictions including (i) removal of the substrate will increase mobility since most of the charged impurities are in the substrate, (ii) the minimum conductivity is not universal, but depends on impurity concentration with cleaner samples having a higher minimum conductivity. We further argue that experiments on suspended graphene put strong constraints on the two parameters involved in our theory, namely, the charged impurity concentration and d, the typical distance of a charged impurity from the graphene sheet. The recent experiments on suspended graphene indicate a residual impurity density of which are presumably stuck to the graphene interface, compared to impurity densities of for graphene on SiO₂ substrate. Transport experiments can therefore be used as a spectroscopic tool to identify the properties of the remaining impurities in suspended graphene.     

密度泛函理论研究纯的及不同掺杂原子石墨烯和CaH_2分子相互作用

本研究采用密度泛函理论研究了纯的及V,Fe,Ni,Pd,Si,P,S和Cl掺杂原子的石墨烯和CaH_2分子之间相互作用.研究结果发现CaH_2分子与所有石墨烯表面均具有较大的相互作用,而CaH_2分子与掺杂石墨烯相互作用都大于与纯石墨烯的相互作用,在所有掺杂原子中,其中与Pd掺杂石墨烯具有最大的相互作用,S次之,其它掺杂石墨烯与CaH_2分子相互作用能力相差不大.这些结果表明虽然所有石墨烯均有助于CaH_2中H原子的脱附,但掺杂石墨烯脱附能力仍然大于纯的石墨烯.在掺杂原子中,Pd和S掺杂石墨烯对CaH_2中H原子的脱附效果最好,其它的掺杂原子脱附效果相差不明显.此研究结果将有望为CaH_2分子在石墨烯基材料中吸氢-脱氢行为提供有用的理论参考价值.     

Aqueous-phase exfoliation of graphite in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone for the production of water-soluble graphenes

Treatment of crystalline graphite fine powder with an aqueous solution of the harmless and versatile substance polyvinylpyrrolidone under sonication results in water-soluble, polymer-protected graphene single layers without oxidation or destruction of the sp² character of the carbon core. The liquid-phase extraction of graphene monolayers was evidenced by TEM and AFM techniques, while their graphitic character was checked with Raman spectroscopy. Besides PVP, the water-soluble biopolymers albumin and sodic carboxymethylcellulose were also employed successfully in the aqueous-phase exfoliation of graphite, thereby supporting the generic character of the present method using a variety of suitable polymeric extractants.     

Localised magneto‐optical collective excitations of impure graphene

We study optically‐induced collective excitations of graphene in the presence of a strong perpendicular magnetic field and a single impurity. We determine the energies and absorption strengths of these excitations, which become localised on the impurity. Two different types of impurity are considered i. the long‐range Coulomb impurity, ii. a δ‐function impurity located at either an A or B graphene sublattice site. Both impurity types result in some bound states appearing both above and below the magnetoplasmon continuum, although the effect of the short‐range impurity is less pronounced. The dependence of the energies and oscillator strengths of the bound states on the filling factor is investigated.     

Bonding character of lithium atoms adsorbed on a graphene layer

This work uses first-principles calculations to investigate the aspects of the bonding character of lithium atoms adsorbed on a graphene layer. The presented results are in contradiction to other results that have recently appeared in the specialized literature, although they confirm some previous claims. In particular, a discussion of the characteristics of the bonding between lithium and carbon atoms and whether they interact via an sp² or an sp³ hybridization is intended to clarify the problem. It is also found that the carbon-lithium bond is not purely covalent but instead presents a significant ionic character. The local geometry is governed by the π-acceptor character of lithium atoms which occupy reverse positions relative to the carbon atoms as compared to the positions of hydrogen in graphane.     

Investigation of the influence on graphene by using electron-beam and photo-lithography

The changes in Raman spectra of graphene flakes after lithography processing are systematically investigated. It is found that substantial changes in the intensity of several Raman peaks are observed after lithography processes involving electron-sensitive and photon-sensitive resists. This finding is related to the generation of disorder and introduction of impurities in the graphene flakes. It is observed that the disorder induced after spin coating PMMA resist on the graphene flakes cannot be removed by acetone but can be eliminated by means of an annealing process. The use of the AZ6624 photo-sensitive resist produces Raman changes typical for amorphization. When using this resist, the disorder-induced changes in the Raman spectra persist even after the same annealing process, implying that the contamination caused by the used photo-sensitive resist is more difficult to eliminate. The present results emphasize the important role played by the lithography process, often taken for granted, in the physical properties of graphene.