强钉扎高温超导体与永磁体系统的悬浮力数值模型

本文从数值模拟和实验两方面研究了熔融织构Y-Ba-Cu-O(YBCO)高温超导块材与永磁体组成的磁悬浮系统的悬浮特性.通过理论与实验结果的比较,在Hikihara-Moon超导磁悬浮动力学唯像模型的基础上,提出了强钉扎磁悬浮力模型,并进一步研究了熔融织构YBCO块材在不同条件下的悬浮特性,包括:场冷高度(FCH)和零场冷却(ZFC)的对磁浮力的影响,以及由不同运动速度导致的磁悬浮力的变化等.结果表明,强钉扎磁悬浮力模型适合于精确描述由熔融织构YBCO高温超导块材与永磁体所组成的磁悬浮系统的悬浮特性.     

涡流阻尼器对高温超导磁悬浮系统的影响

对高温超导磁悬浮系统的动态特性研究表明,多种类型的高温超导磁悬浮系统都存在阻尼过低的问题,在系统中增设涡流阻尼器可以有效改善系统阻尼特性。为了探寻涡流阻尼器高温超导磁悬浮系统悬浮性能的影响,实验研究了几种不同厚度的铜质涡流阻尼器对准静态悬浮力和导向力的影响情况。实验表明,涡流阻尼器的引入对悬浮力和导向力的影响都是有利的,并且悬浮力的测试结果表明可能存在较为优化的阻尼器厚度。     

面向超导钉扎磁浮的液氮液位检测方法研究现状

高温超导钉扎磁浮制式以悬浮导向一体化、自稳定、无需控制等优势得到了越来越多的关注.与其他磁浮制式不同,高温超导钉扎磁浮制式采用块状高温超导材料作为车载悬浮体,需要低温液体液氮作为悬浮单元的制冷剂,冷却方式为浴冷,因此实时监测液氮液面,保证液面平稳是未来超导钉扎磁浮车运行维护的首要需求.本文从车载高温超导YBaCuO块材所需的液氮环境及其配套的液氮容器功能和结构出发,结合我们近期的基于卡尔曼滤波(Kalman filtering,KF)滤波算法的铂电阻传感器液氮液位计研究工作,对6种低温液位检测方法的基础原理、特征及检测精度的对比分析,总结示出包括铂电阻阵列方式在内的3种适用于超导钉扎磁浮列车在线检测系统的液氮液位检测方法,用于推进我国2021年1月13日正式启用的高温超导钉扎高速磁浮工程化样车应用发展.     

基于磁滞效应的YBCO块材磁刚度测试方法

处于外磁场中的高温超导块材具有自稳定性。这种特性使得高温超导块材在磁悬浮轴承、飞轮储能、磁悬浮列车等方面,具有潜在的应用价值。非理想高温超导体具有很强的磁通钉扎特性,表现出很强的磁滞性。处于悬浮状态的高稳超导体,其稳定特性与其悬浮刚度密不可分。文中首先描述了高温超导块材磁悬浮测试系统磁刚度测试原理。此刚度测试方法充分考虑了非理想高温超导块材磁滞效应对磁刚度的影响。基于这种测试方法,研究了YBCO块材在永磁轨道上方悬浮力刚度的特性。通过与传统刚度测试方法比较,这种方法更能反应高温超导磁悬浮车实际磁刚度特性。     

不同荷载下高温超导磁悬浮系统的动态响应

针对YBCO块材和NdFeB永磁体构成的高温超导磁悬浮系统,研究了永磁体在不同荷载时系统的动态响应特性.实验结果表明,当振动频率较低时,悬浮系统动态响应与外加激励信号一致,外加荷载的改变对系统响应基本无影响.随着频率的增加,外加荷载对系统的影响明显增强.荷载越大,系统的抗干扰能力越强.这对高温超导磁悬浮系统的应用有一定...     

真空管道HTS侧浮系统对直线电机推力的影响

为提高真空管道高温超导(HTS)磁悬浮列车系统的自由悬浮运行速度,提出了侧浮式高温超导磁悬浮系统.通过实验对该系统环线运行下的动态过程进行了研究,结果表明,磁浮车在环线运行中,因离心力和重力作用产生横向位移和垂直位移,通过实验和仿真研究了该动态过程对直线电机驱动性能的影响,结果表明,随着垂直位移和横向位移的减小,直线电机起动推力逐渐增大;当垂直位移为5 mm,横向位移小于10 mm时,磁浮车偏离电机中心引起的驱动力变化影响不大.使列车保持较高的驱动稳定性,为侧浮式真空管道高温超导磁浮车初始悬浮位置设计提供参考.     

一种高温超导磁悬浮装置

本文介绍一个基于倒挂吸引式(EMS)原理的高温超导磁悬浮试验装置．这个装置由高温超导磁体、单臂梁金属导轨、位置传感器、控制电路等组成．绕制超导磁体线圈所用的是Bi-2223／Ag高温超导线材．超导磁体工作在激磁电流为3．2A时，在5mm的空气间隙中产生0．21T的磁通密度，与单臂梁金属导轨可产生72N的垂直悬浮力．通过引入压控电流源，利用常规的超前一滞后校正实现了该磁悬浮装置的稳定悬浮和鲁棒控制，在负载变化87．5%的情况下仍能实现超导磁悬浮装置的稳定悬浮．该试验装置首次验证了高温超导线圈的可控性问题，为进一步探索高温超导线圈用于磁悬浮轨道交通系统的可行性打下了基础．     

高温超导磁悬浮测试过程对测试结果的交叉影响作用

在高温超导磁悬浮系统中,超导体和应用外磁场之间的电磁作用比较复杂。通常,任何测试过程对高温超导磁悬浮系统中相互作用力(悬浮力和导向力)结果都有影响。为了能够得到准确的测试结果,文中研究了测试过程对导向力和悬浮力测试结果的影响,发现高温超导磁悬浮系统中存在的磁历史效应导致了这种影响的存在是必然的,而且是交叉影响作用。实验数据进一步指出,在实际的测试过程中必须根据具体的运动路径来选择悬浮力和导向力的测试过程和顺序,以尽可能地减小两者之间的负面影响。根据不同的测试目的,文中也推荐了对应合理的测试方法。     

高温超导磁浮动态性能的实验研究

在世界各国高重复使用单级入轨运载系统的概念研究中,磁悬浮助推发射技术具有低成本、高性能等优点而成为下一代发射系统可供选择的先进技术,提高动态特性可以有效的保证系统工作的稳定性和可靠性,对于磁浮系统及其磁浮技术的应用研究具有一定的指导意义.本文针对高温超导永磁磁浮机构,建立相应的动态性能测试平台,通过激振和响应回馈信号分析获得系统的刚度和固有频率等动态参数,研究和分析一定振幅、频率条件下悬浮气隙的变化对系统动态性能的影响,并探讨了磁浮系统在动态环境中的自稳定行为和可能的控制策略,为缩比磁悬浮发射试验平台的建立提供可靠的技术依据.     

高温超导磁悬浮飞轮储能系统样机

在日益严峻的能源问题背景下,为展示无源高温超导磁悬浮技术在能量储存领域的应用前景,我们设计制作了一台全高温超导磁悬浮形式的飞轮储能样机.样机主要由高温超导磁悬浮轴承、飞轮转子、永磁电机和电路控制及负载部分组成.上下两个轴向型高温超导磁悬浮轴承用于悬浮和稳定飞轮转轴,直径200mm重量1.4kg的飞轮转子作为储能载体,最高可实现13000r/min的转速.在演示运行中,采用灯泡作为负载,该样机完成了从电能→机械能→电能的相互转换.     

Analysis and experimental validation of an HTS linear synchronous propulsion prototype with HTS magnetic suspension

A high temperature superconducting (HTS) linear propulsion system composed of a single-sided HTS linear synchronous motor (HTSLSM) in its middle and HTS magnetic suspension sub-systems on both sides has been developed. The HTSLSM uses an HTS bulk magnet array on the moving secondary, and the field-trapped characteristics of the HTS bulk using different magnetized methods have been measured and compared to identify their magnetization capability. In order to generate a large levitation force for the system, three different types of permanent magnet guideways (PMGs) have been numerically analyzed and experimentally verified to obtain an optimal PMG. Based on comprehensive experimental prototype tests, the results show that the HTS linear propulsion system can run with stable magnetic suspension having a constant air-gap length, and the thrust characteristics versus the exciting current, working frequency and the air-gap length have also been obtained. This work forms the basis for developing a practical HTS linear propulsion system by using HTS bulks both for propulsion and suspension.     

Aerodynamic vibrations of a maglev vehicle running on flexible guideways under oncoming wind actions

This paper intends to present a computational framework of aerodynamic analysis for a maglev (magnetically levitated) vehicle traveling over flexible guideways under oncoming wind loads. The guideway unit is simulated as a series of simple beams with identical span and the maglev vehicle as a rigid car body supported by levitation forces. To carry out the interaction dynamics of maglev vehicle/guideway system, this study adopts an onboard PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller based on Ziegler-Nicholas (Z-N) method to control the levitation forces. Interaction of wind with high-speed train is a complicated situation arising from unsteady airflow around the train. In this study, the oncoming wind loads acting on the running maglev vehicle are generated in temporal/spatial domain using digital simulation techniques that can account for the moving effect of vehicle's speed and the spatial correlation of stochastic airflow velocity field. Considering the motion-dependent nature of levitation forces and the non-conservative characteristics of turbulent airflows, an iterative approach is used to compute the interaction response of the maglev vehicle/guideway coupling system under wind actions. For the purpose of numerical simulation, this paper employs Galerkin's method to convert the governing equations containing a maglev vehicle into a set of differential equations in generalized systems, and then solve the two sets of differential equations using an iterative approach with the Newmark method. From the present investigation, the aerodynamic forces may result in a significant amplification on acceleration amplitude of the running maglev vehicle at higher speeds. For this problem, a PID+LQR (linear quadratic regulator) controller is proposed to reduce the vehicle's acceleration response for the ride comfort of passengers.     

Influence of maglev force relaxation on the forces of bulk HTSC subjected to different lateral displacements above the NdFeB guideway

This paper studied the influence of maglev force relaxation on the force (both levitation and guidance forces) of bulk high-temperature superconductor (HTSC) subjected to different lateral displacements above a NdFeB guideway. Firstly, the maglev forces relaxation property of bulk HTSC above the permanent-magnet guideway (PMG) was studied experimentally, then the levitation and guidance forces were measured by SCML-2 measurement system synchronously at different lateral displacements, some times later(after relaxation), the forces were measured again as the same way. Compared to the two measured results, it was found that the change of the levitation force was larger compared to the case without relaxation, while the change of the guidance force was smaller. In addition, the rate of change of levitation force and guidance force was different for different maximum lateral displacements. This work provided a scientific analysis for the practical application of the bulk HTS.     

空芯大气隙高温超导直线电机电磁力实验研究

直线电机是一种无需中间传动装置而直接将电磁力转换为线性运动的特种电机,在交通运输领域具有广泛的应用前景.将高温超导技术与电机理论相结合,能够有效利用超导材料的强载流能力与高场特性提高直线电机的输出能力.本文提出了一种应用于超导磁悬浮列车牵引的空芯高温超导直线电机,首先建立空芯高温超导直线电机的二维有限元模型对电机结构参数进行初步探索,并完成了超导直线电机样机的设计与制作.通过搭建实验测试平台完成了空芯高温超导直线电机定子磁场和电磁力的实验测试.有限元计算结果与实验数据有较好的一致性,验证了模型的有效性,并利用该模型研究了定子电流,超导线圈电流以及电机气隙对电机推进力输出的影响.本文的相关成果将促进超高速磁浮交通领域关键驱动技术的研究与发展.     

高温超导磁体非接触补偿供电可行性研究

高温超导磁浮列车运行在高速状态,要受到环境振动、电磁激扰、轨道不平顺等问题,由此带来的运行损耗与高温超导接头电阻损耗等自身损耗相互叠加,使得高温超导磁体难以实现恒流运行.因此,本文基于近年来快速发展的非接触传能技术,提出了一种无漏热高温超导磁体非接触补偿供电方案,从理论上建立等效电路模型进行阻抗匹配,确定系统最优参数,同时利用搭建的实验测试平台研究了不同传输间距、不同负载的供电效率,证实了非接触传能技术用于现代轨道交通中高温超导磁体供电补偿的可行性.     

垂向磁场变化量对高温超导块材悬浮力特性的影响

高温超导体因其无源自稳定的特性,受到许多学者的重视,具有广阔的应用前景.目前针对高温超导块材悬浮性能的研究主要集中于由永磁体产生的低磁场环境.本文基于超导磁体平台提供的强磁场环境,通过改变高温超导块材不同的场冷高度,实验研究了高温超导块材悬浮力与垂向磁场变化量的关系.研究结果表明随着垂向磁场变化量的增加,高温超导块材的悬浮力增长趋缓,并最终出现悬浮力饱和的现象.本文还对比了YBCO和GdBCO两种不同材料超导块材的悬浮性能,结果发现GdBCO的悬浮力在强磁场环境中表现出更大的潜力.这为高温超导磁浮在强磁场中的应用奠定了基础,通过更加合理地调节磁场的分布,可以更好地发挥高温超导块材的悬浮性能潜力.     

Annoyance caused by the sounds of a magnetic levitation train

In a laboratory study, the annoyance caused by the passby sounds from a magnetic levitation (maglev) train was investigated. The listeners were presented with various sound fragments. The task of the listeners was to respond after each presentation to the question: "How annoying would you find the sound in the preceding period if you were exposed to it at home on a regular basis?" The independent variables were (a) the driving speed of the maglev train (varying from 100 to 400 km/h), (b) the outdoor A-weighted sound exposure level (ASEL) of the passbys (varying from 65 to 90 dB), and (c) the simulated outdoor-to-indoor reduction in sound level (windows open or windows closed). As references to the passby sounds from the maglev train (type Transrapid 08), sounds from road traffic (passenger cars and trucks) and more conventional railway (intercity trains) were included for rating also. Four important results were obtained. Provided that the outdoor ASELs were the same, (1) the annoyance was independent of the driving speed of the maglev train, (2) the annoyance caused by the maglev train was considerably higher than that caused by the intercity train, (3) the annoyance caused by the maglev train was hardly different from that caused by road traffic, and (4) the results (1)-(3) held true both for open or closed windows. On the basis of the present results, it might be expected that the sounds are equally annoying if the ASELs of the maglev-train passbys are at least 5 dB lower than those of the intercity train passbys. Consequently, the results of the present experiment do not support application of a railway bonus to the maglev-train sounds.     

Influences of cooling height and lateral moving speed on the levitation characteristics of YBaCuO bulks

Using an updated high-temperature superconductor (HTS) maglev measurement system, electromagnetic forces between a YBaCuO bulk superconductor and a permanent magnet (PM) have been measured under different cooling height (CH) and different lateral moving speed of the PM. It is found that the influence of the moving speed on both the levitation and lateral force is substantial and as such the results shown in this work are a benefit to the understanding of levitation systems.