Reactive scattering of a supersonic oxygen atom beam O+ICl

Reactive scattering of O atoms with ICl molecules has been studied at an initial translational energy E = 40 kJ mol^-1 using a supersonic beam of O atoms seeded in He and at E = 15 kJ mol^-1 using O atoms seeded in Ne. Velocity distributions of OI product were measured by cross-correlation time-of-flight analysis. Full contour maps of the differential reaction cross-section have been obtained which show peaking almost equally in the forward and backward directions at both initial translational energies. The product translational energy distributions are consistent with a long-lived O-I-Cl collision complex dissociating via a loose transition state. The stability of the O-I-Cl complex is attributed to the low electronegativity of the central I atom compared with the peripheral atoms. This electronegativity ordering rule also determines the stability of the intermediates in the other reactions of oxygen atoms with halogen molecules. The mild peaking of the product angular distributions for O + ICl and IBr indicates that collision complexes have quite modest collision angular momenta L ～ 40 ? corresponding to impact parameters b ～ 1·4 Å and that the angular momentum of the OI molecule in the loose transition state may be approximately half the product orbital angular momentum.     

Comparison of the characteristics of the fusion-fission and quasifission products in reactions with heavy ions

Overlap of quasifission and fusion-fission product mass distributions measured for the ⁴⁸Ca + ¹⁵⁴Sm reaction at near-barrier energies is analyzed. As the incident ion energy increases, the angular distribution of quasifission fragments becomes narrower and they are concentrated near the forward and backward angles. The observed decrease in the yield of quasifission products with increasing collision energy is caused by noncoincidence of the product emission and detector position directions (the latter direction lags behind the beam direction by more than 15°) rather than by a decrease in the number of quasifission events. Our evaluations show that the excitation functions of evaporation residues in the ⁵⁴Cr + ²⁴⁸Cm reaction are several orders of magnitude larger than the excitation functions for the other reactions, ⁵⁸Fe + ²⁴⁴Pu and ⁶⁴Ni + ²³⁸U, used to synthesize a new superheavy element with Z = 120 (A = 302).     

The spin density matrix for slowly reorienting molecules in zero field

The time evolution of the spin density matrix of a spin embedded in a slowly moving molecule is investigated using Gordon's extended diffusion model for molecular reorientation and allowing the spin to follow the molecular motion. The results for this model are identical with those previously obtained using a jump diffusional model and do not give the adiabatic limit in slow motion. This model is valid provided the molecular angular velocity correlation time is short compared to the spin precession period. The perturbed angular correlation of rays or the spin resonance line shape can be calculated for any value of the rotational diffusion constant by diagonalizing a finite matrix. The necessary matrix elements are given for the 247 keV state of ¹¹¹Cd (I = 5/2).     

Particle Correlation in Quantum Field Theory

The paper deals with studies of the angular correlation of two mono-energetic particles produced in several fundamental processes in quantum field theory. The angular correlation is defined as the average (expectation value) of the cosine of the angle between the momenta of the two outgoing particles. A positive correlation indicates, in a statistical sense, that the particles tend to travel in the same directions (as in beam formation) while a negative one indicates that they tend to travel in opposing directions. The angular correlations for photons and electrons produced by sources, and in quantum eletrodynamics, to lowest order, γγ produced in e⁺e⁻ collision (annihilation), e⁺e⁻ pair production in γγ collision, and finally e⁺e⁻ pair production by a Nambu string are studied in detail.     

Short-time vibrational dynamics of metaphosphate glasses

In this paper we present the picosecond vibrational dynamics of a series of binary metaphosphate glasses, namely Na₂O–P₂O₅, MO–P₂O₅ (M=Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg) and Al₂O₃–3P₂O₅ by means of Raman spectroscopy. We studied the vibrational dephasing and vibrational frequency modulation by calculating time correlation functions of vibrational relaxation by fits in the frequency domain. The fitting method used enables one to model the real line profiles intermediate between Lorentzian and Gaussian by an analytical function, which has an analytical counterpart in the time domain. The symmetric stretching modes ν_s(PO₂^?) and ν_s(P–O–P) of the PO₂^? entity of PØ₂O₂^? units and of P–O–P bridges in metaphosphate arrangements have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy and we used them as probes of the dynamics of these glasses. The vibrational time correlation functions of both modes studied are rather adequately interpreted within the assumption of exponential modulation function in the context of Kubo–Rothschield theory and indicate that the system experiences an intermediate dynamical regime that gets only slower with an increase in the ionic radius of the cation-modifier. We found that the vibrational correlation functions of all glasses studied comply with the Rothschild approach assuming that the environmental modulation is described by a stretched exponential decay. The evolution of the dispersion parameter α with increasing ionic radius of the cation indicates the deviation from the model simple liquid indicating the reduction of the coherence decay in the perturbation potential as a result of local short lived aggregates. The results are discussed in the framework of the current phenomenological status of the field.     

On the Similarity of the Statistical Characteristics of Spontaneous Radiation of a Quantum Amplifier at Different Gain Factors

The transformation laws governing the statistical properties of the quantum noise of an optical amplifier when its gain factor and spectral line profile are varied are considered. The correlation functions of quantum noise both at the amplifier output and after nonlinear transformation normalized to the correlation time of quantum noise at the amplifier output were found to be independent of the amplifier gain provided that it exceeds 10 for the Gaussian spectral line profile and 10³ for the Lorentzian profile. The spectral density of quantum noise transformed in a nonlinear system was shown to possess the same similarity property. It was found that the statistical characteristics possess a similarity property even in the case of variation of the spectral line profile from Gaussian to Lorentzian. It was concluded that such a characteristic of quantum noise of an optical amplifier as the correlation time bears virtually all information on the above-mentioned statistical properties at a reasonably large amplifier gain. The similarity property revealed has an important application. It allows finding the matching condition between the optical signal spectrum and the gain profile of the optical quantum amplifier to achieve the highest sensitivity of signal detection by the amplifier.     

A study of charge,energy and angular momentum transfer in the 56Fe + 197Au and 56Fe + 107, 109Ag reactions at 7.2 and 8.3 MeV/nucleon

Kinetic energy spectra, charge and angular distributions have been measured for thirty elements produced in the reactions of 401 and 460 MeV ⁵⁶Fe + ¹⁹⁷Au and in the reaction of 470 MeV ⁵⁶Fe + ^{107, 109}Ag. In addition, γ-ray multiplicities were measured at the 470 MeV bombarding energy for both targets at a limited number of angles. The charge distributions for the deep-inelastic component of these systems increase monotonically with atomic number in the measured angular range, whereas, those for the quasielastic component are skewed toward Z-values below the projectile. The angular distributions for the Fe-induced reactions show a smooth evolution from a side-peaked to forward-peaked distributions with increasing mass transfer. This side peak is more intense and more persistent for mass transfers from the projectile to the target. In the quasielastic region the γ-ray multiplicity is observed to increase almost linearly with decreasing Q-value whereas for large negative β-values it is essentially constant and independent of the exit channel mass asymmetry. Finally, angular distributions, angle-integrated charge distributions and γ-ray multiplicities have been compared with a diffusion model in which the dynamics of shape evolution, N/Z equilibration, angular momentum and energy exchange occur via one-body forces.     

Large-angle elastic scattering of α-particles from 20Ne and 22Ne

Resonances observed in the 177° (lab) excitation function of α-particles scattered elastically from ²⁰Ne are investigated in terms of a single Regge pole. The position of the pole in the complex angular momentum plane is determined from angular distributions measured at incident α-particle energies of 25.8 and 27.0 MeV, at which energy values prominent maxima were observed in the excitation function and the pole contribution to these angular distributions is therefore expected to be a maximum. The complete trajectory of the pole over the energy region investigated (24.6 to 31.7 MeV) is obtained by means of extrapolation. The pole trajectory across the surface absorption region of the target nucleus clearly shows the reason for the occurrence of only three large resonances in this energy region, the remaining resonances being attenuated considerably. An angular distribution obtained for ²²Ne(α, α)²²Ne at an incident energy of 27.0 MeV also indicates the presence of the Regge pole found for ²⁰Ne at the same energy, even though its strength is severely reduced due to the isotopic dependence effect.     

Complete angular analysis of the decay cascadeB→D ** (→D *(→Dπ)+π+W(→lv)

We develop a general algorithm for describing angular decay distributions in cascade decay chains of arbitrary length. The general algorithm is used to study joint angular decay distributions for the cascade decayB→D ^**(→D ^*(→Dπ)+W(→lv) where theD ^** is a genericP-wave charm meson state. Lepton mass effects are fully incorporated. The joint angular decay distribution depend on 43 independently measurable decay parameters if the spin parity of theD ^** is 1⁺ and on 48 decay parameters if the spin parity of theD ^** is 2⁺. We give expressions for these decay parameters in terms of the helicity amplitudes of the two-body decay processes. An absolute prediction for all the parameters is presented in the framework of the heavy quark effective theory. A method for obtaining the helicity amplitudes from measured joint angular distributions is suggested.     

Dynamics of the fusion process

The binary reaction products from the interaction of a ²⁰⁸Pb beam with targets of ²⁶Mg, ²⁷Al, ⁴⁸Ca, ⁵⁰Ti, ⁵²Cr, ⁵⁸Fe and ⁶⁴Ni have been studied with the aid of a large position-sensitive ring counter, operated in a two-particle coincidence mode. The intensity of γ-rays and X-rays per event was also recorded. Within a broad range around mass symmetry, the center of mass angular distributions, γ-ray multiplicities, total kinetic energy distributions, and absolute mass yields have been determined as a function of the bombarding energy, ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 times the interaction barrier. When analysed on the basis of fusion models, the cross section for the mass equilibration reaction demonstrates that deformations induced at contact influence the fusion of these heavy systems significantly and characteristically. The γ-ray multiplicities appear to be strongly influenced by statistical angular momentum components that remain with the fragments after separation. Their magnitudes indicate that during the reaction, the collision complex becomes at least as compact as the liquid-drop saddle shape appropriate to a non-rotating nucleus with the same total mass and charge. Finally, some angular distributions show that the entire process of coalescence and reseparation can occur before the system has made one-half revolution; i.e. within a time of 5–10 × 10^?21 s. No X-ray emission from the combined system ²⁰⁸Pb + ⁴⁸Ca is observed.     

High spin states in105Ag

Levels in¹⁰⁵Ag were populated by the¹⁰³Rh(α, 2nγ) reaction,γ-singles spectra,γγ-coincidences, excitation functions, angular distributions and polarisation measurements were taken. These measurements were used to construct a level-scheme and give various spin and parity assignments. Nuclear Reactions:¹⁰³Rh(α, 2nγ)¹⁰⁵Ag; measuredEγ, Iγ, γγ-coincidences, excitation functions, angular distributions, polarisation.     

Large contribution of deep inelastic processes to reactions of40Ar and48Ca with238U

Differential recoil range distributions have been measured for heavy-reaction products ranging from Te(Z=52) to quasielastic transfer products near the charge and mass of the targets for the reactions of 276 MeV⁴⁸Ca+²³⁸U, 237MeV and 250 MeV⁴⁰Ar+²³⁸U, and 259 MeV⁴⁰Ar+¹⁹⁷Au. The measured recoil range distributions for the⁴⁰Ar+¹⁹⁷Au reaction agree with range distributions calculated from the known projectile-like fragment angular distributions for this reaction. The angular distributions of recoil products formed in the uranium target reactions are deduced and show that the products in the₇₅Re to₈₃Bi region have backward peaked angular distributions characteristic of deep inelastic reactions. The heavy product angular distributions smoothly vary from a (1/sinθ) shape to an exponential shaped backward peak as the atomic number of the product increases from 52 to 83. The trend in the deduced angular distributions for those elements for which recoil range distributions were determined in the⁴⁰Ar+¹⁹⁷Au reaction and the 250 MeV⁴⁰Ar+²³⁸U reaction is similar, suggesting that just as for the Ar+Au system the composite system for the uranium target reaction is also not fully equilibrated along the mass asymmetry coordinate. These conclusions show that the fraction of the total reaction cross section resulting in complete fusion must be re-evaluated for the⁴⁰Ar+²³⁸U reaction and similar heavy-target reactions.     

On the angular distribution of extensive air showers

Angular distributions of extensive air showers with different number of charged particles in the range 2.5 × 10⁵–4 × 10⁷ are derived using the experimental data obtained with the EAS MSU array. Possible approximations of the obtained distributions with different empiric functions available in literature, are analyzed. It is shown that the exponential function provides the best approximation of the angular distributions in the sense of the χ² criterion.     

Comparative study for nucleus-nucleus interactions and modified cascade evaporation model at (4.1 – 4.5) AGeV/c

The characteristics of the nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energy for the interactions of ¹H, ⁴He, ¹²C, ¹⁶O, ²²Ne, ²⁸Si and ³²S with emulsion at momentum (4.1 – 4.5) AGeV/c have been investigated. It has been found that the multiplicity distributions of the different emitted particles and their average values can be described by the modified cascade evaporation model. The model reproduces satisfactorily the multiplicity distributions of the shower, grey and black particles and the correlations between their multiplicities. It has been seen that the number of the produced shower particles increases with the increase of the projectile mass number. From the correlation between the average multiplicity of the evaporation particles and the number of the produced particles, it was found that a phase transition in the target system may occur. The calculated pseudo-rapidity distributions of the produced shower particles are typically Gaussian shaped in the mid-rapidity region and agree well with the experimental data. Also, the angular distributions of the grey and black particles have been investigated. The angular distributions of the grey particles show a universal shape independent of the type of projectile. The angular distributions of the black particles are nearly isotropic with a small asymmetry in the forward direction. The modified cascade evaporation model, reproduces the general characteristics of the nucleus-nucleus interactions and gives an explanation for the multiparticle production process.     

Angular correlations in ternary fission induced by polarized neutrons

Ternary fission induced by cold polarized neutrons was studied for the two isotopes ²³³U and ²³⁵U at the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, France. In particular two types of angular correlations between the spin of the incoming neutrons and the emission directions of both, the fission fragments (FF) and the ternary particles (TP), were investigated. For FF and TP detectors facing the target at right angles to the neutron beam, first, for longitudinally polarized neutrons a triple correlation between spin and the emission of outgoing particles was explored and, second, for transversally polarized neutrons parity violating asymmetries in the emission of FFs and TPs were analyzed. Nonzero expectation values for the triple correlation were oberserved in the present experiments for the first time.