Energy flow measurements in acoustic waves in a duct

Where, how much and how efficiently the energy conversion takes place in a regenerator of a thermoacoustic engine are expressed using the axial distribution of acoustic work flow and heat flow. As a first step in determining the energy flows inside the regenerator, measuring methods of the work flow are briefly described and the experimental results in an acoustic resonator are shown. Applicability of these methods to the regenerator is discussed.     

热声热机热声核内传热与流动特性实验研究

本文通过搭建扬声器驱动的热声热机可视化实验台,利用粒子成像测速仪(PIV)和红外热像仪得到冷、热端换热器间速度及温度场分布,对有无声场两种情况下热声核中速度及温度场的变化进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,外加声场改变了热声核中热对流的基本模式,增强了冷热端换热器间的换热能力,对热声核中的温度分布有着显著的影响。揭示了热声核中的流动与换热规律。     

多段式回热器的斯特林热声发动机CFD仿真

热声回热器的温度梯度使得轴向气体存在不同粘性,因此单一水力直径的丝网会引起回热器的直流损失。为了减小该损失,文中提出了多段式回热器结构,建立了适用于大振幅下斯特林热声发动机的三维CFD计算模型。计算结果验证了多段式回热器能有效提高热声发动机的整机性能。该研究有助于增加对回热器的进一步认识和理解。     

同轴型行波热声热机的实验研究

自行设计搭建了国际首台同轴型行波热声热机的实验装置 ,以氮气为工质 ,获得频率为1 3 7Hz的谐振声波。回热器热端温度达到 2 0 0℃左右时 ,热声热机开始起振 ,平均振幅 0 .1 4bar     

Acoustic pressure losses in woven screen regenerators

In thermoacoustic travelling-wave engines and other Stirling cycle devices, good performance depends on the material of a regenerator being in intimate contact with the gas inside it, so that each particle of gas oscillates in temperature following the adjacent material as it is acoustically displaced. This requires that the passages are small enough for temperature waves to penetrate across the gas path with the frequencies of interest. One type of ‘regenerator’ that is commonly used for this purpose is composed of multiple layers of woven stainless steel mesh, laid on top of one another in random registration. Associated with the thermal penetration is a viscous loss of pressure and this must be quantified if efficient engines are to be designed.In the literature, reliance has been placed on the correlation of steady-flow loss data for these meshes, but for the coarser ones operating at frequencies greater than 28 Hz, the assumption of quasi steady-flow is dubious and direct acoustic measurements must be made. This paper reports acoustic pressure loss data for meshes with 34 and 75 wires per inch taken in two configurations of impedance tube, and finds that the dependence on velocity is the same as in steady-flow, but that there is indeed some enhancement of loss for frequencies above 40 Hz. (Separation of the mesh layers is probably responsible for the anomalously low loss coefficients that were recorded in one set of data.) It is shown that the acoustic pressure losses can be correlated in terms that give the acoustic impedance more directly than the friction factor correlations.     

An aeroacoustically driven thermoacoustic heat pump

The mean flow of gas in a pipe past a cavity can excite the resonant acoustic modes of the cavity--much like blowing across the top of a bottle. The periodic shedding of vortices from the leading edge of the mouth of the cavity feeds energy into the acoustic modes which, in turn, affect the shedding of the next vortex. This so-called aeroacoustic whistle can excite very high amplitude acoustic standing waves within a cavity defined by coaxial side branches closed at their ends. The amplitude of these standing waves can easily be 20% of the ambient pressure at optimal gas flow rates and ambient pressures within the main pipe. A standing wave thermoacoustic heat pump is a device which utilizes the in-phase pressure and displacement oscillations to pump heat across a porous medium thereby establishing, or maintaining, a temperature gradient. Experimental results of a combined system of aeroacoustic sound source and a simple thermoacoustic stack will be presented.     

行波和驻波模式下热声振荡的临界温度梯度

热声机械作为一种能量转化装置。其效率于传统发动机还有较大差距。本文讨论了热声发动机在驻波和行波两种不同工作状态下,其声功率产生的临界温度梯度与流道尺寸和工作介质的关系,得出了两种模式下最佳的工作条件。结果表明;采用行波形式的热声发动机结构,可以有效降低临界温度梯度,提高热致声的效率,同时可以利用一些低品位来做为热声发动机的高温端。     

行波型热声发动机起振温差的研究

热声机械作为一种新型的能量转化装置 ,讨论其起振温差对于利用低品位能源具有非常重要的意义。文中讨论了行波型热声发动机起振温差的计算方法 ,得到了回热器结构、工作介质、丝网、频率等对起振温差的影响规律     

Acoustic streaming in closed thermoacoustic devices.

A derivation of acoustic streaming in a steady-state thermoacoustic device is presented in the case of zero second-order time-averaged mass flux across the resonator section (nonlooped device). This yields analytical expressions for the time-independent second-order velocity, pressure gradient, and time-averaged mass flux in a fluid supporting a temperature gradient and confined between widely to closely separated solid boundaries, both in the parallel plate and in the cylindrical tube geometries (two-dimensional problem). From this, streaming can be evaluated in a thermoacoustic stack, regenerator, pulse tube, main resonator of a thermoacoustic device, or in any closed tube that supports a mean temperature gradient, providing only that the acoustic pressure, the longitudinal derivative of the pressure, and the mean temperature variation are known.     

Influence of stack geometry and resonator length on the performance of thermoacoustic engine

Thermoacoustic engines convert heat energy into high amplitude sound waves, which is used to drive thermoacoustic refrigerator or pulse tube cryocoolers by replacing the mechanical pistons such as compressors. The increasing interest in thermoacoustic technology is of its potentiality of no exotic materials, low cost and high reliability compared to vapor compression refrigeration systems. The experimental setup has been built based on the linear thermoacoustic model and some simple design parameters. The engines produce acoustic energy at the temperature difference of 325–450 K imposed along the stack of the system. This work illustrates the influence of stack parameters such as plate thickness (PT) and plate spacing (PS) with resonator length on the performance of thermoacoustic engine, which are measured in terms of onset temperature difference, resonance frequency and pressure amplitude using air as a working fluid. The results obtained from the experiments are in good agreement with the theoretical results from DeltaEc.     

热声系统中回热器特征阻抗与传播常数的研究

针对本实验室一台声驱动热声系统,采用传递函数法研究声驱动系统中回热器的特征阻抗和传播常数.通过调节谐振管长度,改变回热器表面的阻抗,从理论上分析了回热器网络传输方程中的声传播常数、特征阻抗与系统网络元件中的阻抗、导纳和流的关系.并且进一步讨论有无换热器以及不同的加热功率对回热器网络参数的影响.结论有利于进一步量化回热器的网络参数.     

回热器功产生的临界温度梯度研究

热声机械作为一种能量转化装置，能够不通过运动部件将热量转变成压力波输出，实现这一功能的关键部件就是回热器，本文讨论了丝网型回热器能在纯行波状态下起振的临界温度梯度与结构参数及运行参数的关系。     

影响回热器换热的各参数讨论

从线性热声理论出发,通过求解并简化交变流动换热系数,对规则流道的换热进行较为全面的讨论,得到平板以及圆管流道回热器换热系数的简化表达式.考虑固壁温度波动后,发现对于一定结构的回热器,换热系数是六个无量纲量的函数.特别针对低温情况下,讨论了影响换热的主要因素以及增强换热的方法.     

回热器的热声直流模型及其效应研究

本文由基本的守恒方程出发,获得了能描述回热器存在声直流时的非线性动力学模型及由此而导致的非线性时均热力学效应。根据所得到的模型,考察了声直流对临界声功产生率温度梯度、回热器温度分布以及脉冲管制冷性能的影响。     

Synthetical optimization of the structure dimension for the thermoacoustic regenerator

The quantitative investigation of parameters in the renegerator is essential for the optimization of thermoacoustic devices, while the majority of the previous research only considered parameters of the working field, working gas and the hydraulic radius. Based on the linear thermoacoustic theory, this paper extracts a normalized parameter for low-amplitude conditions, which is called the regenerator operation factor. By extracting the regenerator operation factor and relative hydraulic radius, the influence of frequency on the efficiency can be controlled and offset. It can be found that thermoacoustic devices with different frequencies can perform the same efficiency by adjusting the radius in proportion to the axial length. Finally, this paper synthetically optimizes the dimension of the thermoacoustic regenerator by taking the regenerator operation factor, relative hydraulic radius and acoustic field parameter as variables. Conclusions in this paper are of great significance for explaining the best working conditions of engines and directing the miniaturization and optimal design of thermoacoustic devices.     

1kW碟式太阳能行波热声发电系统

碟式太阳能行波热声发电是近年来兴起的新型热发电技术,具有可靠性好、潜在效率高、分布灵活等优点。本文介绍了正在研制的一套1 kW碟式太阳能行波热声发电系统。该系统利用碟式集热器收集太阳辐射热量,通过高温热管将热量传输到发动机热端,再采用行波热声发电机进行热-电转换。初步调试采用高频加热模拟太阳能,以3.5 MPa氦气为工质、加热温度为751℃和798℃时分别实现了116 W和255 W的电功输出。实验验证了系统的可行性。目前系统的安装调试仍在进行中,相关的实验结果将在后续的文章中进行报道。     

驻波型热声发动机的数值模拟

通过对驻波发动机热声边界条件的分析 ,给出了一种用“打靶法”进行迭代运算的循环模式 ,从而避开繁重的矩阵运算 ,计算效率得到有效地提高。最后以一个实例证明本方法计算结果与实验吻合较好。     

行波热声发动机的优化设计

对行波热声发动机进行了优化设计 ;对回热器内部的功的损失和回热器的热漏损失进行了分析 ;给出了行波热声热机回热器的优化结构 ;对于设计行波型热声发动机有非常重要的理论指导意义。     

An open-air infrasonic thermoacoustic engine

A low-frequency open-air thermoacoustic engine in a Helmholtz resonator has been constructed. Tests indicate that the system resonates in the Helmholtz mode for modest thermoacoustic stack temperature differences using stacks of varying type and pore size located within the neck of the Helmholtz resonator. The maximum acoustic pressure radiated from the open end of the resonator corresponds to 81 dB-SPL ref 20 μPa at a stack temperature difference of 185 K and an input electric power of 276 W. The system is well characterized by a numerical model of a representative stack.     

Modular system for studying tonal sound excitation in resonators with heat addition and mean flow

An educational experimental system has been developed for studying tonal sound generation in acoustic resonators. Tones are excited by either heat addition or vortex shedding in the presence of mean flow. The system construction is straightforward and inexpensive. Several test arrangements and experimental data are described in this paper. The experimental setups include a modified Rijke tube, a standing-wave thermoacoustic engine, a baffled tube with mean flow, and an acoustic energy harvester with a piezoelement. Simplified mathematical models for interpreting data are discussed, and references are provided to literature with more advanced analyses. The developed system can assist both graduate and undergraduate students in understanding acoustic instabilities via conducting and analyzing interesting experiments.