An on-engine method for dynamic characterisation of NOx concentration sensors

An on-engine method for dynamic characterisation of automotive NO_x concentration sensors is presented. Steps in start of injection on a diesel engine are employed to achieve step-like NO_x concentration variations on exhaust flow. On the basis of the sensor response, delay and dynamic response can be easily identified; the paper shows a simple least squares procedure although other models and identification techniques could be used. Application data is presented for three NO_x sensors: a research-grade chemiluminescence exhaust gas analyser, and two different commercial ZrO₂-based sensors.     

Microstructural effects on yield surface evolution in cubic metals using the viscoplastic ?-model

Polycrystalline yield surfaces of metals are a good way to characterize the anisotropy of plastic deformation. The evolution of these surfaces is impossible to accurately reproduce without taking into account the evolution of the material microstructure such as texture development. In this paper, a numerical computation of yield surfaces using the viscoplastic ?-model is proposed. Results concerning face-centered cubic metals subjected to a plane strain compression test are presented. The influence of several mechanical parameters (strain hardening, strain rate sensitivity coefficient and accumulated deformation) on subsequent yield surfaces evolution is studied. The analysis of the change in the shape and size of the yield surfaces shows that the results depend strongly on the parameter ? which controls the strength of the interactions in the polycrystal. In addition, the predictions are compared to the widely used viscoplastic self-consistent model as well as to experimental yield loci taken from the literature for various aluminum alloy sheets. A fairly good qualitative agreement between our ?-model results and the experimental ones is found. The probable links between the parameter ? and the microstructural features such as the stacking fault energy and the grain size of the polycrystal are also briefly discussed.     

Random vibration of a point-driven two-span beam on an elastic foundation

In this study, we investigate the random vibrations of a point-driven two-span beam of length 2L on a linear elastic foundation. The normal mode approach is utilized. The natural frequencies are falling in two groups: the first group corresponds to the beam of length L that is simply supported at its ends; the second group is associated with the beam of length L that is simply supported at one end and clamped at the other end. The mean-square velocity of the beam is written in terms of auto- and cross-correlations within groups, as well as in terms of cross-correlations between the modes of two groups. In addition, the two-span beam experiences the clustering of frequencies with increased modal density. The effect of cross-correlations between the modal responses corresponding to closely spaced natural frequencies turns out to be extremely significant.     

考虑横法向热应变的C~0型Reddy板理论和三角形板单元

考虑横法向热变形,建议了C0型Reddy理论,并用于分析复合材料层合/夹层板热膨胀问题。虽然考虑了横法向热应变,但不增加额外的位移变量。此理论位移场不含有横向位移一阶导数,构造有限元时仅需C0插值函数。基于这一模型,运用虚位移原理推导了复合材料板平衡方程以及构造了6节点三角形板单元,并分析了简支复合材料层合/夹层板的热膨胀问题。数值结果表明,建立的模型能准确分析复合材料层合/夹层板热膨胀问题,而忽略横法向热应变的理论分析热膨胀问题误差较大。     

Global and local behaviour based composite damping studies on thin-walled box structure

The local (plate)/global (beam) vibration and damping behavior of composite thin-walled box member subjected to vibratory environment are studied and presented in this paper. This investigation is carried out by the use of 3D beam and thin plate finite elements and the corresponding modal frequencies/damping values of composite box beam are predicted by modal strain energy method. Application examples illustrate the ability of the 3D beam and thin plate element to predict both local and global modal frequencies/damping of hollow box sections. The influence of L/h ratio, b/h ratio and ply angle on the frequency and loss factor of composite box beam is investigated. In addition, an attempt has also been made to investigate the effect of temperature on the composite damping characteristics of rectangular box type section.     

Effect of thermophoresis and other parameters on the particle deposition on a tilted surface

In this study a modified version of v2-f turbulence model (φ-α), is applied to simulate a non-isothermal air-flow. The φ-α model and a two-phase Eulerian approach complement each other to predict the rate of particle deposition on a tilted surface. The φ-α model can accurately calculate the normal fluctuations, which mainly represent the non-isotropic nature of turbulence regime near the wall. The Eulerian model was modified considering the most important mechanism in the particle deposition rate when compared to the experimental data. The model performance is examined by comparing the rate of particle deposition on a vertical surface with the experimental data in a turbulent channel flow available in the literature. The effects of lift force, turbophoretic force, thermophoreric force, electrostatic force, gravitational force and Brownian/turbulent diffusion were examined on the particle deposition rate. The results show that, using the φ-α model predicts the rate of deposition with reasonable accuracy. The results of modified particle model are in good agreement with the experimental data. This study highlights the paramount effect of thermophoretic force on the particle deposition rate and clearly shows that when the temperature difference exceeds a certain limit, the electrostatic force has insignificant effect on the particle deposition rate. Furthermore, it is indicated that even at small temperature differences, the effect of tilt angle on the particle deposition rate for intermediate-size particles is negligible.     

The sliding interface crack with friction between elastic and rigid bodies

The paper analyzes the frictional sliding crack at the interface between a semi-infinite elastic body and a rigid one. It gives solutions in complex form for non-homogeneous loading at infinity and explicit solutions for polynomial loading at the interface. It is found that the singularities at the crack tips are different and that they are related to distinct kinematics at the crack tips. Firstly, we postulate that the geometry of the equilibrium crack with crack-tip positions b and a is determined by the conditions of square integrable stresses and continuous displacement at both crack tips. The crack geometry solution is not unique and is defined by any compatible pair (b,a) belonging to a quasi-elliptical curve. Then we prove that, for an equilibrium crack under given applied load, the “energy release rate” G_tip, defined at each crack tip by the J_ε-integral along a semi-circular path, centered at the crack tip, with vanishing radius ε, vanishes. For arbitrarily shaped paths embracing the whole crack, with end points on the unbroken zone, the J-integral is path-independent and has the significance of the rate, with respect to the crack length, of energy dissipated by friction on the crack.     

Dynamics of the geometrically non-linear analysis of anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells

A general approach, based on shearable shell theory, to predict the influence of geometric non-linearities on the natural frequencies of an elastic anisotropic laminated cylindrical shell incorporating large displacements and rotations is presented in this paper. The effects of shear deformations and rotary inertia are taken into account in the equations of motion. The hybrid finite element approach and shearable shell theory are used to determine the shape function matrix. The analytical solution is divided into two parts. In part one, the displacement functions are obtained by the exact solution of the equilibrium equations of a cylindrical shell based on shearable shell theory instead of the usually used and more arbitrary interpolating polynomials. The mass and linear stiffness matrices are derived by exact analytical integration. In part two, the modal coefficients are obtained, using Green's exact strain-displacement relations, for these displacement functions. The second- and third-order non-linear stiffness matrices are then calculated by precise analytical integration and superimposed on the linear part of equations to establish the non-linear modal equations. Comparison with available results is satisfactorily good.     

Hybrid RANS/LES of flow and heat transfer in round impinging jets

Fluid flow and convective heat transfer predictions are presented of round impinging jets for several combinations of nozzle-plate distances H/D = 2, 6 and 13.5 (where D is the nozzle diameter) and Reynolds numbers Re = 5000, 23,000 and 70,000 with the newest version of the k-ω model of Wilcox (2008) and three hybrid RANS/LES models. In the RANS mode of the hybrid RANS/LES models, the k-ω model is recovered. Three formulations are considered to activate the LES mode. The first model is similar to the hybrid models of Davidson and Peng (2003) and Kok et al. (2004). The turbulent length scale is replaced by the grid size in the destruction term of the k-equation and in the definition of the RANS eddy viscosity. As grid size, a maximum measure of the hexahedral grid cell is used. The second model has the same k-equation, but the eddy viscosity is the minimum of the k-ω eddy viscosity and the Smagorinsky eddy viscosity, following a proposal by Batten et al. (2004). The Smagorinsky eddy viscosity is formed with the cube root of the cell volume. The third model has, again, the same k-equation, but has an eddy viscosity which is an intermediate between the eddy viscosities of the first and second models. This is reached by using the cube root of the cell volume in the eddy viscosity formula of the first model.The simulation results are compared with experimental data for the high Reynolds number cases Re = 23,000 and Re = 70,000 and LES data for the low-Reynolds number case Re = 5000. The Reynolds numbers are defined with the nozzle diameter and the bulk velocity at nozzle outlet. At low nozzle-plate distance (the impingement plate is in the core of the jet), turbulent kinetic energy is overpredicted by RANS in the stagnation flow region. This leads to overprediction of the heat transfer rate along the impingement plate in the impact zone. At high nozzle-plate distance (the impingement plate is in the mixed-out region of the jet), the turbulence mixing is underpredicted by RANS in the shear layer of the jet which gives a too high length of the jet core. This also results in overprediction of the heat transfer rate in the impingement zone caused by too big temperature gradients at impingement.All hybrid RANS/LES models are able to correct the heat transfer overprediction of the RANS model. For good predictions at low nozzle-plate distance, it is necessary to sufficiently resolve the formation and development of the near-wall vortices in the jet impingement region. At high nozzle-plate distance, the essence is to capture the evolution and breakup of the flow unsteadiness in the shear layer of the jet, so that accurate mean and fluctuating velocity profiles are obtained in the impingement region. Although the models have a quite different theoretical justification and generate a quite different eddy viscosity in some flow regions, their overall results are very comparable. The reason is that in zones that are crucial for the results, the models behave similarly.     

Large amplitude free vibration of shear deformable laminated composite annular sector plates by a sector p-element

A sector p-element is presented for the large amplitude free vibration analysis of laminated composite annular sector plates. The effects of out-of-plane shear deformations, rotary inertia, and geometric non-linearity are taken into account. The shape functions are derived from the shifted Legendre orthogonal polynomials. The element stiffness and mass matrices are integrated analytically with the aid of symbolic computing. The method consists of modeling the annular sector plate as one element. The accuracy of the solution is improved simply by increasing the polynomial order. The time-dependent coefficients are described by a truncated Fourier series. The equations of free motion are obtained using the harmonic balance method and solved by the linearized updated mode method. Results for the linear and non-linear frequencies of clamped laminated composite annular sector plates are obtained. The case of a clamped isotropic annular sector plate is also shown. The linear frequencies are found to converge rapidly downwards as the polynomial order is increased. Comparisons of the linear frequencies with published results show excellent agreement. The effects of sector angle, inner-to-outer radius ratio, thickness-to-outer radius ratio, moduli ratio, number of plies, and layup sequence on the backbone curves are also investigated. It is shown that the hardening behavior increases or decreases depending on geometric and lamination parameters.     

Measurement of mechanical vibration damping in orthotropic,composite and isotropic plates based on a continuous system analysis

The problem of free and forced transverse vibration of an orthotropic, composite, and isotropic thin square plates with uniformly distributed damping and simply supported boundary conditions has been solved, using a modal expansion technique. A load of the type P₀cosΩt applied at the center of plate has been considered and the phase angle between the forcing function and the vibration response at the center, as a function of the forcing frequency and the damping parameter determined. This theoretical relationship together with the experimentally measured phase angle between the applied mechanical forcing and the resulting vibration response at various forcing frequencies was used to determine an equivalent viscous damping parameter. This technique has been found to be particularly useful for the measurement and comparison of the relative damping in composite or orthotropic materials. Also, a theoretical relation for the energy loss due to viscous damping in vibrating plates has been developed and the theoretical energy loss at various frequencies has been compared with the experimentally measured energy loss at the same frequencies. Typical damping results are presented for aluminum, steel and aluminum/graphite-fiber composite materials.     

基于P-S-N曲线的强度退化随机模型

强度退化一般具有随机性和不可逆性,而Gamma过程是一个独立非负的增量过程,具有描述强度退化特性的基本属性。由于强度退化过程中,表征退化状态(磨损、裂纹、腐蚀等)的数据很难直接测量,属于典型的缺失数据,而表征材料疲劳性能的P-S-N曲线一般易于获得。因此,本文假定Gamma过程的形状参数为线性函数,并利用材料的P-S-N曲线对Gamma过程的特征参数进行估计,由此建立基于P-S-N曲线的强度退化随机模型。最后,利用20CrMnTi钢的疲劳试验数据对所建模型的有效性进行验证和分析。结果表明,所建模型能够有效描述材料强度退化的宏观趋势。     

Validation of a numerical model for the simulation of an electrostatic powder coating process

Numerical modeling of a complete powder coating process is carried out to understand the gas-particle two-phase flow field inside a powder coating booth and results of the numerical simulations are compared with experimental data to validate the numerical results. The flow inside the coating booth is modeled as a three-dimensional turbulent continuous gas flow with solid powder particles as a discrete phase. The continuous gas flow is predicted by solving Navier–Stokes equations using a standard k–ε turbulence model with non-equilibrium wall functions. The discrete phase is modeled based on a Lagrangian approach. In the calculation of particle propagation, a particle size distribution obtained through experiments is applied. The electrostatic field, including the effect of space charge due to free ions, is calculated with the use of the user defined scalar transport equations and user defined scalar functions in the software package, FLUENT, for the electrostatic potential and charge density.     

Effect of T-stress on the mode-I fracture toughness of concrete

T-stress expressions are provided for three-point bending (TPB) beams and compact tension (CT) specimens and then its influence on mode I fracture toughness of concrete is investigated. The study shows that T-stress is dependent on the specimen's geometry and the material's property as well, and for TPB and CT specimens of regular size, T-stress is so small that its consequences can be neglected. The study also indicates that concrete specimen size should be carefully chosen to make sure the existence of K-dominance ahead of the crack tip, thus fracture toughness extracted from these specimen configurations can be reliable.     

基于改进位移模式的一维C1有限元超收敛算法

提出了基于改进位移模式的一维C1有限元超收敛算法。利用单元内部需满足平衡方程的条件,推导了超收敛计算解析公式的显式,即将高阶有限元解的位移模式用常规有限元解的位移模式表示。用常规有限元解的位移模式与高阶有限元解的位移模式之和构造新的位移模式。采用积分形式推导了单元刚度矩阵。该算法在前处理阶段使用了超收敛计算公式,在常规试函数的基础上,增加了高阶试函数,使得单元内平衡方程的残差减少,从而达到提高精度的目标。对于Hermite单元,本文的结点和单元的位移、导数都达到了h4阶的超收敛精度。     

Analysis of unsteady gas–liquid flows in a rectangular tank: Comparison of Euler–Eulerian and Euler–Lagrangian simulations

We study the dynamics of gas–liquid flows experimentally and computationally in a rectangular bubble column where the gas source is introduced at the corner. The flow in this reactor is complex and inherently unsteady in nature. The two-dimensional liquid phase velocity field is calculated by an Eulerian approach solving the unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations. The conservation equations are closed using a two parameter turbulence model. The two-way coupling was accounted for by adding source terms in the conservation equations of the continuous phase to take into account the interaction with the dispersed phase. Bubble tracking is achieved through a Lagrangian approach. Here the equations of motion are solved taking into account the drag, pressure, buoyancy and gravity forces. The time-averaged flows along with the variables which characterize turbulence are analyzed for a wide range of gas flow-rates using Euler–Lagrangian simulations. These simulation predictions are validated with Euler–Eulerian simulations where the gas-phase distribution is captured as a void fraction and PIV experiments. The motion of bubbles induces turbulence in the flow. The applicability of two parameter models for turbulence like the standard k–ε model on time-averaged flow properties is addressed. From the results of the time averaged velocity field, turbulence intensity, turbulent viscosity and gas hold-up profiles, it is concluded that the Euler–Lagrangian model is applicable at lower gas flow-rates. The Euler–Eulerian approach was found to be valid at lower as well as higher gas flow-rates.     

无网格伽辽金法求解平面偶应力问题

提出采用无网格伽辽金法(EFGM)求解偶应力问题,以避免有限元求解中因C¹连续要求可能引起的不便。推导了基于二次基和移动最小二乘技术的EFGM计算公式,通过计算受轴向均匀拉伸的带中心小孔无限大板和细长杆的偶应力问题,对所提方法进行了数值验证,与解析解相比结果令人满意,此外还讨论了节点密度和权函数对计算结果的影响。数值结果表明,所提算法可有效地求解平面偶应力问题。     

非结构网格上p型多重网格法流场数值模拟

在二维、三维非结构网榕上,针对间断Galerkin方法计算量大、收敛慢的缺点将p型多重网格方法应用于该方法求解跨音速Euler方程,提高计算效率。p型多重网格方法是通过对不同阶次多项式近似解进行递归迭代求解,来达到加速收敛。文中对高阶近似(p＞0)使用显式格式,最低阶近似(p=0)采用隐式格式。NACA0012翼型和O...     

截面含切口圆柱体自由扭转的弹塑性分析

对于截面含切口圆柱体的弹塑性自由扭转问题的分析,可按受力特点分为三个阶段:全弹性阶段、全塑性阶段和弹塑性阶段.每一阶段对应的分析方法不同,其中,在全弹性阶段可以采用有限差分法分析;在全塑性阶段可以按沙堆比拟的方法采用等倾曲面模拟;弹塑性阶段可以结合上述两种方法的结果和思路进行分析.利用差分法可以求出自由扭转截面内各离散点应力函数φ的数值解.本文推导了自由扭转的应力函数φ与J积分之间的关系,得出了自由扭转的应力函数与Ⅲ型裂纹的J积分之间的关系式.数值计算结果验证了本文方法的有效性和精确性.     

A material force method for inelastic fracture mechanics

A material force method is proposed for evaluating the energy release rate and work rate of dissipation for fracture in inelastic materials. The inelastic material response is characterized by an internal variable model with an explicitly defined free energy density and dissipation potential. Expressions for the global material and dissipation forces are obtained from a global balance of energy-momentum that incorporates dissipation from inelastic material behavior. It is shown that in the special case of steady-state growth, the global dissipation force equals the work rate of dissipation, and the global material force and J-integral methods are equivalent. For implementation in finite element computations, an equivalent domain expression of the global material force is developed from the weak form of the energy-momentum balance. The method is applied to model problems of cohesive fracture in a remote K-field for viscoelasticity and elastoplasticity. The viscoelastic problem is used to compare various element discretizations in combination with different schemes for computing strain gradients. For the elastoplastic problem, the effects of cohesive and bulk properties on the plastic dissipation are examined using calculations of the global dissipation force.