量子点标记的生物实时动态示踪成像研究进展

量子点的荧光特性及其在生物标记和成像应用中的实现, 为生命体系的高灵敏原位、实时及动态成像研究提供了新的发展契机, 已成为当前生物检测和成像的最前沿研究领域之一. 本文综述了量子点光物理性质、量子点标记生物荧光探针制备及其在实时动态示踪成像应用中的研究进展.     

用于生物标记的半导体量子点研究

半导体量子点的独特光学性质使之成为理想的荧光探针材料,在生物医学领域具有广阔的应用前景.本文评述了目前量子点合成、表面修饰、结合生物分子的方法,以及半导体量子点在生物标记应用中相对于传统有机染料的优点.     

荧光量子点及其在生物检测中的应用

量子点(QDs)是一种零维的半导体纳米晶体,与传统的有机染料相比,具有独特的光学特征。由于它们具有激发光谱宽、发射光谱窄、发射波长精确可调、量子产率高和荧光稳定性好等特点,作为新一代的生物荧光探针,已被广泛应用于生物检测。本文介绍了QDs的基本概念和性质,探讨了QDs的制备方法及表面修饰,对其毒性也作了简要分析,提供了QDs在荧光免疫分析、生物芯片、生物传感器及体内成像等方面的应用实例。随着技术发展的不断进展,QDs在生物分析领域有着更为广泛的潜在的应用前景。     

Quantum dots for single bio-molecule imaging.

The emerging nanomaterial, quantum dots or QDs, offers numerous potential applications in the biological area. As cell labeling probes, QDs become now an alternative of existing organic fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins. In this short review, we cover typical and successful applications of QDs as fluorescent probes in cell labeling and genomic diagnosis. As a future important application, biomolecular detection at a single molecule level utilizing QDs is also discussed.     

In vitro and in vivo imaging with quantum dots

Quantum dots (QDs), also named semiconductor nanocrystals, have initiated a new realm of bioscience by combining nanomaterials with biology, which will profoundly influence future biological and biomedical research. In this review, we describe the extraordinary optical properties of QDs and developments in methods for their synthesis. We focus on fluorescent imaging with QDs both in vitro and in vivo, and the cytotoxicity of QDs and potential barriers to their use in practical biomedical applications. Finally, we provide insights into improvements aimed at decreasing the cytotoxicity of QDs and the future outlook of QD applications in biomedical fields.

水溶性量子点的制备及应用

高量子产率的水溶性量子点在众多领域如发光晶体、薄膜光激发器件,尤其是生物荧光标记中展现出巨大的潜在应用价值.量子点荧光明亮、稳定,激发光谱宽,发射光谱窄,且发射波长可通过改变材料的粒径大小和组成来调控,因而在生物样本尤其是活组织的多色成像中极为有用,能有效避免因样本自身发光和光散射导致的信号干扰.量子点的研究已成为一门新兴的交叉科学,是目前最有吸引力的研究领域之一.近年来,水溶性量子点作生物荧光标记物的研究取得了长足的进展.本文简述了量子点的结构特征及光学特性,重点综述了水溶性量子点的制备方法及应用研究进展,特别是它在生物、医学中作荧光探针的最新研究.     

Delivering quantum dots into cells: strategies,progress and remaining issues

The use of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in biological sensing and labeling continues to grow with each year. Current and projected applications include use as fluorescent labels for cellular labeling, intracellular sensors, deep-tissue and tumor imaging agents, sensitizers for photodynamic therapy, and more recently interest has been sparked in using them as vectors for studying nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Many of these applications will ultimately require the QDs to undergo targeted intracellular delivery, not only to specific cells, but also to a variety of subcellular compartments and organelles. It is apparent that this issue will be critical in determining the efficacy of using QDs, and indeed a variety of other nanoparticles, for these types of applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the current methods for delivering QDs into cells. Methods that are covered include facilitated techniques such as those that utilize specific peptide sequences or polymer delivery reagents and active methods such as electroporation and microinjection. We critically examine the benefits and liabilities of each strategy and illustrate them with selected examples from the literature. Several important related issues such as QD size and surface coating, methods for QD biofunctionalization, cellular physiology and toxicity are also discussed. Finally, we conclude by providing a perspective of how this field can be expected to develop in the future.     

Recent advances and applications in QDs-based sensors

As a unique nanomaterial, quantum dots (QDs) are not only applied in fluorescent labeling and biological imaging, but are also utilized in novel sensing systems. Because QDs have attractive optoelectronic characteristics, QD-based sensors present high sensitivity in detecting specific analytes in the chemical and biochemical fields. In this review, we describe the basic principles and different conjugation strategies in QD-based sensors. An overview of recent advances and various models of QD-sensing systems is also provided. Furthermore, perspectives for sensors based on QDs are discussed.     

量子点在生物分析及医学诊断中的研究与应用

量子点(quantum dots,QDs)是近年来发展起来的一种优异的新型荧光纳米材料,在生物分析及医学诊断研究中得到了广泛应用,并取得了一系列重要研究成果。本文简介了过去10年中量子点的合成和表面功能性修饰的发展,并重点介绍其在病原体检测、生物芯片、生物分子相互作用、生物传感器、基因沉默、细胞成像、靶向药物传输、光动力学治疗和植物学研究等领域的研究现状。同时,对量子点的应用前景及研究方向进行了评述和展望。     

Optical applications of quantum dots in biological system

This review presents a simple introduction on the unique properties and general synthesis of quantum dots (QDs) in which we lay emphasis on the optical applications in the biological system. The detection of biological molecules such as DNA, protein and enzyme, the cell-based analysis and in vivo animal imaging are mainly discussed.     

Far Red-Shifted CdTe Quantum Dots for Multicolour Stimulated Emission Depletion Nanoscopy

Stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy is a widely used nanoscopy technique. Two-colour STED imaging in fixed and living cells is standardised today utilising both fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins. Solutions to image additional colours have been demonstrated using spectral unmixing, photobleaching steps, or long-Stokes-shift dyes. However, these approaches often compromise speed, spatial resolution, and image quality, and increase complexity. Here, we present multicolour STED nanoscopy with far red-shifted semiconductor CdTe quantum dots (QDs). STED imaging of the QDs is optimized to minimize blinking effects and maximize the number of detected photons. The far-red and compact emission spectra of the investigated QDs free spectral space for the simultaneous use of fluorescent dyes, enabling straightforward three-colour STED imaging with a single depletion beam. We use our method to study the internalization of QDs in cells, opening up the way for future super-resolution studies of particle uptake and internalization.     

量子点在生物检测中的应用

过去十几年里,量子点从材料科学到生命科学、从基础研究到实际应用都开展了广泛的研究。 量子点在生物成像、光治疗、药物/基因转运、太阳能电池等领域均具有广泛的应用。 通过调节量子点的表面性质,实现量子点与细胞相互作用的可控性是一个关键的问题。 伴随着量子点潜在毒性问题的产生,纳米毒性成为纳米材料安全性评估的重要指标,并且受到科学家们的高度关注。 本文综述了量子点的特性、细胞生物学应用及在生物医药领域相关的细胞毒性研究,并展望了量子点的未来发展趋势。     

Near-infrared quantum dots for deep tissue imaging

Developments in nanotechnology have paved the way for the early detection, treatment, and prevention of several tumors which affect mankind. In the past few years, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging techniques have emerged that enable the in vivo imaging of physiological, metabolic, and molecular function. The NIR window, also known as the diagnostic window (700–900 nm), can be explored for sensitive detection techniques. Nanoparticles, particularly semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), can be utilized for the purpose of optical imaging. These semiconductor QDs possess novel electronic, optical, magnetic, and structural properties which are quite different from those of bulk materials. NIR QDs with these unique properties can be utilized as contrast agents for optical imaging, particularly for deep tissue imaging. Deep tissue imaging provides more information about the pathological status of the disease, which makes the treatment more effective and efficient. In this review we highlight the importance of NIR QDs as probes for optical imaging. We describe the different types of NIR QDs, their synthesis, and their application for deep tissue imaging along with recently developed self-illuminating NIR QDs.     

Fluorescent II-VI semiconductor quantum dots in living cells: nonlinear microspectroscopy in an optical tweezers system

In this work we used a setup consisting of an optical tweezers combined with a nonlinear microspectroscopy system to perform scanning microscopy and obtain emission spectra using two photon excited (TPE) luminescence of captured single living cells labeled with core-shell fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). The QDs were obtained via colloidal synthesis in aqueous medium with an adequate physiological resulting pH. Sodium polyphosphate was used as the stabilizing agent. The results obtained show the potential presented by this system as well as by these II-VI fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots to perform spectroscopy in living trapped cells in any neighborhood and dynamically observe the cell chemical reactions in real time.     

Focus on quantum dots as potential fluorescent probes for monitoring food toxicants and foodborne pathogens

Water-soluble quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles with narrow, very specific, stable emission spectra. Therefore, the bioconjugation of these QDs for biological fluorescent labeling may be of interest due to their unique physical and optical properties as compared to organic fluorescent dyes. These intrinsic properties of QDs have been used for the sensitive detection of target analytes. From the viewpoint of ensuring food safety, there is a need to develop rapid, sensitive and specific detection techniques to monitor food toxicants in food and environmental samples. Even trace levels of these toxicants can inadvertently enter the food chain, creating severe health hazards. The present review emphasizes the application of water-soluble bioconjugated QDs for the detection of food contaminants such as pesticides, pathogenic bacterial toxins such as botulinum toxin, enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and for the development of oligonucleotide-based microarrays. This review also emphasizes the application of a possible resonance energy transfer phenomenon resulting from nanobiomolecular interactions obtained through the bioconjugation of QDs with biomolecules. Furthermore, the utilization of significant changes in the spectral behavior of QDs (attributed to resonance energy transfer in the bioconjugate) in future nanobiosensor development is also emphasized.     

水稳定的镁掺杂ZnO量子点:一锅法合成及细胞成像应用

一锅法合成了镁掺杂的ZnO量子点,利用APTES对其进行表面包覆,并采用XRD、TEM、UV-Vis、PL和FTIR等对材料进行了表征。结果表明镁掺杂能明显增强荧光发光强度,在合适的掺杂浓度(30%)下其量子产率由11%增加到33%。通过APTES的表面包覆使镁掺杂的ZnO量子点具有良好的水溶性和荧光稳定性,可用于MCF-7细胞成像研究。     

Semiconductor quantum dots and free radical induced DNA nicking

There is a growing interest in the use of semiconductor quantum dots as fluorescent markers in biological applications. However, there are concerns regarding the potential environmental impact and toxic nature of these nanomaterials. In this study, we have investigated the interaction of water-soluble semiconductor quantum dots with supercoiled DNA.     

Semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles: syntheses,optical properties,and biological applications

We review the syntheses, optical properties, and biological applications of cadmium selenide (CdSe) and cadmium selenide–zinc sulfide (CdSe–ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) and gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). Specifically, we selected the syntheses of QDs and Au and Ag NPs in aqueous and organic phases, size- and shape-dependent photoluminescence (PL) of QDs and plasmon of metal NPs, and their bioimaging applications. The PL properties of QDs are discussed with reference to their band gap structure and various electronic transitions, relations of PL and photoactivated PL with surface defects, and blinking of single QDs. Optical properties of Ag and Au NPs are discussed with reference to their size- and shape-dependent surface plasmon bands, electron dynamics and relaxation, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The bioimaging applications are discussed with reference to in vitro and in vivo imaging of live cells, and in vivo imaging of cancers, tumor vasculature, and lymph nodes. Other aspects of the review are in vivo deep tissue imaging, multiphoton excitation, NIR fluorescence and SERS imaging, and toxic effects of NPs and their clearance from the body. Figure Semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles have extensive applications, e.g., in vitro and in vivo bioimaging Tamitake Itoh and Abdulaziz Anas contributed equally to this article.     

水稳定的镁掺杂ZnO量子点:一锅法合成及细胞成像应用

一锅法合成了镁掺杂的ZnO量子点, 利用APTES对其进行表面包覆, 并采用XRD、TEM、UV-Vis、PL和FTIR等对材料进行了表征。结果表明镁掺杂能明显增强荧光发光强度, 在合适的掺杂浓度(30%)下其量子产率由11%增加到33%。通过APTES的表面包覆使镁掺杂的ZnO量子点具有良好的水溶性和荧光稳定性, 可用于MCF-7细胞成像研究。     

Chemical analysis and cellular imaging with quantum dots

Quantum dots are tiny light-emitting particles on the nanometer scale. They are emerging as a new class of biological labels with properties and applications that are not available with traditional organic dyes and fluorescent proteins. Their novel properties such as improved brightness, resistance against photobleaching, and multicolor light emission, have opened new possibilities for ultrasensitive chemical analysis and cellular imaging. In this Research Highlight article , we discuss the unique optical properties of semiconductor quantum dots, surface chemistry and bioconjugation, current applications in bioanalytical chemistry and cell biology, and future research directions.