MOFs光催化材料的设计和调控

环境污染和能源短缺是制约当今社会发展的重大问题。光催化技术可直接利用太阳能驱动一系列重要的化学反应,具有能耗低、反应条件温和、无二次污染等优点,是解决这一问题的有效途径。实现这个过程的关键在于寻找设计高效的光催化剂。目前,光催化材料主要由无机半导体组成,其结构的改造和修饰难度很大,难以根据实际需要来控制其大小、形状以及物理化学特性。而有机化合物具有优良的分子剪裁与修饰的功能,但它们却在坚固性与稳定性等方面具有明显的缺点。因此如果能发展既具有无机化合物的稳定性又具有有机化合物的可剪裁与修饰性的新型光催化材料,无疑将促进光催化的发展和应用。金属-有机骨架材料(Metal-Organic Frameworks, MOFs)正是这样一类结合了无机物的稳定性和有机物的可修饰性的杂化材料。 MOFs是一类以金属阳离子为节点、有机配体为连接体的多孔配位聚合物的总称。这类材料不仅拥有超高的比表面积、丰富的拓扑结构,而且其结构兼具可剪裁性、可设计性、易调变等特点,在气体吸附储存、分离、传感等领域都有广泛的应用。在催化领域MOFs也显示出巨大的应用前景：(1)比表面积大,有利于对反应底物的吸附,促进催化反应的进行;(2)组成多样,结构具可剪裁性、可设计性、易调变等特点,通过对其金属单元或者配体进行改变修饰,可以实现对MOFs结构和性能的调变;(3)MOFs中金属-氧单元之间由有机配体隔开,相当于分立的半导体量子点,在反应中不易发生团聚。并且各个分立的金属-氧单元之间可能存在协同效应,有利于保持催化剂的稳定性和产生高的催化活性。因此, MOFs材料是一类非常有潜力的异相催化剂。光催化是一类典型的多相催化技术,与传统半导体光催化材料相比, MOFs由于具有可在分子水平进行灵活调控的优点,在光催化领域的应用更有优势。此外, MOFs结构上的确定性为研究催化剂的界面电荷迁移和光催化机理提供了便利条件,通过对其构-效关系的研究和光催化反应机理的探索反过来有助于我们从微观尺度上进一步认识光催化的本质。 MOFs材料在光催化领域已经有了初步的研究。越来越多的MOFs材料被成功应用于光催化降解染料、选择性转化有机物、光解水制氢和CO2还原等反应。典型的有MOF-5、UiO-66和MIL-125系列等。近年来,已有少量的文献综述了MOFs这类材料在光催化领域的研究。这些文献主要围绕MOFs在光催化过程中所起到的作用,比如作为催化剂、助催化剂或载体来展开;或者是从MOFs的光催化应用领域,比如污染物降解、产氢、二氧化碳还原、有机物转化来分类展开。本文围绕如何设计合成高效的MOFs光催化剂,综述了近年来国内外关于提高MOFs的光催化性能而开展的相关研究工作,包括理论研究MOFs的能级结构及化学性质、在MOFs配体上修饰官能团调变其能带结构、染料或者金属化合物光敏化MOFs提高其光吸收性能、负载金属/碳材料及半导体复合提高光生载流子的分离效率等。最后,本文对MOFs光催化剂的未来发展趋势进行了展望,强调开发新型的MOFs光催化剂,并加强对MOFs光催化机制的研究,有助于指导现有MOFs催化剂的改良和设计新型光催化剂。     

Co3(HCOO)6 microporous metal-organic framework membrane for separation of CO2/CH4 mixtures

Continuous metal–organic framework‐type Co₃(HCOO)₆ intergrown films with a one‐dimensional zigzag channel system and pore aperture of 5.5 Å are prepared by secondary growth on preseeded macroporous glass‐frit disks and silicon wafers. The adsorption behavior of CO₂ or CH₄ single gases on the Co₃(HCOO)₆ membrane is investigated by in situ IR spectroscopy. It is shown that the isosteric heats of adsorption for CO₂ (17.7 kJ mol^?1) and CH₄ (14.4 kJ mol^?1) do not vary with increasing amount of adsorbed gases. The higher value of isosteric heat for CO₂ is an indication of the stronger interaction between the CO₂ and the Co₃(HCOO)₆ membrane. The Co₃(HCOO)₆ membrane is studied by binary gas permeation of CO₂ and CH₄ at different temperatures (0, 25, and 60 °C). The membrane has CO₂/CH₄ selectivity with a separation factor higher than 10, which is due to the unique structure and molecular sieving effect. Upon increasing the temperature from 0 to 60 °C, the preferred permeance of CO₂ over CH₄ is increased from 1.70×10^?6 to 2.09×10^?6 mol m^?2 s^?1 Pa^?1, while the separation factor for CO₂/CH₄ shows a corresponding decrease from 15.95 to 10.37. The effective pore size of the Co₃(HCOO)₆ material combined with the pore shape do not allow the two molecules to pass simultaneously, and once the CO₂ molecules are diffused in the micropores, the CH₄ is blocked. The supported Co₃(HCOO)₆ membrane retains high mechanical stability after a number of thermal cycles.     

Ligand controlled structure of cadmium(II) metal-organic frameworks for fluorescence sensing of Fe3+ ion and nitroaromatic compounds

2-Fold interpenetrating 3D framework for selective adsorption of CO₂ over CH₄ and fluorescence detection of Fe³⁺ ions and nitroaromatic compounds through fluorescence quenching.     

金属有机骨架及其复合材料在分离领域中的应用进展

金属有机骨架（MOFs）是一类由无机金属离子与有机配体自组装形成的新型有机-无机杂化多孔材料,因具有比表面积超高、结构多样、热稳定性良好、孔道尺寸和性质可调等优势,在分离领域表现出重要的应用价值。然而,采用传统方法制备的MOFs多为粒径在微米或亚微米尺度的晶体,且颗粒形貌不规则,因此限制了MOFs在样品前处理和色谱固定相等领域的应用和发展。构建基于MOFs的复合材料是弥补MOFs应用缺陷的一项有效措施,有望在保留MOFs优越的分离特性的同时,引入基体材料的特定性能。该文简要综述了近年来MOFs及其复合材料在吸附、样品前处理和色谱固定相等分离领域中的应用进展,并对MOFs在分离科学中的应用前景做出展望。     

面向丙烯/丙烷吸附分离的金属有机骨架材料的高通量计算筛选

丙烯、丙烷作为分子尺寸相近的共沸物,其分离一直是化工领域研究热点。金属有机骨架(MOFs)材料因其高度可调的孔道结构,在丙烯/丙烷分离应用上已展现出诱人潜能。本文基于Core MOF 2019数据库,采用巨正则蒙特卡洛基高通量计算筛选技术,获得了分离性优异的MOFs结构,发现其拥有适中的丙烯吸附量和较弱的丙烷吸附能力,且骨架孔径为3.70～4.10?、孔隙率中等(0.35～0.44),并揭示了孔道中心吸附位的选择性与丙烯/丙烷分离系数间关系。本研究阐明了高丙烯/丙烷分离性的骨架材料的结构和性能特征,为设计MOFs实现丙烯/丙烷的高效分离提供理论指导和数据支撑。     

Crystalline oxyfluorinated open-framework compounds: Silicates, metal phosphates, metal fluorides and metal-organic frameworks (MOF)

This contribution is dedicated to a short overview on the utilization of fluorine for the preparation of crystalline microporous frameworks including different families of solids: zeolites, metal phosphates and metal-organic frameworks (MOF-type). Beside the silicates compounds, this presentation is focused on the different types of fluorinated aluminum or gallium phosphates hydrothermally obtained in the presence of organic structure-directing agent or templates. The structural features of aluminum fluorides synthesized with amines are also detailed as well as the influence of fluorine in the synthesis of the metal-organic frameworks involving trivalent metals. The role of fluorine is described for the hydrothermal synthesis of the different classes of materials. Fluorine is known for playing the role of mineralizing agent and favors the formation of well crystalline phases. The use of HF modifies the pH of the reaction, which allows for the insertion of additional metallic cations on the mineral network. From the structural point of view, fluoride anions can be located within small cavities of the 3D framework and interactions with metals T (T = Si, Al, Ga, …) are often observed, resulting in the coordination change (from tetrahedral unit TO₄ to trigonal bipyramid TO₄F or octahedron TO₄F₂). Several configurations are found for fluorine and it seems to favor the stabilization of the specific cubane-like building unit (D4R), in which it is trapped, or participates to the coordination sphere of the metal atoms with bridging or terminal bondings. In general, new three-dimensional topologies with extra-large pores are obtained. The synthesis of purely aluminum fluorides with structure-directing agent is considered but only molecular or low-dimensional structures (chain-like or layered) compounds have been described. Fluorine is also used as a mineralizing agent for the preparation of well crystalline porous aluminum or chromium carboxylates and it was observed to partly substitute the aquo ligands in the giant pore of the compound MIL-100.     

Ni/Co-based metal-organic frameworks as electrode material for high performance supercapacitors

A novel bimetallic Ni/Co-based metal-organic framework (Ni/Co-MOF) was successfully synthesized via a simple solvothermal method, which used as electrode material for high performance supercapacitors.     

Control of pore environment in highly porous carbon materials for C2H6/C2H4 separation with exceptional ethane uptake

Adsorptive separation of C₂H₆ from C₂H₄ by adsorbents is an energy-efficient and promising method to boost the polymer grades C₂H₄ production. However, that C₂H₆ and C₂H₄ display very similar physical properties, making their separation extremely challenging. In this work, by regulating the pore environment in a family of chitosan-based carbon materials (C-CTS-1, C-CTS-2, C-CTS-4, and C-CTS-6)- we target ultrahigh C₂H₆ uptake and C₂H₆/C₂H₄ separation, which exceeds most benchmark carbon materials. Explicitly, the C₂H₆ uptake of C-CTS-2 (166 cm³/g at 100 kPa and 298 K) has the second-highest adsorption capacity among all the porous materials. In addition, C-CTS-2 gives C₂H₆/C₂H₄ selectivity of 1.75 toward a 1:15 mixture of C₂H₆/C₂H₄. Notably, the adsorption enthalpies for C₂H₆ in C-CTS-2 are low (21.3 kJ/mol), which will facilitate regeneration in mild conditions. Furthermore, C₂H₆/C₂H₄ separation performance was confirmed by binary breakthrough experiments. Under different ethane/ethylene ratios, C-CTS-X extracts a low ethane concentration from an ethane/ethylene mixture and produces high-purity C₂H₄ in one step. Spectroscopic measurement and diffraction analysis provide critical insight into the adsorption/separation mechanism. The nitrogen functional groups on the surface play a vital role in improving C₂H₆/C₂H₄ selectivity, and the adsorption capacities depend on the pore size and micropore volume. Moreover, these robust porous materials exhibit outstanding stability (up to 800 °C) and can be easily prepared on a large scale (kg) at a low cost (～$26 per kg), which is very significant for potential industrial applications.     

三维金属有机骨架微孔晶体化合物Cd5(BTC)4(H2O)8·6H2O的合成与晶体结构

通过改变合成条件合成了最大宽度达到2.6 nm的特殊“Z”字形孔道的新型金属有机骨架微孔晶体化合物Cd5(BTC)4(H2O)8·6H2O, 并通过ICP、元素分析、热重(TGA)和X射线单晶衍射分析对其进行了表征.     

Isolation of hemoglobin with metal–organic frameworks Y(BTC)(H_2O)_6

The hierarchical metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),such as Y(BTC)(H_2O)_6,are prepared with yttrium nitrate and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid at room temperature.The product is characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).The Y(BTC)(H_2O)_6 particles are sufficiently rigid for performing solid phase extraction and they exhibit favorable selectivity toward the adsorption of hemoglobin.The adsorption behavior of hemoglobin onto the Y(BTC)(H_2O)_6 fits the Langmuir adsorption model with a theoretical adsorption capacity of 555.6 mg g 1.An adsorption efficiency of 87.7%for 100μg mL 1hemoglobin in 1 mL sample solution(at pH 6.0)is achieved with 0.40 mg Y(BTC)(H20)6.77.3%of the retained hemoglobin is readily recovered using a 0.5%(m/v)SDS solution as the stripping reagent.Circular dichroism spectra indicated that the conformation of hemoglobin is maintained during the adsorption-desorption process.The MOFs material is applied for the isolation of hemoglobin from human blood and the purity of the obtained hemoglobin is further verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE).     

Three-dimensional (3-D) metal-organic frameworks with 3-pyridin-4-yl-benzoate defining new (3,6)-connected net topologies

Reactions of different metal salts with 3-pyridin-4-yl-benzoic acid (3,4-Hpybz) under ambient condition afford a series of 3-D metal-organic frameworks with two new types of (3,6)-connected net topologies. In the isomorphic complexes [M₂(μ-H₂O)(3,4-pybz)₄]_n (M^II=Mn^II for 1, Zn^II for 2, or Cd^II for 3), the octahedral metal nodes are extended by the 3-connected pybz tectons to constitute 3-D arrays with the Schläfli symbol of (3.4.5)(3².4⁴.5⁵.6².7²), whereas [Pb(3,4-pybz)₂]_n (4) shows a completely different 3-D (4².6)₂(4⁴.6².8⁹) framework, which represents a subnet of the (4,8)-connected fluorite lattice.     

Two –COOH Decorated Anionic Metal‐organic Frameworks with Open Cu2+ Sites Afforded Highly C2H2/CO2 and C2H2/CH4 Separation and Removal of Organic Dyes

An anionic multifunctional porous metal organic framework (MOF), [Cu₂THBA(H₂O)₂] · (C₃H₇NO)₁₂ · (H₂O)₁₀ ( 1 ) (H₄THBA = p‐terphenyl‐3,2′′,3′′,5,5′′,5′′′‐ hexcarboxylic acid) with NbO‐type topology was synthesized and characterized. Due to multiple functional sites and suitable pore size, the desolvated compound 1a exhibits high separation selectivity for C₂H₂/CO₂ of 30 and C₂H₂/CH₄ of 131 at 1 kPa at room temperature. Compound 1 can also efficiently and completely separate methylene blue (MB⁺) molecules of low concentrations from aqueous solution in 12 h.     

A two-dimensional microporous metal–organic framework for highly selective adsorption of carbon dioxide and acetylene

Solvothermal reaction of 3-aminoisonicotinic acid(Haina) and Cu(NO_3)_2·2.5H_2O gave a novel twodimensional(2D) microporous metal–organic framework, [Cu(aina)_2(DMF)]·DMF(1, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide). Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic study of compound 1 revealed that Cu(II)ions are linked by ainaàligands forming square grid-like layers, which stack together via multiple hydrogen bonding interactions. The solvent-free framework of 1a displayed considerable porosity(void = 46.5%) with one-dimensional(1D) open channels(4.7 ? ? 4.8 ?) functionalized by amino groups.Gas sorption measurements of 1 revealed selective carbon dioxide(CO_2) and acetylene(C_2H_2) adsorption over methane(CH_4) and nitrogen(N_2) at ambient temperature.     

A unique 3D microporous MOF constructed by cross-linking 1D coordination polymer chains for effectively selective separation of CO_2/CH_4 and C_2H_2/CH_4

Selective separation of CO_2/CH_4 and C_2 H_2/CH_4 are promising for their high-purity industrial demand and scientific research on account of the similar molecular radius and physical properties.In this work,a unique 3 D microporous MOF material [Cu(SiF_6)(sdi)_2]·solvents(1,sdi=1,1'-sulfonyldiimidazole) was successfully constructed by cross-linking 1 D coordination polymer chains.The dense functional active sites on the inner walls of the channel of la can provide strong binding affinities to CO_2,C_2 H_2,and thus effectively improve the gas separation performance of CO_2/CH_4 and C_2 H_2/CH_4.     

锆基金属有机骨架材料用于四甲基硅烷/异戊烷分离

在半导体工业中,从四甲基硅烷（TMS）/异戊烷混合物中高效捕获异戊烷从而获得超高纯度的TMS是非常重要的。在本工作中,我们选择了具有笼结构的MOF-801,通过其对TMS和异戊烷吸附能力的差异,实现了TMS与异戊烷的分离。气体吸附测试结果表明,在298 K和60 kPa时,MOF-801对异戊烷吸附量为2.56 mmol·g^-1,而其对TMS的吸附量为1.20 mmol·g^-1。理想吸附溶液理论（IAST）计算结果表明,MOF-801对TMS/异戊烷（95∶5,体积比）混合物的分离选择性达到105.8。而之后的液相吸附分离实验进一步验证了MOF-801的分离效果,最终可以得到体积分数大于99.98%的TMS。     

锆基金属有机骨架材料用于四甲基硅烷/异戊烷分离

在半导体工业中,从四甲基硅烷(TMS)/异戊烷混合物中高效捕获异戊烷从而获得超高纯度的TMS是非常重要的。在本工作中,我们选择了具有笼结构的MOF-801,通过其对TMS和异戊烷吸附能力的差异,实现了TMS与异戊烷的分离。气体吸附测试结果表明,在298 K和60 kPa时,MOF-801对异戊烷吸附量为2.56 mmol·g^-1,而其对TMS的吸附量为1.20 mmol·g^-1。理想吸附溶液理论(IAST)计算结果表明,MOF-801对TMS/异戊烷(95∶5,体积比)混合物的分离选择性达到105.8。而之后的液相吸附分离实验进一步验证了MOF-801的分离效果,最终可以得到体积分数大于99.98%的TMS。     

Isotropic C6, C8 and C10 interaction coefficients for CH4, C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10 and cyclo-C3H6

The non-empirical generalized Kirkwood, Unsöld, and the single-Δ Unsöld methods (with double-zeta quality SCF wave-functions) are used to calculate isotropic dispersion (and induction) energy coefficients C_2n, with n ? 5, for interactions involving ground state CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, n-C₄H₁₀ and cyclo-C₃H₆. Results are also given for the related multipole polarizabilities α_l, multipole sums S₁/(0) and S₁(?1) which are evaluated using sum rules, and the permanent multipole moments. for l = 1 (dipole) to l = 3 (octupole). Estimates of the reliability of the non-empirical methods, for the type of molecules considered, are obtained by a comparison with accurate literature values of α₁S₁(?1) and C₆. This, and the asymptotic properties of the multipolar expansion of the dispersion energy, the use to discuss recommended representation for the isotropic long range interaction energies through R^?10 where R is the intermolecular separation.     

An Anionic Metal-organic Framework for Selective Adsorption Separation toward Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B

Microporous metal organic framework NOTT-210 was synthesized via solvothermal and dyes adsorption and separation properties were determined and discussed. NOTT-210 with anion characteristic can selective adsorb low concentrations of cationic dyes from effluents at room temperature. And that NOTT-210 can also separate the MB⁺ (methylene blue) and RB⁺ (rhodamine B) molecules because of size-dependent effect and kinetics-dependent effect. Hence, NOTT-210 is among the very few porous MOFs which not only can adsorb low concentrations of MB⁺ and RB⁺ molecules but also has the ability to separate their mixture.     

UTSA-280的氨改性以及C2H4/C2H6分离性能研究

炼厂干气中回收乙烯是扩宽C₂H₄来源的有效途径,但C₂H₄和C₂H₆物理性质和分子尺寸非常接近,分离困难.金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)近年来在低碳烃分离领域展现出广阔的前景.本工作采用氨吸附改性调节UTSA-280的结构,通过一维直孔道大小的调节实现C₂H₄/C₂H₆的高效分离.改性后的UTSA-280具有独特的超微孔结构能提升C₂H₄的吸附,而完全不吸附稍大的C₂H₆,实现理想的C₂H₄/C₂H₆吸附选择性(>1000).结果表明,改性后的UTSA-280的C₂H₄吸附量可提高至2.83 mmol/g,与未改性的材料相比增加29%,并且能阻挡C<...     

Three-component reactions leading to 2D and 3D metal-organic frameworks assembled on dinickel-carboxylate secondary building units

Three-component reactions involving Ni(II) ions and dicarboxylate and bipyridyl ligands under hydrothermal conditions produce two novel metal-organic coordination polymers formulated empirically as [Ni(PDA)(BPE)] (1) and [Ni₂(PDA)₂(BPP)(H₂O)]·2.5H₂O (2), where PDA = 1,4-phenylenediacetate, BPE = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, and BPP = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane. Both compounds possess 2D or 3D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that are assembled on dinickel-carboxylate secondary building units. Compound 1 has a condensed 3D MOF, whereas 2 contains void between 2D MOFs where guest water molecules reside. Both compounds demonstrate antiferromagnetic coupling between Ni(II) ions.