Analysis of the common characteristics of the Hartmann,Ronchi, and Shack–Hartmann tests

An overview of the settings of the planes for the filters and observed patterns in the Hartmann and Ronchi tests is presented. Also a new set of filters for both test were developed. In a similar way, it is easy to extend this analysis to the Shack–Hartmann test, and to propose a new Null Shack–Hartmann filter.     

The acoustic characteristics of clause, sentence and paragraph boundaries in Chinese Putonghua

The acoustic and perceptive characteristics of discourse units, including clauses, simple sentences, compound sentences and paragraphs, were studied. The acoustic characteristics were based on the analysis of a speech corpus consisted of ten monologues. The Perceived Boundary Strength (PBS) of the monologues was labeled on a five-point scale by 25 participants. The main results are as follows: (1) There is a significant difference in the PBS of clauses (corresponding to intonational phrase), sentences (including simple sentences and compound sentences) and paragraphs. But the PBS of simple sentences and compound sentences is the same, and the pitch reset and pause are also not significantly different between these two kinds of boundaries. (2) The pitch-based cue used to distinguish clauses, sentences and paragraphs appears to be the difference between pre- and post-boundary syllables, but not simply the pitch value of either syllable alone. (3) Declination mainly occurs within intonational phrases, whereas there is no consistent global declination in sentences or in paragraphs. (4) Pauses are longer and more varied at the boundary of larger discourse units. Moreover, there is a significant positive correlation between pause duration and degree of pitch reset at clause boundaries, but not at sentence or paragraph boundaries.     

Surface characteristics of UV-irradiated polyurethane elastomers extended with α, ω-alkane diols

Polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) based on 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), poly (?-caprolactone) (PCL) and extended with series of chain extender (CE) were synthesized via two step polymerization technique. The synthesized samples were irradiated for 50, 100 and 200 h in an UV exposure unit as such the spectral distribution of the light is good match for terrestrial solar radiation. The modifications in the chemical structures of the PU before and after irradiation were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) technique. The effect of irradiation time and chain extenders length on surface properties were studied and investigated. Photo-oxidation of PU surface leads to fast increase in surface free energy and its polar component. Simultaneously, the work of water adhesion to polymer increases significantly during UV-irradiation. The higher changes in surface properties, observed by water absorption (%), equilibrium degree of swelling, as well as monitored by ATR-FT-IR and contact angle measurement, were found for the PU samples extended with higher number of methylene unit and irradiation time.     

Radiation characteristics of intermittence exhaust noise

1 IntroductionBecause of noise fluctuation value, exhaust noise may be divided into three classes: steadynoise, periodic noise and intermittent noise. The value of steady noise, such as the exhaustnoise produced by a gas tank in an air compression station does not change remarkably in thecourse of exhaust, the high frequency portions of noise being dominant[1]. The periodic exhaustnoise, such as the exhaust noise generated by an totemal combustion engine, means the noisewhose value changes per…     

Photoluminescence characteristics of GaN：Si

Both the electrical and optical properties are studied of the GaN：Si films with carrier concentrations ranging from 10^17cm^-3 to 10^19cm^-3.rhe results indicate that the increase in slope of carrier concentration starts to slow down when the flow rate of SiH4 is larger than 6.38μmol/min, which is attributed to the amphoteric character of Si. At the same time, the photoluminescence results show that the FWHM of UV is widened,which can be interpreted quantitatively with a semi-classic model. Furthermore, the intensity ratio between the yellow and the UV luminescences reduces monotonically with Si dopants increasing.     

Antireflective characteristics of triangular shaped gratings

It is well known that conventional multi-layers are oftenused for antireflective coatings[1,2]. There are, however,only a handful of optical materials available, thus limit-ing the performance that could ideally be achieved. Onthe other hand, sub-wavelength structure surfaces, whichare surface-relief gratings with periods smaller than theincident wavelength, have been researched and foundto have antireflective properties[3,8]. Compared withstandard optical thin-film coating technologies, the h…     

Concatenated deleting machines and their characteristics

In this work, we study the performance of one shot and concatenated deleting machines(DMs).We show that the output state of one shot DMs are mixed inseparable, and do not violate Bell’s inequality but can be used as a teleportation channel for all values of the input state parameters.On the other hand, we observe in the concatenation of different DMs that the output states are mixed inseparable and do not violate Bell’s inequality, and cannot be used as a teleportation channel. Further, some imp...     

Mössbauer characteristics of glauconitisation

Using 50 MeV Li^3?+? ion irradiation, the change induced in polycrystalline ferrites Li_0.5(1?+?x)Ti _x Al_0.1Fe_2.4???1.5x O₄ (x = 0.0 to 0.3, step–0.1)[LTAF] and Li_0.5(1?+?x)Ti _x Cr_0.1Fe_2.4???1.5x O₄ (x = 0.0 to 0.3, step–0.1; LTCF) in the electronic stopping power regime is studied. Both the systems were irradiated with the same fluence of 5 × 10¹³ ions/cm². The modifications of the structural and magnetic properties are studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetization, ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and low field a. c. susceptibility. The contrast in the role of Ti^4?+? in the presence of Al^3?+? and Cr^3?+? causing the formation of paramagnetic centres through Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation (SHII) induced cation rearrangement has been revealed through the comparative Mössbauer signatures of both the systems. The hyperfine interaction parameters deduced through Mössbauer spectra are also discussed before and after irradiation. The observed reduction in the saturation magnetic moment and Curie temperature after irradiation supports the partial formation of paramagnetic centres and rearrangement of cations in the lattice.     

Transformation behaviors,structural and magnetic characteristics of Ni-Mn-Ga films on MgO （001）

Ferromagnetic Ni-Mn-Ga films were fabricated by depositing on MgO （001） substrates at temperatures from 673 K to 923 K. Microstructure, crystal structure, martensitic transformation behavior, and magnetic properties of the films were studied. With increasing deposition temperature, the surface morphology of the films transforms from granular to continu- ous. The martensitic transformation temperature is not dependent on deposition temperature; while transformation behavior is affected substantially by deposition temperature. X-ray analysis reveals that the film deposited at 873 K has a 7M marten- site phase, and its magnetization curve provides a typical step-increase, indicating the occurrence of magnetically induced reorientation （MIR）. In situ magnetic domain structure observation on the film deposited at 873 K reflects that the marten- sitic transformation could be divided into two periods： nucleation and growth, in the form of stripe domains. The MIR occurs at the temperature at which martensitic transformation starts, and the switching field increases with the decrease of temperature due to damped thermal activation. The magnetically induced martensitic transformation is related to the difference of magnetization between martensite and austenite. A shift of martensite temperature of dT/dH = 0.43 K/T is observed, consistent with the theoretical value, 0.41 K/T.     

Fullerene–oligophenyleneethynylene conjugates: relationships between charge-carrier mobility,photovoltaic characteristics and chemical structure

The charge-mobility properties of thin films prepared from different fullerene–oligophenyleneethynylene conjugates are reported. A direct relationship between the chemical structure, the charge-carrier mobility and the photovoltaic characteristics of these materials has been clearly evidenced. PACS 72.40.+w; 72.80.Le; 72.80.Rj     

Spectral energy characteristics of 6,γ- and 7,γ-dimethyl ethers of chlorine 6 in water-alcohol solutions

Absorption spectra and dispersion of optical rotation (DOR) are measured for monomers of 6,γ- and,7,γ-dimethyl ethers of chlorin e₆ (Ch-6,γ-DME and Ch-7,γ-DME) in 96% ethanol and for associates of them that are polymers and colloidal particles. The optical activity of Ch-6,γ-DME monomers is higher than that of Ch-7,γ-DME monomers, which is linked with more pronounced distortion of the molecular macrocycle for Ch-6,γ-DME in the γ-C₆ local region. The structural and energy parameters of dimeric unit cells of Ch-6,γ-DME and Ch-7,γ-DME polymers are discussed from the standpoint of the Davydov-Tinoko exciton theories. Longwave absorption spectra and DOR are resolved into individual components with the aid of a modified Alentsev-Fock method. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 68, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 331–337, May–June, 1999.     

Mechanical and electrical characteristics of cymbal transducer

The electromechanical of Cymbal transducer has been researched. Under simple supporting condition, the mechanical and electrical characteristics have been analyzed by using Piezoelectric-elastic theory, Kirchhoff 's thin shell vibration theory, Rayleigh-Ritz's theory and equivalent circuit method. The approximate solution and series resonance frequency equation have been given. Under no load, equivalent circuit, correlation parameters of cymbal transducer and the relations between the ratio of cavity depth to radius of Cymbal transducer with resonance frequency, electromechanical coupling coefficient of cymbal transducer have been researched. The best electromechanical coupling coefficient of cymbal transducer has been gained from the results of numerical analysis. It offers a valid theoretical foundation for optimum design of cymbal transducer.     

Mode characteristics of hollow core Bragg fiber

Analytical expression to calculate propagation constant and mode field of the hollow core Bragg fiber is derived. Numerical results are presented. It is shown that the fundamental mode of the hollow core Bragg fiber is circularly symmetric TE01 mode with no polarization degeneracy, while the higher order mode may be HE11, TM01, or TEo2 etc.. This property is different from conventional optical fiber that its fundamental mode is the linearly polarized HE11 mode and is polarization degeneracy.     

Crystal growth,spectroscopic characteristics,and Judd–Ofelt analysis of Dy:Lu_2O_3 for yellow laser

Dy:Lu_2O_3 was grown by the float-zone(Fz) method. According to the absorption spectrum, the Judd–Ofelt(JO) parameters ?_2, ?_4, and ?_6 were calculated to be 4.86 × 10~(-20) cm~2, 2.02 × 10~(-20) cm~2, and 1.76 × 10~(-20) cm~2, respectively.The emission cross-section at 574 nm corresponding to the ~4F6_(9/2)→~6H_(13/2) transition was calculated to be 0.53 × 10~(-20) cm~2.The yellow(~4F_(9/2)→~6H_(13/2) transition) to blue(~4F_(9/2)→~6H_(15/2) transition) intensity ratio ranges up to 12.9. The fluorescence lifetime of the ~4F_(9/2) energy level was measured to be 112.1 μs. These results reveal that Dy:Lu_2O_3 is a promising material for use in yellow lasers.     

Magnetic characteristics of Au–Mn nanowires

The quantum properties of Au–Mn nanowires are analyzed theoretically from first principles. The emergence of magnetic properties in these nanowires, consisting of nonmagnetic elements, is demonstrated. It is shown that the manganese atoms carry fairly large magnetic moments (～4.3 μ_B), although crystalline Mn is a paramagnet. Analysis of the electronic structure of these bimetallic nanowires indicates that the magnetic moments at the Mn atoms arise owing to the formation of a complicated structure of hybrid orbitals. Furthermore, it is found that the antiferromagnetic state in Au–Mn nanowires is stabilized by the occurrence of indirect exchange interaction between Mn atoms.     

Epitaxial combination of NdBa2Cu3O7−δ /SrTiO3: growth characteristics, structure, and parameters

We have studied the growth characteristics, structure, and parameters of the epitaxial heterostructures (001)NdBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ /(100)SrTiO₃/(001)NdBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ grown by laser ablation on a (100)LaAlO₃ substrate with a thin (∼2 nm) YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ intermediate layer. The use of an YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ intermediate layer promotes layered growth of the (200 nm) NdBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ layer, whose free-surface roughness is 4–5 nm. The resistance of the NdBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ layers began to fall off abruptly at T=92 K, and at T≈87 K it vanished completely. The critical current density in the NdBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ layers at T=76 K exceeded 10⁶ cm² A/cm². The dielectric constant of the (400 nm) SrTiO₃ layer sandwiched between the NdBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ epitaxial layers grew by roughly threefold as the temperature was lowered in the interval 300–4.2 K. When a bias voltage of ±2.5V was applied to the NdBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ electrodes, the relative dielectric constant of the (400 nm) SrTiO₃ intermediate layer fell from 1150 to 400 (T=32 K, f=100 kHz). The conductivity of the SrTiO₃ intermediate layer in the direction perpendicular to the substrate plane increased with temperature and the electric field strength. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 41, 395–403 (March 1999)     

The characteristics of O＋HD （v = 0, j = 0） reaction dynamics

The analytical potential energy function of HDO is constructed at first using the many-body expansion method.The reaction dynamics of O+HD(v = 0,j = 0) in five product channels are all studied by quasi-classical trajectory(QCT) method.The results show that the long-lived complex compound HDO is the dominant product at low collision energy.With increasing collision energy,O+HD → OH+D and O+HD → OD+H exchange reactions will occur with remarkable characteristics,such as near threshold energies,different reaction probabilities,and different reaction cross sections,implying the isotopic effect between H and D.With further increasing collision energy(e.g.,up to 502.08 kJ/mol),O+HD → O+H+D will occur and induce the complete dissociation into single O,H,and D atoms.     

Optical,electrochemical, and <Superscript>1</Superscript>H NMR characteristics of Mono-, Bi-, and tetranuclear cyclopalladated complexes with 4,4′-bipyridyl

The [Pd(C∧N)(4,4′-bpy)Cl], [Pd(C∧N)NO₃]₂(μ-4,4′-bpy) and [Pd(C∧N)(μ-4,4′-bpy)]₄(NO₃)₄ complexes (C∧N⁻ are deprotonated forms of 2-phenylpyridine (ppy), 2-(2′’-thienyl)pyridine (tpy), and 2-phenylbenzothiazole (bt); bpy is 4,4′ bipyridyl) are synthesized and characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy, electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The upfield shifts of the chemical shift of a proton in the ortho-position to the donor carbon atom of the cyclopalladated ligand of complexes (Δδ = −(1.1–1.5) ppm) is assigned to the anisotropic effect of the circular current of the pyridine rings of 4,4′-bipyridyl orthogonal to the coordination plane. The characteristic long-wavelength absorption and phosphorescence bands of the complexes are assigned to the chromophore metal-complex fragment {M(C∧N)}. The quasi-reversible reduction waves of complexes are assigned to the ligand-centered processes of successive electron transfer to the π*-orbitals localized mainly on the coordinated pyridine components of 4,4′-bipyridyl.     

Propagation characteristics of biphotons in cold atomic vapor

We investigate the propagation characteristics of the narrowband Stokes/anti-Stokes photons in cold atomic vapor. The four-wave mixing process results from parametric amplification of the anti-Stokes photons. We find that the process of parametric amplification is very similar to the light pulse propagating through an anomalous dispersion gain medium. Finally, we obtain the general solutions of the Glauber biphoton correlation functions, which are in good agreement with the experiment results.