Design and charge injection characteristics of an electrostatic dielectric liquid pulsed atomizer

An automotive fuel injector has been retrofitted with novel electrostatic components in order to improve the primary atomization and dispersion characteristics of the device. A specific design variant is presented and discussed outlining how a conventional fuel injector may be modified to house electrostatic components. With 2 bar gauge injection pressure and an electrical power of 2 mW, the injector can successfully supply intermittently charged fuel, containing spray specific charge levels up to ～1.4 C/m³. Root mean square (RMS) spray specific charge and RMS total current vs. voltage curves are presented as a function of voltage pulse and solenoid valve frequencies for both low and high flow-rate operation. The fuel injector was able to operate in a stable manner at pulse train frequencies up to 20 Hz and the charge injection mechanism was identical to previous steady voltage and pulsed voltage steady flow systems. An optimal synchronization between the high voltage (HV) pulse frequency and solenoid valve frequency has been determined, allowing for the prevention of electrical breakdown events within the inter-electrode gap over a negative voltage ranging from 0 to 4.5 kV.     

Dielectrophoresis and deformation of a liquid drop in a non-uniform, axisymmetric AC electric field

Analytical theory for the dielectrophoresis and deformation of a leaky dielectric drop, suspended in a leaky dielectric medium, subjected to non-uniform, axisymmetric Alternating Current (AC) fields is presented in the small deformation limit. The applied field is assumed to be a combination of a uniform part and a quadrupole component. The analysis shows that the magnitude and the sign of the steady and time-periodic dielectrophoretic velocity depend upon the frequency of the applied voltage. The frequency of oscillatory motion is twice that of the applied frequency and the phase lag is a consequence of charge dynamics. A deformed drop under non-uniform axisymmetric AC fields admits Legendre modes l = 2, 3, 4 . The deformation has a frequency-dependent steady and time-periodic parts due to charge and interface dynamics. The steady deformation can be zero at a certain critical frequency in leaky dielectric systems. The time-periodic deformation also has a frequency which is twice the frequency of the applied voltage. In perfect dielectric systems, unlike the steady state deformation which is a balance of Maxwell and curvature stresses, the time-periodic deformation additionally includes viscous stresses associated with the oscillatory shape changes of the drop. A consequence of this effect is a phase lag that is dependent on the charge and interface hydrodynamics and a lag of π/2 at high frequencies. It also results in vanishing amplitude of the oscillatory deformation at high frequencies. The study should lead to a better understanding of dielectrophoresis under non-uniform axisymmetric AC fields and better electrode design to affect drop breakup.     

Investigations into ultrasound induced atomization

The present work deals with measurements of the droplet size distribution in an ultrasonic atomizer using photographic analysis with an objective of understanding the effect of different equipment parameters such as the operating frequency, power dissipation and the operating parameters such as the flow rate and liquid properties on the droplet size distribution. Mechanistic details about the atomization phenomena have also been established using photographic analysis based on the capture of the growth of the instability and sudden ejection of droplets with high velocity. Velocity of these droplets has been measured by capturing the motion of droplets as streaks. It has been observed that the droplet size decreases with an increase in the frequency of atomizer. Droplet size distribution was found to change from the narrow to wider range with an increase in the intensity of ultrasound. The drop size was found to decrease with an increase in the fluid viscosity. The current work has clearly highlighted the approach for the selection of operating parameters for achieving a desired droplet size distribution using ultrasonic atomization and has also established the controlling mechanisms for the formation of droplet. An empirical correlation for the prediction of the droplet size has been developed based on the liquid and equipment operating properties.     

脉冲序列控制开关变换器的脉冲组合规律及其多周期态研究

开关变换器的脉冲序列控制是通过调整控制脉冲循环周期内高、低功率脉冲的组合方式实现对开关变换器输出电压的调节. 控制脉冲循环周期内高、低功率脉冲的组合方式决定了脉冲序列控制开关变换器的稳态性能. 基于数论中连分式展开的思想, 研究了控制脉冲循环周期内脉冲序列控制开关变换器的控制脉冲组合规律, 得到了确定控制脉冲循环周期内高、低功率控制脉冲组合方式的算法. 建立了脉冲序列控制开关变换器的输出电压一维离散迭代标准模型, 并结合高、低功率控制脉冲组合规律, 分析了脉冲序列控制开关变换器的稳态性能; 研究了其多周期态参数估计和分布; 得到了其输出电压纹波范围. 仿真和实验结果证明了算法的正确性. 本文的研究结果有助于深入理解脉冲序列控制这一类离散型开关变换器控制方法. 关键词： 脉冲序列 控制脉冲组合 输出电压稳波     

短波接收天线系统核电磁脉冲注入试验

为评估高空核电磁脉冲(HEMP)对某型短波接收天线系统的威胁,对包含浪涌保护器在内的天线前端设备进行HEMP传导注入试验。采用纳秒级快前沿方波源和双指数波电流源,分别测试不同浪涌保护措施的快脉冲响应。结果表明,主要由于天线末端的气体放电管在高过压比下很快动作(1 ns量级)、信号浪涌保护器内瞬态电压抑制器(TVS)限幅、信号传输设备内放大器饱和限幅等多重作用,注入幅度约3.5 kV的快前沿方波、电流峰值1.8 kA的双指数波(20/500 ns)脉冲都能及时泄放,只在传输设备输出端产生一个幅度饱和(< 3 V)、持续μs量级的干扰信号。对这一类低工作电压天线系统,利用基于市售浪涌保护器的多重防雷措施能够同时实现对核电磁脉冲传导环境的防护。     

高电压大电流晶闸管组件的热特性

晶闸管具有控制特性好、寿命长、噪声小等优点,目前在脉冲功率技术应用中,利用大功率晶闸管代替传统气体开关是研究趋势。晶闸管在高电压、大电流、重复频率工作条件下使用,需要对开关组件进行仔细的选型和组合。基于晶闸管的失效机理,对晶闸管组件在高电压、大电流、高di/dt,高du/dt、重复频率工作下的发热问题进行了理论分析、仿真计算和试验研究,对晶闸管组件在重复频率脉冲功率系统中的使用条件给出了理论依据。随着晶闸管工作电压、电流、频率增大,晶闸管的热损耗也越大,晶闸管的发热也越严重。为保证晶闸管安全稳定地工作,需要结温保持在安全范围内,不能长时间在重复频率下工作。     

Some Recent Developments in Twin-Fluid Atomization

The results of recent researches on twin-fluid atomization are briefly reviewed, with particular emphasis on the effects of air and liquid properties on mean drop size. It is stressed that no single equation for the mean drop sizes produced in twin-fluid atomization can satisfactorily correlate all the experimental data from any given atomizer. This is because for all types of atomizers the mechanism of liquid breakup changes from one basic mode to another with changes in atomizer operating conditions and/or liquid properties. These different modes of atomization exhibit different dependencies on atomizer dimensions and various physical properties such as liquid viscosity and air density. Equations for estimating the mean drop sizes produced in the various modes of twin-fluid atomization are presented and discussed.     

新型三组元喷嘴雾化特性研究

设计了新型三组元喷嘴,由两级离心内喷嘴和内混式外喷嘴装配为同轴式结构,通过燃料在内混腔里形成的两相流对液氧进行雾化。试验结果表明,上排孔进氧的双组元工况雾化质量高;三组元工况时存在两种雾化机理,并有较高雾化质量。     

Visualization of two phase flow inside an effervescent atomizer

Effervescent atomization is one of the twin-fluid atomization methods while it has better performance in terms of smaller drop sizes and/or lower injection pressures. In order to investigate the effects of the internal flow patterns on droplet characteristics, a new kind of effervescent atomizer was designed and manufactured. The bubble forming process was visualized with a high-speed camera, while the droplet size was characterized with a LDV/PDA system. The experimental results show that there are three regimes of the two-phase flows inside the discharge orifice, one is bubbly flow, another is annular flow while the other is the intermittent flow. The flow patterns transfered from bubbly flow to intermittent flow and then to annular flow with decreasing of the water flow rate. In addition, with increasing of the working pressure or decreasing of the water flow rate, the SMD (Sauter mean diameter) of the droplets decreased and the axial mean velocity increased.     

Generation of high-power frequency combs from injection-locked femtosecond amplification cavities

We demonstrate a scalable approach for the generation of high average power femtosecond (fs) pulse trains from Ti:sapphire by optically injection locking a resonant amplification cavity. We generate up to 7 W average power with over 30% optical extraction efficiency in a 68 fs pulse train operating at 95 MHz. This master oscillator power amplifier approach allows independent optimization of the fs laser while enabling efficient amplification to high average powers. The technique also enables coherent synchronization among multiple fs laser sources.     

纳秒脉冲下真空中绝缘子表面带电特性

 实验研究了前沿50 ns、脉宽350 ns和3 μs正负极性的4种脉冲电压作用下,真空中绝缘材料的各种局部放电现象以及由此引起的表面带电。结果表明:在脉冲电压作用下,绝缘材料沿面闪络发生前会发生各种局部放电现象,局部放电是纳秒脉冲下绝缘材料表面带电的根本原因。只要发生局部放电,绝缘材料表面就会出现正极性的电荷,并且在阴极附近的电荷密度略大于阳极附近的电荷密度,但由于材料陷阱的分布,也会有局部突变。有机玻璃比聚乙烯容易发生局部放电和积聚电荷,沿面闪络电压值更低。局部放电引起表面带电的物理机制是二次电子发射形成过程中的电子碰撞电离和材料陷阱捕获电荷共同作用。     

Luminescence and conduction charge in thin-film electroluminescent devices

The luminescence and conduction currents of a doubly-insulated thin-film electroluminescent device were studied under various excitation conditions. The conduction current waveform was calculated numerically from the luminescence waveform. It was composed of two components: a fast transient component j_fc, which rises and decays rapidly when a pulse is applied, and a dc-like component j_dc, which maintains a constant level during the duration of pulse. The ratio of these components varied considerably with applied voltage. Both the slow response of luminescence to voltage change and the change in j_fc when the excitation conditions were changed from repetitive pulses to a single pulse suggest an accumulation of charges inside the electroluminescence layer. This accumulation causes a space charge effect which explains the dominance of j_fc in the high-brightness region. The fact that luminescence intensity in this region is not related to the amplitude of individual pulses, but rather to the average amplitude of the pulse train also indicates that the space-charge-induced internal electric field is the main factor in accelerating the carriers which excite the luminescence centers. It was found that the two conduction current components showed similar characteristics in singly-insulated devices.     

基于电流基准的开关变换器脉冲序列控制方法

提出和分析了一种新的开关DC-DC变换器控制方法,基于电流基准的脉冲序列(current referenced pulse train,CR-PT)控制方法.CR-PT控制方法通过在每个开关周期检测和比较变换器的输出电压和负载电流,在多个等级不同的预设脉冲中选取其一作为该周期的有效控制信号.以Buck变换器为例对CR-PT控制方法的工作原理、实现方式、控制规律、稳态和瞬态特性进行了详细研究.研究结果表明:CR-PT控制在具有瞬态响应速度快、设计和实现简单易行稳定性好等优点的同时,其稳态性能远优于已有的脉冲序列控制.     

脉冲激光器输出能量对薄膜损伤阈值测试的影响

薄膜损伤阈值是薄膜抗强激光作用的关键参数，而脉冲激光器的输出能量直接决定了激光薄膜损伤闲值测试结果及其测试精度。激光器的工作电压、频率以及传输距离是影响能量的重要因素。根据脉冲激光器的工作原理，建立了能量与电压、能量与频率和能量与传输距离的数学模型。在激光器工作电压范围内（300～1100V）进行了实验研究，结果表明：不同频率下建立的能量与电压的数学模型不同；同一工作频率下，激光输出能量与电压有两个线性区域；能量稳定性最好的区域其RMS值小于0．025，PV值小于0．07；输出能量随着探测距离的增加而减小。该结果为激光薄膜损伤阂值测试精度的提高提供了可靠的理论依据。     

纳秒脉冲下典型钳压型浪涌防护元件的响应特性

为研究以压敏电阻和瞬态抑制（TVS）二极管为代表的典型钳压型浪涌防护元件的纳秒脉冲响应特性,为电磁脉冲干扰防护元件的选型提供科学依据,分别基于百ns和2 ns上升前沿电磁脉冲直接注入的方式,实验测试并对比分析两类元件在不同脉冲上升沿时间、电压幅值等情况下的响应差异,并阐明产生过冲响应差异的物理机理。结果表明：两类防护元件的响应时间均与注入纳秒脉冲上升沿时间有关,且随着上升沿的增加而变长,其中TVS二极管在相同上升脉冲情况下具有更为敏感的响应速度;当注入脉冲电压幅值增加时,PN结热积累加快,击穿速度加快,元件响应时间更短,相比于TVS稳定的钳位幅值,压敏电阻在钳位幅值附近处振荡明显;当快速脉冲到达时,压敏电阻和TVS二极管响应曲线在钳位幅值稳定前均发生过冲现象,并且两类防护元件的过冲电压均随着注入脉冲幅值的增加而增加;尽管钳位电压幅值由自身防护特性决定,但在相同注入脉冲条件下,同类不同型号的防护元件过冲电压几乎相同,通常压敏电阻过冲电压小于钳位电压,而TVS二极管则相反,并且随着钳位幅值变小,过冲电压与钳位电压的比值变大,这意味着过冲现象对低压TVS二极管性能影响更为严重。     

The effect of uni/bipolar charge injection on EHD conduction pumping

Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) conduction pumping takes advantage of Coulomb force generated by externally applied electric field and dissociated charges from electrolytes present in the working fluid. With the electric field maintained below the DC breakdown limit (i.e voltage required for charge injection), EHD conduction generated flow relies primarily upon the asymmetry of the electrodes where the flow is always generated toward the specific direction regardless of the electrodes polarity. The charge distribution induced by the process of dissociation may be altered by charge injection, potentially present at the electrodes' surfaces. The charge injection could occur, for example, because of the electrode surface roughness.This paper is a numerical investigation to quantify the impact of the charge injection on the performance of EHD conduction pump. The numerical domain comprises a coplanar asymmetric electrode pair embedded against a 2-D channel wall where the EHD conduction induced liquid flow is expected to be generated from the narrower electrode toward the wider electrode in the absence of charge injection. The electric field, net charge density, and electric body force distributions are presented in the absence and presence of charge injection. In addition, the electrically generated net flow is calculated for several operating conditions.     

Three-dimensional simulation of primary break-up in a close-coupled atomizer

Until now much of the modelling activity around close-coupled gas atomization has been mainly focused on gas-only flow with discrete phase interaction using Lagrangian-based models. However, this approach is unable to supply valuable information regarding the primary break-up mechanism of the melt being injected. Furthermore, much of existing numerical work is based on two-dimensional axisymmetric geometries, and therefore suffers the absence of three-dimensional flow features. In order to overcome these aspects the authors have carried out an analysis using a three-dimensional geometry by means of an Eulerian, Volume of Fluid, model to accurately present the early stages of melt stream behaviour at the atomizer’s melt inlet. The study investigates the mechanisms associated with primary break-up, and the results obtained highlight three modes under which a close-coupled atomizer may operate.     

Electrothermal atomization of a substance with fractional condensation of the element being determined on a probe

This paper describes a method of electrothermal atomization with a fractional condensation of the elements being determined on a refractory probe with the aim of decreasing the matrix influences on the atomic-absorption signal. In the course of primary atomization of the sample, the probe is placed over the dosing port of a tubular atomizer. The internal argon flow directs the vapor to the probe for the condensation of the elements being determined. The matrix vapors volatilize. Then the probe is inserted into the atomizer for evaporation of the elements and analytical signal recording. It has been shown that this technique makes it possible to decrease the influence of sodium chloride and potassium sulfate on the absorption of Ag, Cd, Pb, and Au by a factor of 50–20,000 as compared to the atomization from the atomizer wall. In the case of Au, this decrease is comparable to the level attained under the conventional conditions of a stabilized temperature furnace with a platform, a modifier, and a background corrector based on the Zeeman effect, while for the other elements its efficiency is 1.5–40 times higher.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 124–128, January–February, 2005.     

高功率大电荷量重复频率气体开关实验研究

 在自行研制的纵吹式场畸变型气体开关上，开展了大电流、大电荷传递量重复频率实验研究，已实现的开关最大工作参数为：电压100kV，电流85kA，电荷传递量0.6C/脉冲,重复频率10Hz，单脉冲能量5kJ。结果表明，气流流速、电极烧蚀及绝缘筒污染对开关重复频率和工作寿命有较大影响。     

Solution processed fabrication of single wall carbon nanotubes thin film by electrohydrodynamic atomization deposition technique and its characterization

An effective method for the fabrication of thin film of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) using the electro-hydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) deposition technique was demonstrated. In this study, the SWCNT aqueous based dispersion ink was subjected to electrostatic atomization by using an EHDA deposition system. The ink flow visualization under the influence of electric field was performed and the operating EHDA parametric envelope of the ink was explored. Then the deposition of SWCNT through the EHDA process was carried out onto a metallic substrate at a fixed flow rate and corresponding applied voltage thereby achieving thickness ranging from ??70 to 130?nm by making multiple deposition passes. The microscopic inspection of the film was performed and thin film quality was examined by scanning electron microscope analysis. Finally, electrical behavior of the SWCNT film onto a metallic substrate through temperature dependent current-voltage measurements was investigated. The SWCNT film deposited onto the metallic substrate showed electrical conductivity of ??2.98?S/cm.