Potential energy surface for activation of methane by Pt(+): a combined guided ion beam and DFT study

A guided-ion beam tandem mass spectrometer is used to study the reactions of Pt(+) with methane, PtCH(2)(+) with H(2) and D(2), and collision-induced dissociation of PtCH(4)(+) and PtCH(2)(+) with Xe. These studies experimentally probe the potential energy surface for the activation of methane by Pt(+). For the reaction of Pt(+) with methane, dehydrogenation to form PtCH(2)(+) + H(2) is exothermic, efficient, and the only process observed at low energies. PtH(+), formed in a simple C-H bond cleavage, dominates the product spectrum at high energies. The observation of a PtH(2)(+) product provides evidence that methane activation proceeds via a (H)(2)PtCH(2)(+) intermediate. Modeling of the endothermic reaction cross sections yields the 0 K bond dissociation energies in eV (kJ/mol) of D(0)(Pt(+)-H) = 2.81 +/- 0.05 (271 +/- 5), D(0)(Pt(+)-2H) = 6.00 +/- 0.12 (579 +/- 12), D(0)(Pt(+)-C) = 5.43 +/- 0.05 (524 +/- 5), D(0)(Pt(+)-CH) = 5.56 +/- 0.10 (536 +/- 10), and D(0)(Pt(+)-CH(3)) = 2.67 +/- 0.08 (258 +/- 8). D(0)(Pt(+)-CH(2)) = 4.80 +/- 0.03 eV (463 +/- 3 kJ/mol) is determined by measuring the forward and reverse reaction rates for Pt(+) + CH(4) right harpoon over left harpoon PtCH(2)(+) + H(2) at thermal energy. We find extensive hydrogen scrambling in the reaction of PtCH(2)(+) with D(2). Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of PtCH(4)(+), identified as the H-Pt(+)-CH(3) intermediate, with Xe reveals a bond energy of 1.77 +/- 0.08 eV (171 +/- 8 kJ/mol) relative to Pt(+) + CH(4). The experimental thermochemistry is favorably compared with density functional theory calculations (B3LYP using several basis sets), which also establish the electronic structures of these species and provide insight into the reaction mechanism. Results for the reaction of Pt(+) with methane are compared with those for the analogous palladium system and the differences in reactivity and mechanism are discussed.     

Dioxygen activation in methane monooxygenase: a theoretical study

Using broken-symmetry unrestricted Density Functional Theory, the mechanism of enzymatic dioxygen activation by the hydroxylase component of soluble methane monooxygenase (MMOH) is determined to atomic detail. After a thorough examination of mechanistic alternatives, an optimal pathway was identified. The diiron(II) state H(red) reacts with dioxygen to give a ferromagnetically coupled diiron(II,III) H(superoxo) structure, which undergoes intersystem crossing to the antiferromagnetic surface and affords H(peroxo), a symmetric diiron(III) unit with a nonplanar mu-eta(2):eta(2)-O(2)(2)(-) binding mode. Homolytic cleavage of the O-O bond yields the catalytically competent intermediate Q, which has a di (mu-oxo)diiron(IV) core. A carboxylate shift involving Glu243 is essential to the formation of the symmetric H(peroxo) and Q structures. Both thermodynamic and kinetic features agree well with experimental data, and computed spin-exchange coupling constants are in accord with spectroscopic values. Evidence is presented for pH-independent decay of H(red) and H(peroxo). Key electron-transfer steps that occur in the course of generating Q from H(red) are also detailed and interpreted. In contrast to prior theoretical studies, a requisite large model has been employed, electron spins and couplings have been treated in a quantitative manner, potential energy surfaces have been extensively explored, and quantitative total energies have been determined along the reaction pathway.     

A theoretical study of the activation of methane by Gold(III) homoleptic complexes

The density functional theory method with the PBE functional, SBK pseudopotential, and extended basis sets was used to study the reaction between methane and gold(III) homoleptic complexes, namely, [AuX₄]^? (X = Cl, Br, I, H, CN, NH₂, OH, CH₃, and SH), [Au(X(CY)₂X)₂]^? (X = S, Y = H; X = Y = O), Au₂Cl₆, [Au(X₂(CY))₂]⁺ (X = S, Y = NH₂; X = O, Y = H), and [Au(acac)₂]⁺, with the formation of electrophic substitution products. The activation of methane under mild conditions was found to be uncharacteristic of anionic and neutral complexes. According to calculations of cationic oxygen-containing complexes, the formation of methane complexes is possible in their reactions with methane. The energy barrier to this reaction noticeably decreases because of the activation of the C-H bond in this complex. The heat effects vary widely depending on the nature of the ligand. There is, however, no obvious correlation between their values and the activation energy of the reaction.     

甲烷水合物分子间势能的量子化学研究

用Hartree-Fock SCF和密度泛函(BLYP,B3LYP,MPW1PW91)方法对以结构-Ⅰ为单元的甲烷水合物进行了分子间势能的理论研究.该结构单元为正十二面体,其中包括20个水分子,甲烷分子在其中心.采用从头算HF/6-31G(d,p)对甲烷分子进行几何优化,采用ST2模型对水分子作几何优化.水-水间氢键势能Ehb(l)和水-甲烷间范德华势能Evdw(l)作为边长l的函数进行计算,计算时固定水和甲烷分子的几何形状.所有计算中均使用6-31G(d,p)基组.基组重叠误差(BSSE)经校正其上限和下限为水-水氢键能加以确定.由B3LYP经基组重叠误差(BSSE)校正得到的O—O距离为RO—O=0.280 nm,C—O距离RC—O=0.392 nm,比其他方法更接近实验值的0.282和0.395 nm.结果表明,在天然气水合物结构-Ⅰ中水-水分子对的氢键能(30~36 kJ/mol)大于水的二聚体(H2O)2氢键能(-22.6±2.9)kJ/mol,亦大于六角形冰的(-21.7±0.5)kJ/mol,十二面体结构为一稳定单元.以上分子间相互作用势能的结果为得出Lennard-Jones和Kihara势能参数提供了坚实的基础,此参数对分子动力学模拟天然气水合物是非常有用的.     

Ab initio potential energy surface for Ar 3 +

The potential energy surface (PES) of linear Ar ₃ ⁺ is calculated at the MP4/6-31G* level including all single, double, triple and quadruple excitations. The results show that the PES of the linear Ar ₃ ⁺ has a very flat valley along the asymmetric stretching vibration normal mode, ν₃. A higher level quadratic configuration interaction calculation including single, double and triple substitutions QCISD (T) along this flat valley suggests that an asymmetric geometry energy minimum reported earlier based on MP2 [1] is due to symmetry breaking in UHF. The global minimum of the PES is found to be for the symmetric geometry atR _ab =R _bc =2.66±0.01 Å, which is in good agreement with the MRD-CI calculation [2] and expectations from our earlier photodissociation experiments [3]. The calculational results are compared with other theoretical calculations, and are discussed in the context of the photodissociation and dynamics of dissociation experiments conducted on Ar ₃ ⁺ .     

Ab initio study of the potential energy surface for the OH+CO-->H+CO2 reaction

Potential energy surface for the reaction OH+CO-->H+CO2 has been calculated using the complete active space self-consistent-field and multireference configuration interaction methods with the correlation consistent triple-, quadruple-, and quintuple-zeta basis sets. A specific- reaction-parameters density functional theory has been suggested, in which the B3LYP functional is reoptimized to give the highly accurate potential energy surface with less computational efforts.     

Mechanism of methane activation by electrophiles generated in the AlBr5 system: An MNDO/PM3 study of the potential energy surface of the [AlBr5+CH4] system

Fragments of the potential energy surfaces (PES) of the AlBr₅ (I) and [AlBr₅+CH₄] (II) systems were studied by the MNDO/PM3 method. Five local minima corresponding to Br₂·AlBr₃ donor-acceptor complexes were found on the PES of system I. Two of these complexes have a pronounced ionic character. In system II, among the products of barrierless addition of Br₂·AlBr₃ complexes to CH₄, the methane molecule is activated only in two complexes. These are products of the attack of the most electrophilic AlBr₅ complexes on a H atom of the methane molecule. The potential barriers to conversion of these products into complexes with structures formally corresponding to the products of the attack of electrophiles on a C−H bond (the Olah scheme) or the C atom of methane molecule (the Schreiner scheme) were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 802–808, May, 2000.     

H+NH3反应势能面的量子化学研究

本文采用UCCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ方法研究了H NH3反应势能面,获得了夺氢反应和交换反应过渡态的的几何结构和振动频率。夺氢反应的过渡态具有Cs对称性,其能垒为61.92 kJ/mol。交换反应的过渡态具有C3v对称性,其能垒为39.69 kJ/mol。H NH3发生形成Td对称性的反应中间体NH4里德堡自由基。与夺氢反应相比,交换反应具有更低的反应能垒,并且NH4自由基在反应中可形成长寿命的共振态,和夺氢反应形成竞争关系,因此在H NH3反应的量子动力学研究中必须同时考虑这两类反应。本文还采用更大的基组aug-cc-pVQZ和aug-cc-pV5Z研究了势能面对基组的收敛行为。     

金属Ir4簇催化乙烯加氢反应势能面的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论(DFT)对金属Ir4簇催化乙烯加氢反应的反应机理进行了详尽的理论研究．在B3LYP／ECP[C,H:6-311G(d)和6-31G(d);Ir:LANL2DZ]理论水平下优化了反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物)的几何构型,并且用组态相互作用CCSD／ECP[C,H:6-311G(d,p);Ir:LANL2DZ]计算了各驻点的单点能,构建了该反应的基态势能面．为了验证过渡态的真实性,在B3LYP／ECP理论水平下做了内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算和频率分析．计算结果表明:金属Ir4簇催化乙烯加氢反应为双通道(a和b)反应,经过多个反应步骤完成;通道a:R→TSR-1→I1→TS1-2→I2→TS2-3→I3→TS3-P→P为较为可行的反应通道．     

Quantum mechanical study of the potential energy surface of the ClO + NO2 reaction

In the study of the reaction pathways of the ClO + NO2 reaction including reliable structures of the reactants, products, intermediates, and transition states as well as energies the MP2/6-311G(d), B3LYP/6-311G(d), and G2(MP2) methods have been employed. Chlorine nitrate, ClONO2, is formed by N-O association without an entrance barrier and is stabilized by 29.8 kcal mol(-1). It can undergo either a direct 1,3 migration of Cl or OCl rotation to yield an indistinguishable isomer. The corresponding barriers are 45.8 and 7.1 kcal mol(-1), respectively. ClONO2 can further decompose into NO3 + Cl with an endothermicity of 46.4 kcal mol(-1). The overall endothermicity of the NO2 + ClO --> NO3 + Cl reaction is calculated to be 16.6 kcal mol(-1). The formation of cis-perp and trans-perp conformer of chlorine preoxynitrite, ClOONO(cp) and ClOONO(tp), are exothermic by 5.4 and 3.8 kcal mol(-1), respectively. Calculations on the possible reaction pathways for the isomerization of ClOONO to ClONO2 showed that the activation barriers are too high to account for appreciable nitrate formation from peroxynitrite isomerization. All quoted relative energies are related to G2(MP2) calculations.     

The reaction of atomic oxygen with methanethiol. A theoretical study of the structures and the potential energy surface

Ab initio calculations at the Hartree-Fock, MP2 and MP4 levels were performed to find structures of the equilibrium and transition states and the reaction energies and energies of activation of several competing reaction pathways of O (3P)+CH3SH. A 6-31G* basis set was used in all calculations. The mechanism of hydrogen atom abstraction from the S-H group methanethiol was found to be very competitive with the oxygen atom addition to the sulfur atom.     

Three-body potential energy terms for methane trimers

An SCF LCAO MO calculation on the methane–methane–methane system is presented, in order to analyze the deviation from pairwise additivity of the interaction energy. Three-body terms are shown to be remarkably similar to those of noble gas trimers both in magnitude and in their dependence on the geometrical arrangements of the three molecules.     

Activation of methane by gold cations: guided ion beam and theoretical studies

The potential energy surface for activation of methane by the third-row transition metal cation, Au+, is studied experimentally by examining the kinetic energy dependence of this reaction using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry. A flow tube ion source produces Au+ primarily in its 1S0 (5d10) electronic ground state level but with some 3D (and perhaps higher lying) excited states that can be completely removed by a suitable quenching gas (N2O). Au+ (1S0) reacts with methane by endothermic dehydrogenation to form AuCH2+ as well as C-H bond cleavage to yield AuH+ and AuCH3+. The kinetic energy dependences of the cross sections for these endothermic reactions are analyzed to give 0 K bond dissociation energies (in eV) of D0(Au+ - CH2) = 3.70 +/- 0.07 and D0(Au+ -CH3) = 2.17 +/- 0.24. Ab initio calculations at the B3LYPHW + /6-311++G(3df,3p) level performed here show good agreement with the experimental bond energies and previous theoretical values available. Theory also provides the electronic structures of the product species as well as intermediates and transition states along the reactive potential energy surface. Surprisingly, the dehydrogenation reaction does not appear to involve an oxidative addition mechanism. We also compare this third-row transition metal system with the first-row and second-row congeners, Cu+ and Ag+. Differences in thermochemistry can be explained by the lanthanide contraction and relativistic effects that alter the relative size of the valence s and d orbitals.     

An improved potential energy surface for the F+H2 reaction

A new ground state potential energy surface has been developed for the F+H₂ reaction. Using the UCCSD(T) method, ab initio calculations were performed for 786 geometries located mainly in the exit channel of the reaction. The new data was used to correct exit channel errors that have become apparent in the potential energy surface of Stark and Werner [J. Chem. Phys. 104 (1996) 6515]. While the entrance channel and saddlepoint properties of the Stark–Werner surface are unchanged on the new potential, the exit channel behavior is more satisfactory. The exothermicity on the new surface is much closer to the experimental value. The new surface also greatly diminishes the exit channel van der Waals well that was too pronounced on the Stark–Werner surface. Several preliminary dynamical scattering calculations were carried out using the new surface for total angular momentum equal to zero for F+H₂ and F+HD. It is found that gross features of the reaction dynamics are quite similar to those predicted by the Stark–Werner surface, in particular the reactive resonance for F+HD and F+H₂ survive. However, the most of the exit channel van der Waals resonances disappear on the new surface. It is predicted that the differential cross-sections at low collision energy for the F+H₂ reaction may be drastically modified from the predictions based on the Stark–Werner surface.     

Ab initio intermolecular potential energy surface and second pressure virial coefficients of methane

A six-dimensional potential energy hypersurface (PES) for two interacting rigid methane molecules was determined from high-level quantum-mechanical ab initio computations. A total of 272 points for 17 different angular orientations on the PES were calculated utilizing the counterpoise-corrected supermolecular approach at the CCSD(T) level of theory with basis sets of aug-cc-pVTZ and aug-cc-pVQZ qualities. The calculated interaction energies were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. An analytical site-site potential function with nine sites per methane molecule was fitted to the interaction energies. In addition, a semiempirical correction to the analytical potential function was introduced to take into account the effects of zero-point vibrations. This correction includes adjustments of the dispersion coefficients and of a single-parameter within the fit to the measured values of the second virial coefficient B(T) at room temperature. Quantitative agreement was then obtained with the measured B values over the whole temperature range of the measurements. The calculated B values should definitely be more reliable at very low temperatures (T<150 K) than values extrapolated using the currently recommended equation of state.     

CBr+O_2反应在二重态势能面上的机理研究(英文)

用UB3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)和QCISD(单点能)的方法考察了CBr+O2反应在二重态势能面上的反应机理。研究发现该反应在高温过程中重要,且有两个产物通道,它们分别是BrCO+O和Br+CO2,其中前者为优势通道。为了弄清溴原子取代对次甲基与氧气反应的机理的影响,我们对CBr+O2反应与CH+O2反应的相似性和差异也作了讨论。结果表明:两反应的第一步都是CX(X=H,Br)自由基与氧气反应生成链状过氧化物XCOO,且溴原子取代对反应的活性、产物通道的数量和产物的形成过程等都有影响。     

Theoretical study on the potential energy surface and vibrational energy levels of HXeI

The potential energy surface for the electronic ground state of the HXeI molecule is constructed by using the internally contracted multi-reference configuration interaction with the Davidson correction（icMRCI＋Q）method and large basis sets. The stabilities and dissociation barriers are identified from the potential energy surfaces.The three-body dissociation channel is found to be the dominate dissociation channel for HXeI.Based on the obtained potentials,vibrational energy levels of HXeI are calculated using the Lanczos algorithm.Our theoretical results are in excellent agreement with the available observed values.     

Theoretical survey of the potential energy surface of methyl nitrite + Cu+ reaction

The gas-phase reaction of methyl nitrite with Cu+ has been investigated using density functional theory. The geometries and energies of all the stationary points involved in the reaction have been investigated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2pd) level. Seven different structures of the encounter complexes could be formed when Cu+ attacking at different electronegative heteroatoms of trans and cis conformational isomers of methyl nitrite, in which the inner oxygen attacks account for the most stable complexes. Extensive conversions could take place for these complexes converting into each other. Various mechanisms leading to the loss of NO and HNO are analyzed in terms of the topology of the potential energy surface. The reaction proceeds exclusively from the inner oxygen attachments, followed by four different mechanisms, i.e., direct dissociation, direct H abstraction, N-O activation, and C-H activation, where the former two provide direct channels for the respective losses of NO and HNO, the third one accounts for both of the losses, and C-H activation is unlikely to be important due to the energetics.     

State-to-state rotational rate constants for CO + He: infrared double resonance measurements and simulation of the data using the SAPT theoretical potential energy surface

An extensive data set of 54 time-resolved pump-probe measurements was used to examine CO + He rotational energy transfer within the CO v = 2 rotational manifold. Rotational levels in the range Ji = 2-9 were excited and collisional energy transfer of population to the levels Jf = 1-10 was monitored. The resulting data set was analyzed by fitting to numerical solutions of the master equation. State-to-state rate constant matrices were generated using fitting law functions and ab initio theoretical calculations that employed the SAPT potential energy surface of Heijmen et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 107, 9921 (1997)]. Fitting laws based on the modified exponential gap (MEG), statistical power exponential gap (SPEG), and energy corrected sudden with exponential power (ECS-EP) models all yielded acceptable simulations of the kinetic data, as did the theoretical rate constants. However, the latter were unique in their ability to reproduce both our kinetic data and the pressure broadening coefficients for CO + He. These results provide an impressive demonstration of the quality of the symmetry adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) potential energy surface.     

Helical region of the potential energy surface of α-aminoisobutyric acid: A theoretical study

The helical region of the potential energy surface of blocked α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) dipeptide has been studied by using ab initio and semiempirical quantum mechanical methods, as well as force-field-derived methods. Depending on the method, an α-helix or a 3₁₀-helix is found to be the energy minimum. The conformations obtained from computations performed at the ab initio quantum mechanical level, as well as by using the AMBER force field, are in excellent agreement with X-ray data. Semiempirical results display some important differences with regard to experimental data. On the other hand, the CVFF force field predicts no energy minimum in the helical region of the Aib potential energy surface. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.