A versatile low-cost laboratory computer network

An inexpensive but powerful computer network particularly suited to the research laboratory is discussed. The primary advantages of the system are low cost, flexibility, freedom of choice of manufacturer, and convenience of upgrading. The principal limitations are speed of data transfer and the requirement for a certain level of skill during setting up. The system operates with both the CP/M and MP/M operating systems, but the principles of operation are generally applicable.     

A computer controlled pulse radiolysis laboratory

In this paper the computer controlled, automated pulse radiolysis laboratory of the Institute of Isotopes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, is introduced. The system is equipped with a Linac type accelerator which produces 50 ns–2.6 s pulses of 4 MeV electrons, with an optical detection system and with computerized data acquisition.     

A laboratory based multi-instrument computer system

Design of computer system for assistance in the operation of experiments contains certain factors unique to a particular laboratory. Details are given on the procedure that was used to generate design criteria and to implement such a design for a computer system in the Analytical Chemistry Division, NBS. The system is currently servicing ten instruments (ranging from spectrophotometers to mass spectrometers) with a projected capacity exceeding sixty depending upon the type of instruments connected.     

The analytical laboratory computer as a management aid

Intelligent use of the data available in the store of the analytical laboratory computer can provide much of the information necessary for the optimization of laboratory resources. The research manager can use such information to monitor the activity of various projects and the cost effectiveness of the analytical service.     

Computer systems for laboratory networks and high-performance NMR

Modern computer technology is significantly enhancing the associated tasks of spectroscopic data acquisition and data reduction and analysis. Distributed data processing techniques, particularly laboratory computer networking, are rapidly changing the scientist's ability to optimize results from complex experiments. Optimization of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experimental results requires use of powerful, large-memory (virtual memory preferred) computers with integrated (and supported) high-speed links to magnetic resonance instrumentation. Laboratory architectures with larger computers, in order to extend data reduction capabilities, have facilitated the transition to NMR laboratory computer networking. Examples of a polymer microstructure analysis and in vivo 31P metabolic analysis are given. This paper also discusses laboratory data processing trends anticipated over the next 5-10 years. Full networking of NMR laboratories is just now becoming a reality.     

Small angle neutron scattering from interpenetrating networks

The basic principles of small angle neutron scattering are set out in precise form together with the interpretation of scattering data using both the model approach and the statistical interpretation. These methods have been applied to interpenetrating networks of polydimethylsiloxane and deuteropolystyrene and polydimethylsiloxane and polymethacrylic acid. Discrete regions appear to exist in the first of these IPN systems and to some extent the mechanical properties can be evaluated from small angle neutron scattering data. For the second IPN, the statistical approach had to be used, results of which indicated that the polymethacrylic acid regions are continuous. This conclusion was confirmed by a separate permeation study.     

The use of a micro-mini-mainframe computer network in the analytical chemical laboratory

A network of communicating and cooperating computers, consisting of a central host computer and one microcomputer per experiment, is described. The network is intended to be used as a universally applicable tool in analytical chemical research. A specially developed programming language, easy to learn, offers the possibilities of real-time clock-controlled data acquisition, control of experiments, simple logical decisions, and cooperation with the host computer, which simultaneously runs a program in a conventional higher language such as FORTRAN. The analytical application used for illustration relates to inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry.     

International computer networks and new possibilities for scientific cooperation in crystallography

Global computer networks remove geographical and territorial limitations from free exchange of information. Electronic mail, interactive communications, and data servers help scientists keep in contact with each other and with other research groups by exchanging the latest scientific news and taking part in electronic conferences. The international community of crystallographers is actively involved in the system of computer communications. This is due to the large crystallographic database and collaborative efforts of crystallographers aimed at developing the necessary service systems and standards for electronic representation of crystallographic texts. Computer networks give Russian scientists access to foreign structural databases. L. Ya. Karpov Physicochemical Research Institute. Translated fromZhurnal Struktumoi Khimii, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 153–157, September–October, 1994. Translated by O. Kharlamova     

The recognition of selected burning liquids by convolutional neural networks under laboratory conditions

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - This paper deals with the recognition of selected burning liquids by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Three CNNs (AlexNet, GoogLeNet and...     

The topological and dynamic characteristics of H-bond networks in water according to computer simulation results

The classic molecular dynamics methods were employed to calculate the topological and dynamic characteristics of H-bond networks in water with the use of various model potentials. The explicit inclusion of specific intermolecular interactions between oxygen and hydrogen atoms additionally stabilized tetrahedrally coordinated molecules and, as a consequence, increased their number in the system. The lifetimes of H-bonds were found to characterize high correlation of movements of nearest environment molecules.     

Triglyceride nanocrystal aggregation into polycrystalline colloidal networks: Ultra-small angle X-ray scattering,models and computer simulation

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the majority molecules present in edible fats and oils. Many of the functional characteristics of fat products depend on the colloidal fat crystal network present. Identifying the hierarchies of these colloidal networks and how they spontaneously self-assemble is important to understand their functionality and the oil binding capacity, and new insights into the nano- to meso-scale structure in these colloidal fat networks have been reported in recent years. Ultra small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) is a technique new to the study of edible oil structures and, when combined with modelling and computer simulation, has enabled significant advances to be made in understanding the nano- to micro-scale crystalline structures of edible oils. In the four years since crystalline nanoplatelets (CNPs) were characterized, models have been made of these highly anisotropic nanoscale structures in which they were treated as the primary unit. In those models, CNPs were represented as close-packed rigid layers of spheres, so chosen because the van der Waals sphere–sphere interaction is known. The intent of the models was to predict the hierarchy of colloidal fat networks that would self-assemble from the components in edible oils. Initially, CNP aggregation was modelled under the assumption that all CNPs are present before aggregation begins and that their solubility in liquid oil is very low. The models successfully predicted the fractal dimensions subsequently measured using USAXS. This brief review reports on some of the latest models and simulations together with the results of USAXS experiments carried out on binary lipid systems, such as SSS in OOO, as well as certain complex systems that contain many different TAG molecules. The excellent agreement between the two approaches has established that USAXS is a powerful tool in the elucidation of the nano- to meso-length scales in fats and oils.     

Epoxide networks as model networks

Summary The equilibrium mechanical behaviour of weak diepoxide-monoepoxide-diamine networks, prepared with an excess of diamine and measured in the rubbery state, was compared with theoretical predictions obtained by using the theory of branching processes. The experimental equilibrium moduli fit well the shape of theoretical curves over a broad range of crosslinking density regardless of whether the contribution by trapped entanglements is considered or not. The data fit equally well the theoretical dependence for the front factor A = 1 without entanglement contribution and forA = (f _e - 2)/f _e , (f _e is the average effective functionality of a junction) with an entanglement contribution based on the contact probability between any two units within elastically active network chains (Langley).Dedicated to Prof. Dr.G. Rehage on the occasion of his 60th birthday.With 5 figures     

良好实验室规范与实验室认证

良好实验室规范(GLP)作为一个管理系统,已成为国际上从事非临床安全性研究和实验研究所共同遵循的规范。实施GLP的目的确保试验结果的准确性和可靠性,最重要的是实现试验数据的相互认可(MAD)。欧盟REACH法规中关于物质注册的规定,也对我国的实验室认证工作提出了更高的要求。本文就目前在国际社会上得到广泛承认和实施的经济合作与发展组织(OECD)提出的GLP原则的发展概况与我国由此转化的国家GLP系列标准,以及我国的GLP认证情况进行综述;同时将OECD GLP与ISO/IEC 17025进行比较,为相关的检测机构提供重要信息。     

Thermodynamic networks

Continuity matrices have been developed for matter, energy and entropy networks. The advantages of this approach are the increased generality and compactness developed by the set of three matrix equations. A simple power plant system or network is analyzed using the matrix method.     

Education and training of laboratory staff as a part of laboratory competence

Competence of laboratory staff is an important part of the technical competence of each laboratory. Because the speed at which knowledge goes out of date is increasing, maintaining laboratory staff competence at an appropriate level can be a very demanding requirement, especially for laboratories operating in a free market with little or no financial help from the state or from the larger organisation they possibly belong to. In order to manage staff competence effectively and efficiently, a laboratory must first define its services and the processes needed for realisation of these services. Responsibility for each step in these processes can then be assigned and gap analysis of current competence can be performed. This article analyses the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 standard and gives some practical advice and solutions how to organize and manage staff competence.     

Microcomputers in the laboratory

Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden zweiten Teil der dreiteiligen Übersicht über den Einsatz von Mikrorechnern im Laboratorium werden die Hilfsmittel vorgestellt, die für die Herstellung funktionsfähiger Programme zur Verfügung stehen.

---

Microcomputers in the laboratoryII. Software

Summary In the present second part of the three-part review on microcomputers in the laboratory available aids are discussed for preparing efficient programs.

I. Mitt.: Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 296, 18 (1979)