四法助你求解线面角

直线与平面所成的角（简称线面角）是立体几何中的一个重要的数学概念,其计算体现了立体几何的基本要求,体现了逻辑推理与运算求解的高度统一.高考中,线面角的求解题目屡见不鲜,是高考中的重点题型之一.本文主要通过一个高考题目和同学们交流求解线面角的四种方法,帮助同学们求解立体几何中的线面角.     

四法助你求解线面角

<正>直线与平面所成的角(简称线面角)是立体几何中的一个重要的数学概念,其计算体现了立体几何的基本要求,体现了逻辑推理与运算求解的高度统一.高考中,线面角的求解题目屡见不鲜,是高考中的重点题型之一.本文主要通过一个高考题目和同学们交流求解线面角的四种方法,帮助同学们求解立体几何中的线面角.题目(2013年大纲全国卷文11,理10)已知正四棱柱ABCD-A1B1C1D1(底面是正     

构造三角形 解梯形问题——一道世界团体锦标赛试题的解法探究

对第7届世界团体锦标赛少年组团体赛第17题的解法进行了深入研究,通过构造三角形将梯形问题转化为三角形问题.利用三角形的性质得到了多种解法.一是借助15°角构造其中一角为30°角的直角三角形,再运用勾股定理求解;二是借助15°角和45°角,或120°角构造等边三角形,然后利用三角形的性质求解;三是构造相似三角形,运用勾股定理和相似三角形性质求解.通过“一题多解”,有利于培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力,有利用于提升学生的数学核心素养.     

二阶椭圆问题带单位分解技巧的两重网格方法

标准的两重网格方法是一种求解二阶椭圆问题的局部并行方法,其计算所得数值解在整个求解区域上并不连续使用单位分解技术,将各个子区域上的局部解粘合在一起,从而得到全局连续解,并证明此解在H1范数意义下最优.更进一步,可以证明通过在粗网格上修正,能够改善其L2误差.数值例子验证了理论的正确性.     

一点连三线——再探空间三类角问题

<正>空间三类角(两条异面直线所成角、直线与平面所成角、二面角)是立体几何的核心内容,也是高考重点考查的内容之一,主要考查三类空间角的求解与大小比较.建立空间直角坐标系,通过空间向量坐标运算,是求解空间三类角问题的常用方法.但此法存在两个缺陷:一是若图形不规则或不容易建立坐标系,则该法常常行不通;二是运算量较大.本文我们将重点介绍运用"最小(大)角"定理和"三余(正)弦"定理,解决立体几何中的三类角求解问题.由于它不仅关联了线线角、线面角和二面角,而且不需要建立坐标系,运算量也很小,可谓至精至简.     

基于角点处扭矢构造双三次Coons曲面的一种优化方法

本文针对矩形网格角点处的扭矢采用优化方法构造双三次Coons曲面,提出一种新的优化准则来确定角点处的扭矢.首先,通过变分原理,考虑曲面导矢的极小化问题转化的Euler-Lagrange偏微分方程,将该方程应用于每一个Coons块的角点上,引入一个新的极小化问题,其解是Euler-Lagrange偏微分方程的近似最优解.然后,建立一个具有块三对角系数矩阵的线性方程组来求解新的极小化问题.该系数矩阵可以表示为两个相同的形式特殊的矩阵的Kronnecker积,进而可以证明其非奇异性.最后,数值实验验证本文方法的稳定性和有效性.     

任意三角形区域中一组完备正交基的构造与分类

1.引言 正交函数基底在函数逼近、图像压缩和模式识别等领域中起着重要的作用.在二维区域中,通常采用分离变量法构造张量积形式的基底.然而,这种方法本质上只适用于规则的矩形区域.如何构造非规则区域,如三角形上的正交基底,是一个值得研究的课题[1][2][3][4][5].在一维情形下,通过求解Sturm—Liouville特征方程可以得到一组完备的正交基底.通过求解相应区域的特征方程,我们可以将这种方法推广到高维的基底构造.以三角区域为例,我们可以通过求解形式如下的特征方程来构造正交基底函数:     

求解双材料裂纹结构全域应力场的扩展边界元法

在线弹性理论中,复合材料裂纹尖端具有多重应力奇异性,常规数值方法不易求解.该文建立的扩展边界元法(XBEM)对围绕尖端区域位移函数采用自尖端径向距离r的渐近级数展开式表达,其幅值系数作为基本未知量,而尖端外部区域采用常规边界元法离散方程.两方程联立求解可获得裂纹结构完整的位移和应力场.对两相材料裂纹结构尖端的两个材料域分别采用合理的应力特征对,然后对其进行计算,通过计算结果的对比分析,表明了扩展边界元法求解两相材料裂纹结构全域应力场的准确性和有效性.     

借助方程求与等腰三角形有关角

由于在等腰三角形中,两底角相等,且顶角与底角之间具有确定的数量关系,求与等腰三角形有关的角时,很多时候可以通过巧妙地设未知数借助方程求解,达到化难为易的目的.1.灵活设元,用同一元表示不同的角     

带移动奇异源热方程的移动网格方法

研究了一个带若干奇异源热方程的数值求解,其源的移动由一个常微分方程描述.基于移动观察区域和区域分解思想提出了一个移动网格预估校正算法.网格方程可自然的通过并行高效求解,算法避免了跳跃信息[u]的计算而使物理方程的离散格式变得非常简单,且仍保持了空间上的二阶收敛性.数值例子验证了算法的收敛性和高效性,并模拟了非线性源函数带来的爆破现象.     

On wheel–rail contact problem with material properties varying with depth

Numerous laboratory experiments indicate that the use of a layer or a coating material attached to the conventional steel body reduce the magnitude of contact stress. Therefore in this paper we solve numerically the wheel–rail contact problem with friction and wear assuming the existence of a small elastic layer on the rail surface. Material properties of this layer are changing with its depth. The friction between the bodies is governed by Coulomb law. In contact zone Archard's law of wear is assumed. We take special features of this rolling contact problem and use so-called quasistatic approach to solve this contact problem. Finite element method is used as a discretization method. The numerical results including the distribution of normal stress along the contact boundary are provided and discussed. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A PRACTICAL PARALLEL DIFFERENCE SCHEME FOR PARABOLIC EQUATIONS

A practical parallel difference scheme for parabolic equations is constructed as follows: to decompose the domain Ω into some overlapping subdomains, take flux of the last time layer as Neumann boundary conditions for the time layer on inner boundary points of subdomains, solve it with the fully implicit scheme on each subdomain, then take correspondent values of its neighbor subdomains as its values for inner boundary points of each subdomain and mean of its neighbor subdomain and itself at overlapping points. The scheme is unconditionally convergent. Though its truncation error is O(τ h), the convergent order for the solution can be improved to O(τ h2).     

流面上的Navier-Stokes方程及其维数分裂方法

该文首先提出了流面和流层的概念,然后推导出了半测地坐标系下流层内的三维NS (Navier-Stokes)方程,以及流面上的二维NS方程.通过引入流面上的流函数,得到了流函数方程的非线性初边值问题,并讨论了方程解的存在性和唯一性.基于以上讨论,提出了求解三维NS方程的维数分裂方法, 并给出了算例.     

含开边界二维Stokes问题的Galerkin边界元解法

本文推导了含有开边界的二维有限域上Stokes问题的边界积分方程, 得出基于单层位势的第一类间接边界积分方程.对与之等价的边界变分方程用Galerkin边界元求解以得出单层位势的向量密度. 对于含有开边界端点的边界单元,采用特别的插值函数, 以模拟其固有的奇异性.论文用若干数值算例模拟了含有开边界的有限区域上不可压缩粘性流体的绕流.       

用单层位势求解尖角区域上的Dirichlet外问题

采用Kress变换以及处理第一类奇异核的积分方法,运用Nystrom方法利用单层位势求解尖角区域上的Dirichlet外问题.给出具体的算法和数值例子,通过数值例子可以看出用单层位势求解尖角区域上的Dirichlet外问题与用单双层结合求解所得的结果基本上一致,说明这种方法是有效的和可行的.     

A Mixed Analytical/Numerical Method for Velocity and Heat Transfer of Laminar Power-Law Fluids

This paper presents a relatively simple numerical method to investigate the flow and heat transfer of laminar power-law fluids over a semi-infinite plate in the presence of viscous dissipation and anisotropy radiation. On one hand, unlike most classical works, the effects of power-law viscosity on velocity and temperature fields are taken into account when both the dynamic viscosity and the thermal diffusivity vary as a power-law function. On the other hand, boundary layer equations are derived by Taylor expansion, and a mixed analytical/numerical method (a pseudo-similarity method) is proposed to effectively solve the boundary layer equations. This method has been justified by comparing its results with those of the original governing equations obtained by a finite element method. These results agree very well especially when the Reynolds number is large. We also observe that the robustness and accuracy of the algorithm are better when thermal boundary layer is thinner than velocity boundary layer.     

Laguerre collocation solutions to boundary layer type problems

In this paper a Laguerre collocation type method based on usual Laguerre functions is designed in order to solve high order nonlinear boundary value problems as well as eigenvalue problems, on semi-infinite domain. The method is first applied to Falkner–Skan boundary value problem. The solution along with its first two derivatives are computed inside the boundary layer on a fine grid which cluster towards the fixed boundary. Then the method is used to solve a generalized eigenvalue problem which arise in the study of the stability of the Ekman boundary layer. The method provides reliable numerical approximations, is robust and easy implementable. It introduces the boundary condition at infinity without any truncation of the domain. A particular attention is payed to the treatment of boundary conditions at origin. The dependence of the set of solutions to Falkner–Skan problem on the parameter embedded in the system is reproduced correctly. For Ekman eigenvalue problem, the critical Reynolds number which assure the linear stability is computed and compared with existing results. The leftmost part of the spectrum is validated using QZ as well as some Jacobi–Davidson type methods.     

An advanced study on the solution of nanofluid flow problems via Adomian’s method

Nanofluid flow is one of the most important areas of research at the present time due to its wide and significant applications in industry and several scientific fields. The boundary layer flow of nanofluids is usually described by a system of nonlinear differential equations with boundary conditions at infinity. These boundary conditions at infinity cause difficulties for any of the series method, such as Adomian’s method, the variational iteration method and others.The objective of the present work is to introduce a reliable method to overcome such difficulties that arise due to an infinite domain. The proposed scheme, that we will introduce, is based on Adomian’s decomposition method, where we will solve a system of nonlinear differential equations describing the boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet.     

Regularizing properties of space-periodic layer heat potentials and applications to boundary value problems in periodic domains

We introduce space-periodic layer heat potentials and we prove some regularizing properties in parabolic Schauder spaces defined on the boundary of infinite parabolic cylinders. Then, we show how to exploit these mapping properties for the space-periodic layer potentials in order to solve two initial-boundary value problems for the heat equation in an unbounded periodic domain.     

An exponentially fitted special second-order finite difference method for solving singular perturbation problems

An exponentially fitted special second-order finite difference method is presented for solving singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problems with the boundary layer at one end (left or right) point. A fitting factor is introduced in a tri-diagonal finite difference scheme and is obtained from the theory of singular perturbations. Thomas Algorithm is used to solve the system and its stability is investigated. To demonstrate the applicability of the method, we have solved several linear and non-linear problems. From the results, it is observed that the present method approximates the exact solution very well.