基于偏折术的角膜地形图测量方法研究

为了提高获取角膜地形图的测量精度,将相位测量偏折术和传统Placido盘法相结合,研究了一种新型的人眼角膜地形图获取方法。将人眼顶点处的法线与相机光轴共线,且与显示器的法线平行。显示器上显示的二维正交条纹图经人眼反射后,被相机接收。利用相位提取算法和迭代算法得到显示器和人眼角膜的坐标,再根据两者的几何关系,进而得到人眼角膜地形图。数值模拟表明模型眼的曲率半径和屈光度的测量精度理论上可达±14.7μm和±0.07D。最后实验上对曲率半径与人眼接近的球面元件进行了测量验证,结果表明,本方法具有测量精度高、装置简单、成本低等优点。     

眼角膜曲率仪的测量和设计

眼角膜曲率仪又称角膜计。是应用光学方法测量人眼眼球角膜半径的一种光学仪器。测量是通过光学系统中的两个光标,从角膜反射经透镜组和两组光楔测微补偿器的轴向调节来测出两个光标像的间隔,再计算出曲率半径。本文最后部分分析了影响被测半径精度的各种因素。     

基于微激励光学相干弹性成像的角膜固频在体测量

非侵入式角膜在体弹性测量具有重要临床意义却尚无金标准。提出了基于光学相干层析(OCT)的光学相干弹性成像方法(OCE),实现了微气体(压强为10～40 Pa)脉冲激励下软组织的亚纳米-微米级振幅力学响应的高分辨观测。结合时域恢复曲线拟合模型(R-Model)和频域单自由度振动模型(SDOF-Model),测量了浓度(质量分数)为1.0%～2.0%的琼脂仿体和两名志愿者角膜的固有频率。测量结果表明：固有频率值不受激励压强大小的影响，且与杨氏模量的平方根正相关(皮尔逊相关系数为r≥0.98);SDOF-Model具有更好的可重复性，其平均离散系数(CV)为0.9%(琼脂仿体)和1.7%(人眼角膜),而R-Model的平均CV则高达8.4%(琼脂仿体)和42.6%(人眼角膜),即基于SDOF-Model的微激励OCE方法更适合人眼角膜固有频率的在体测量。     

基于改进哈特曼法的眼镜片全孔径屈光度测量

自由曲面镜片的发展和普及,对现有的屈光度测量方法提出了挑战,也要求新的测量方法具有更高的精度以及更好的可靠性。因此,介绍了传统哈特曼检测法测量眼镜片屈光度的测量原理并提出了一种改进方法,对球面单焦点镜片和散光镜片进行仿真测量的屈光度误差均在1%以内。对改进方法与传统方法测量所得到的渐进多焦点自由曲面镜片屈光度分布图的分析结果表明,改进哈特曼检测法相比于传统哈特曼检测法具有测量范围大,精度高的特点,能够准确反映眼镜片的屈光度分布特征。     

气体火花开关放电通道半径及电阻测量

搭建低电感实验回路平台,利用高速分幅相机拍摄火花开关放电通道发展过程,分析照片光强和放电通道半径的对应关系,根据图片光强测定不同时刻放电通道的半径,提出适合实验条件的放电通道半径计算公式。依据高压探头和Pearson线圈测量得到的放电通道电压和电流波形,计算放电通道的电阻,再利用测量的放电通道半径进而得到其电导率。放电通道半径随着放电通道的发展逐渐增大,有饱和的趋势,放电电流2 kA时电流峰值处放电通道半径约0.6 mm;随着放电电流峰值的增大,放电通道电阻下降速率增大,达到稳定值所需的时间减小,稳定值也随之减小,其电阻稳定值最小能达到0.08 。     

基于镜眼联合模型的单光镜片设计及制造

针对现有单光镜片存在人眼实际感受屈光力不恒定的问题,提出了一种基于镜眼联合模型的单光镜片设计方法。将人眼视角变化与对应的镜片使用区域相匹配,以角膜表面人眼实际感受到的屈光度保持恒定为基准,对镜片表面的屈光度进行重新计算,最终获得镜片表面的屈光度分布及相应的面形数据。基于所提设计方法,以角膜表面实际感受到的屈光度-6.00 D为例,生成面形数据进行镜片加工,并对加工后的镜片面形及屈光度进行了测量和评价。测试结果表明：加工镜片的中心屈光度为-6.30 D,且呈中心向边缘渐变趋势,屈光度最大误差小于±0.23 D,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

光学系统光阑应用的实例

介绍了一种光学组合系统，通过构造光学系统虚拟的视场光阑实现人眼屈光度测量，它是光学系统光阑应用的生动实例.     

光镊系统中光放大倍数对测量结果的影响

从实验和理论两方面，讨论了在光镊系统中，光放大倍数在500—1000倍、间隔为100倍的范围内，对四象限探测器位移测量信号的幅值及其线性度的影响.实验结果与理论结果符合很好，得出相同的结论：当微粒的影像半径约为四象限探测器探头半径(50—60)%时，可以得到幅值大、线性好的输出信号. 关键词： 光镊系统 放大倍数 四象限探测器     

基于空间相干性控制的环形光源技术

提出了一种利用二元相位光栅产生环形光源的新方法,并且可以实现环形光源的环半径和环厚度连续或固定可调。阐述了环形光源抑制相干噪声的原理,推导了环形光源半径及干涉腔长度与条纹对比度之间的关系。实验表明:环形光源能保持干涉条纹对比度,同时有效抑制相干噪声,环形光源模式系统的本征噪声峰谷值小于点光源模式,且没有明显牛顿环噪声,测量重复性和测量精度都高于点光源模式,从而提高了测量精度。     

用透镜测量人眼的屈光度和视力

利用一凸透镜、一凹透镜及光具座构成光路 ,通过改变并测量两透镜的相对位置可以确定人眼的屈光度和视力     

The modelling of the influence of a corneal geometry on the pupil image of the human eye

In normal conditions, a pupil of the eye is observed through the optical system of the cornea. The cornea is the anterior surface of the eye and is the major refractive element of the human eye. The influence of the corneal shape should not be neglected in measurements of the pupil size. The purpose of this study was to estimate the influence of the corneal geometry, the diameter of the pupil and its position in the anterior chamber on the magnification and position of the image of the pupil. The numerical calculations presented in the paper assume infinitely thin cornea, and the corneal topography was approximated by the elongated ellipsoid. The ray tracing procedure was used in our numerical modelling. The magnification of the pupil image amounted to about 10% and increases with decrease of radius of curvature and eccentricity of the corneal profile and decreases for the largest pupil. The results show also that the pupil image is placed nearer the corneal apex than the real pupil. The image of the pupil is always blurred, which limits the sharp observation of the pupil.     

基于个体眼光学结构的角膜与晶状体的像差补偿

研究角膜对晶状体波前像差的影响对现行的个性化视觉矫正手术有-定的参考价值.运用光学设计软件Zemax,根据个体人眼的角膜地形图、眼内各部分轴向间距和全眼波前像差数据,为22只人眼构建了个体眼光学结构.基于个体眼光学结构和衍射光学理论计算了眼内、外不同位置处的波前,获得了角膜对晶状体波前像差的影响.结果表明,角膜和品状体像差存在补偿和叠加两种关系.大多数眼睛,角膜对晶状体像差有一定补偿作用.总体像散的均方根(RMS)值比品状体像散的RMS值减小0.08～1.48μm,相当于10.1%～77.5%.总体高阶像差的RMS值比晶状体高阶像差的RMS值减小了0.06～0.85 μm,相当于3.8%～79.4%,平均减小了50.7%.其中,球差和彗差的Zernike系数绝对值总体比晶状体分别减小了0.02～0.60μm和0.01～0.39μm,相当于4.3%～98.4%和2.5%～91.4%.     

超视力人眼模型的研究

超视力人眼模型对充分发掘人眼视力达到“鹰视”具有重要意义。用Zernike多项式描述角膜前表面，用渐变折射率描述晶状体的折射率分布，同时考虑人眼视轴和光轴的夹角对成像的影响，利用光学设计软件Zemax建立了人眼超视力模型。将Zernike条纹矢高面应用到人眼模型中，能有效改变视轴方向(即5°视场)的成像质量，提高点扩散函数（PSF）值。采用晶状体渐变折射率符合人眼的实际解剖结构，可有效减小人眼像差。通过分析人眼极限分辨能力和人眼模型波像差，得出当空间频率为60周期/度时，该模型对目标高频细节感知的调制度可达到0.55。     

Contributions of the cornea and the lens to the aberrations of the human eye

The relative contributions of optical aberrations of the cornea and the crystalline lens to the final image quality of the human eye were studied. The aberrations of the entire eye were obtained from pairs of double-pass retinal images, and the aberrations of the cornea were obtained from videokeratographic data. Third-order spherical aberration and coma were significantly larger for the cornea than for the complete eye, indicating a significant role of the lens in compensating for corneal aberrations. In a second experiment retinal images were recorded in an eye before and after we neutralized the aberrations of the cornea by having the subjects wear swimming goggles filled with saline water, providing a direct estimate of the optical performance of the crystalline lens.     

非球面和梯度折射率在眼光学成象中的作用

在Gullstrand-Le Grand眼模型的基础上,构造不同的眼光学模型,分别研究了角膜非球面、晶状体非球面和昌状体折射率在眼光学成象中的作用.通过比较各模型系统的Zernike标准多项式系数,分析了非球面和梯度折射率对眼光光系统各象差的影响.同时研究了不同模型调制传递函数的特性.     

Influence of laser polarization on ocular refractive parameters after refractive surgery

We provide an adjustment factor for ablation algorithms used in photorefractive laser surgery that takes into account how laser polarization in reflection losses affects the cornea. We evaluate the influence of this factor on corneal radius and asphericity after surgery, showing that it is significant for visual performance (effective visual acuity is reduced) and for the correction of eye aberrations. Our data indicate that this adjustment factor should be included in the ablation algorithms (depending on the polarization state of each laser device) that are proposed for customized corneal ablation, which need great accuracy for minimization of eye aberrations.     

Eye tissue structure and refraction alterations upon nondestructive laser action

A new approach to alterations in eye refraction upon nondestructive laser action on the sclera and cornea is studied. It is demonstrated in in vivo experiments on rabbit eyes that sequential laser irradiation of the sclera and cornea yields a significant alteration in the eye refraction. The collagen structure of the sclera and cornea is studied after the nondestructive laser action with noninvasive polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. It is demonstrated that collagen fibers that provide for the cornea tension and applanation partially survive in the zone of the local denaturation of sclera. An irradiation mode that corresponds to an increase in the cornea’s plasticity and does not cause visible structural changes is chosen. The simplest theoretical model for alterations in the eye refraction upon the nonablative laser action on sclera is analyzed. The alteration in the cornea curvature upon stretching resulting from the local sclera coagulation and the corresponding decrease in its volume is calculated. The model makes it possible to approximately estimate the laser irradiation modes that provide the desired alterations in eye refraction.     

视线跟踪输入及其图像处理

介绍了视线跟踪输入人机交互系统的原理和构成,特别是数字图像处理技术在其中的应用。以辅助光源在人眼角膜上的普尔钦斑点及瞳孔偏移为依据,通过对实验照片进行图像处理及分析来检测和判断视线输入方向。提出了在使用过程中在头部微小变动时视线输入方向的修正方法。同时也阐述了通过眼睛盯视实现对计算机外设的控制。结果表明,视线跟踪输入实现了人眼与计算机之间的实时信息交互,为今后以眼动输入作为人机交互手段的自适应平台的开发打下了一定的基础。     

SAR EVALUATION IN THE 0.25 MM HUMAN EYE MODEL EXPOSED TO 30 GHz MILLIMETER WAVE

We have evaluated the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the eye induced by the perpendicular incidence of 30 GHz uniform plane millimeter wave (MMW). An anatomically based 0.25 mm voxel model of the eye with 10 types of tissue is constructed. Debye’s dispersion equation is used to derive the dielectric properties of the eye tissues and biological materials in the neighboring region. The three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm and the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions are used in the numerical simulation. The FDTD code is validated against the Mie theory. The SAR deposition in the eye is calculated and displayed, with the analysis on the SAR distribution characteristics. The average SAR values in the cornea, the lens cortex, the lens nucleus, the humor, and the whole eye are statistically derived and examined against present irradiation safety standard.