Novel atmospheric extinction measurement techniques for aerospace laser system applications

Novel techniques for laser beam atmospheric extinction measurements, suitable for manned and unmanned aerospace vehicle applications, are presented in this paper. Extinction measurements are essential to support the engineering development and the operational employment of a variety of aerospace electro-optical sensor systems, allowing calculation of the range performance attainable with such systems in current and likely future applications. Such applications include ranging, weaponry, Earth remote sensing and possible planetary exploration missions performed by satellites and unmanned flight vehicles. Unlike traditional LIDAR methods, the proposed techniques are based on measurements of the laser energy (intensity and spatial distribution) incident on target surfaces of known geometric and reflective characteristics, by means of infrared detectors and/or infrared cameras calibrated for radiance. Various laser sources can be employed with wavelengths from the visible to the far infrared portions of the spectrum, allowing for data correlation and extended sensitivity. Errors affecting measurements performed using the proposed methods are discussed in the paper and algorithms are proposed that allow a direct determination of the atmospheric transmittance and spatial characteristics of the laser spot. These algorithms take into account a variety of linear and non-linear propagation effects. Finally, results are presented relative to some experimental activities performed to validate the proposed techniques. Particularly, data are presented relative to both ground and flight trials performed with laser systems operating in the near infrared (NIR) at λ = 1064 nm and λ = 1550 nm. This includes ground tests performed with 10 Hz and 20 kHz PRF NIR laser systems in a large variety of atmospheric conditions, and flight trials performed with a 10 Hz airborne NIR laser system installed on a TORNADO aircraft, flying up to altitudes of 22,000 ft.     

气体靶激光等离子体软X-射线源实验研究

介绍了一种无碎屑、高亮度、高工作频率的气体靶激光等离子体软X 射线源。其喷气阀门由压电陶瓷驱动 ,工作频率可达到 40 0Hz。与金属靶激光等离子体软X 射线源相比 ,此光源无碎屑。与喷嘴由电磁阀控制的气体靶激光等离子体软X 射线源相比 ,它有较高的工作频率。一工作在模拟模式的通道电子倍增器被用于探测来自光源的软X 射线辐射 ,其输出信号经过一电荷灵敏前置放大器进一步放大变成电压脉冲信号 ,脉冲幅度与输入电荷灵敏前置放大器的电量成正比。实验测得CO2 ,Xe和Kr在 8～ 2 2nm软X 射线投影光刻常用波段的光谱辐射特性。CO2 光谱包括类锂和类铍离子跃迁形成的线谱 ,Xe光谱是多电荷氙离子 4d 5f,4d 4f,4d 6p和 4d 5p跃迁所形成的光谱。Kr气体靶光谱包括类铜离子、类镍离子、类钴离子和类铁离子跃迁形成的线谱和连续谱。     

飞机激光雷达散射截面测量与分析

飞机激光雷达散射截面的测量,对于研究飞机激光散射特性以及评估探测系统至关重要.本文介绍了飞机激光雷达散射截面测量理论,设计了飞机激光雷达散射截面测量装置和测量方法,并通过实验验证了该装置与测量方法.在全尺寸真实飞机试验与测量过程中,通过对原始数据高斯补偿与背景修正,获得了误差小于7%的飞机激光雷达散射截面数据.实验结果表明,本文提出的飞机激光雷达散射截面测量与分析方法是正确的和有效的.     

激光加速质子束对电磁孤立子的照相模拟研究

激光在次稠密等离子中传输, 由于频率下移而被俘获, 从而产生电磁孤立子. 根据先前理论及PIC 模拟给出的孤立子的演化过程, 对不同阶段孤立子的电磁场分布进行了建模. 使用Geant4蒙特卡罗程序, 模拟研究了激光加速产生的能量为几个MeV的质子束对后孤立子的照相. 分析了质子能量, 质子源尺寸等因素对照相结果的影响, 并利用了TNSA加速产生质子束的分幅特性, 开展了时间分辨的孤立子照相模拟研究. 模拟给出的质子照相结果验证了文献中给出的孤立子静电场模型, 为以后在实验上探测孤立子提供了理论依据. 关键词： 超短激光 质子照相 孤立子 蒙特卡罗方法     

Statistics of the self-mixing speckle interference in a laser diode and its application to the measurement of flow velocity

The statistical analysis of self-mixing speckles interference using Fabry-Perot cavity is described based on the theory of the speckle and the self-mixing interference in a laser diode. Speckle signal processing based on Fourier transform is presented in this paper. The linear dependence between the spectrum mean frequency and velocity of solution is given by simulation and proved by experiment. The experimental results show that this speckle signal processing can be used to measure velocity of target.     

Laser Doppler vibrometry based on self-mixing effect

In this paper, a simple, compact and low cost laser Doppler vibrometer is presented. It is simply composed of a laser diode (9 mm in diameter, 2 g of weight, emitting at 825 nm) and by a two-lens optical system designed to focus the laser radiation on the vibrating target. This sensor can measure target velocity. The working principle is based on the self-mixing effect that occurs in a semiconductor laser diode when the emitted radiation is back reflected toward the cavity and then re-introduced inside. The target velocity is calculated measuring the frequency of the peak of the spectrum of the signal generated by a photodiode mounted on the back facet of the laser diode. In this article, the design and the realisation of the vibrometer is reported. The self-mixing vibrometer has been calibrated in the range 0–300 mm/s, using a rotating disk covered with white paper. The effect of the angle of measurement and target distance are reported. Finally, the sensor has been compared with a commercial laser Doppler vibrometer using a vibrating surface as a target.     

Design and Analysis of the Integrated Plasma Wave Micro-Optical Modulator/Switch

Feasibility of a new integrated amplitude modulator/switch operating up to the visible spectrum, based on the absorption of light due to the linear interaction of the incident laser and a two-dimensional plasma layer is demonstrated. Plasma layers are generated via the Muller effect at the waveguide's interfaces. A plasma wave is excited in the two-dimensional gas when it is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation. Thus, due to the energy transfer from the electromagnetic wave to the plasma wave, the output light intensity can be controlled. The device is capable of amplitude modulation of guided beams in dielectric waveguides. Analysis based on both full-classical and semiclassical approaches are performed and are compared.     

Absorption line profile recovery based on TDLS and MEMS micro-mirror for photoacoustic gas sensing

A novel and efficient absorption line recovery technique is presented. A micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror driven by an electrothermal actuator is used to generate laser intensity modulation through the mirror reflection. Tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) are used to recover the target absorption line profile which is compared with the theoretical Voigt profile. The target gas is 0.01% acetylene (C2H2) in a nitrogen host gas. The laser diode wavelength is swept across the P17 absorption line of acetylene at 1535.4 nm by a current ramp, and an erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) is used to enhance the optical intensity and increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A SNR of about 35 is obtained with 100 mW laser power from the EDFA. Good agreement is achieved between the experimental results and the theoretical simulation for the P17 absorption line profile.     

Relativistic Cloud-In-Cell Simulation of Free Electron Laser

We have developed one-and a half-dimensional (one space dimension and two velocity components) relativistic electromagnetic cloud-in-cell simulation (CIC-R) code which is suitable for simulating the free-electron laser process. Using CIC-R we have simulated the temporal evolution of the free-electron laser, and obtained the results on the linear growth rates of the unstable spectrum and the dispersion relation of the coupling between the electromagnetic waves and electrostatic waves which agree with the theory. Other results such as the time development of the electron distribution function, nonlinear saturation and the efficiency of energy conversion are also presented in detail.     

微波着陆系统激光模拟试验及光学系统关键技术

 根据微波着陆系统的技术体制,应用电磁相似理论,建立机场的缩比模型,利用激光在缩比模型下的传播来模拟微波载波在实际机场场地环境下的辐射情况,采用MATLAB/RTW的快速原型化目标-xPC目标的方法,建立整个模拟试验系统,进行机载接收信号处理的实时仿真。以美国某机场环境为原型,得到了其缩比模型下的飞行检验的方位角误差曲线,试验结果与机场实际飞行检验结果吻合较好,证明了微波着陆系统激光模拟试验的有效性。     

声光偏转效应在相干光检测的应用

为使现代电子侦察技术能适应信号密集、宽频谱、大动态的电磁环境, 提出了一种基于声光偏转器实现相关光信号处理的方法, 分析了射频信号频率变化与布拉格衍射角的关系, 讨论了声光偏转效应对信号频率的空间滤波特性; 在理论分析的基础上, 构建了在可见光范围内实现声光偏转的相干光信号探测的实验系统, 并通过计算机仿真对比, 验证了这种方法的可行性。实验表明, 采用波长为630 nm的单频激光, 带宽为200 MHz的声光偏转器, 其频率分辨率优于1 MHz, 频率信号的空间分离效果明显, 接收灵敏度和信噪比得到改善。     

Dependence of the experimental stability diagram of an optically injected semiconductor laser on the laser current

An experimental study of the dynamical properties of a semiconductor laser subjected to external optical injection is presented. The effect of the laser current on the dynamical regions as found in an experiment is reported on for the first time. The nonlinear dynamical regions are mapped in the parameter plane consisting of the detuning between lasers and the injection strength, by utilizing a method of condensing the information in output spectra to two-dimensional images. Corresponding maps for different values of the slave laser current are recorded. The recordings present conclusive experimental evidence that the overall locations of the dynamical regions scale with respect to the relaxation–oscillation frequency and the injection strength relative to the free running laser power. The results further support the theoretical prediction that the linewidth-enhancement factor is the parameter which most strongly affects the dynamics. Locally, specific chaotic regions are found to grow for higher operating points of the slave laser. A complete characterization of the parameters that enter the rate-equations for the visible output AlGaInP laser used in this experiment is performed.     

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HL-2A装置激光吹气系统采用了全新自动控制的设计方法,实现了杂质注入量、靶片位移以及激光器被触发的时刻的精确自动控制.运行结果表明,该系统能把杂质的注入量控制在适当的水平,既不对等离子体约束产生影响,又便于光谱测量和杂质粒子输运研究.给出了激光吹气系统的设计,以及初步的实验结果.     

大气气溶胶物理光学特性研究进展

大气气溶胶粒子作为地气系统的重要组成成分之一,在紫外、可见到红外很宽的波段内对辐射传输产生影响,一方面通过对电磁波的散射和吸收作用,导致光波的能量衰减;另一方面则把吸收的能量转化为其本身的热能,起到加热大气的作用.这一过程在直接和间接的辐射气候效应的模拟、激光大气传输、高分辨率光谱研究、地基和空基遥感、大气辐射订正、环境监测技术、目标探测和识别、陆上交通和航空航海都有着重要作用.详细阐述了大气气溶胶物理光学特性近年来的研究进展,为气溶胶科学后续研究工作的更好开展提供参考. 关键词： 大气光学 大气气溶胶 物理光学特性 研究进展     

Frequency Spectrum of Plasma-Filled Free-Electron Laser Pumped by Electromagnetic Wave

The frequency spectrum of free-electron laser pumped by electromagnetic wave with magnetized and unmagnetized background plasma is analyzed by the theory of three-wave interaction and PIC simulation, respectively. The frequencies of PIC simulation are in agreement with the results of the three-wave interaction theory. The results show that the frequency spectrum is very plentiful.     

超短波跳频电台复杂电磁环境适应能力评估方法

以某型超短波通信电台为例,分析了该电台工作于跳频组网状态时所面临的复杂电磁信号环境,在电台使用区域内,根据构成威胁电磁环境、目标电磁环境和背景电磁环境的各电子设备的频谱占用度、时间占有度、空间覆盖率的不同,提出了复杂电磁环境量化分级标准。采取实装构设与模拟仿真技术相结合的手段,分别构建了针对该电台的简单、轻度、中度和重度等不同级别的复杂电磁环境,并给出了电台对不同等级复杂电磁环境适应能力的初步评估结论。项目成果可为今后电子信息装备复杂电磁环境适应性的理论研究工作提供有益借鉴。     

MECHANISM OF HOT ELECTRON GENERATION AND STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING IN LASER CAVITY TARGET PLASMA

Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and X-ray spectrum emitted from many kinds of targets were experimentally investigated on the Nd:glass laser facility Shenguang-I in Shanghai, China. By theoretical analysis and computer simulation for these experiments, the result showed that the mechanism of hot electron generation in laser cavity target was mainly SRS, according to detailed comparison between the cavity target and the plane target. Other results, such as the energy fraction and temperatures of hot electron, energy and angular distribution and wave spectrum in SRS, were also presented in detail.     

快速测定激光波长的算法研究

为了满足激光侦察的快速反应需要,应尽可能地缩短从激光入射到波长显示的时间间隔．在保证频谱分辨率不变的情况下,通过减少参与FFT运算的点数来缩短运算时间,提高激光波长测量装置的反应速度．分析了这种改进算法的原理,并给出了实验结果．实验结果表明:在本系统中此方法切实可行．     

On the characterization of a new type of oxide-confined 850 nm GaAs-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

Using simulation tools, results are presented for a new type of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) to be operated at 850 nm region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The structural details for the device are illustrated. The novelty of the device lies in that the low-doped DBR layers as well as the barrier reduction layers within the DBRs are introduced for the device fabrication, which finally provide much better efficiency of the proposed VCSEL structure. Simulations have been performed for the analyses of several features of the VCSEL that primarily govern the operational characteristics of the device. A very small deviation from the proposed structure will essentially affect the features of the output light.     

The effect of laser peak power and pulse width on the hole geometry repeatability in laser percussion drilling

In this work, the two main factors that influence the repeatability of the laser percussion drilling process are identified. Experimental parametric analysis was carried out to correlate the laser parameters with the repeatability of a laser percussion drilling process. The experiment was conducted using a flash lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser to drill 2 mm thick mild steel sheets. The relationship between the percentage standard deviation (PSD) of entrance hole diameter, hole circularity and the operating parameters is established. Thirty-five holes were drilled and analysed for each set of identical laser parameters. The PSD of entrance hole diameter ranges between 1.47% and 4.78% for an operating window of 3.5–7 kW peak power, and 1–3 ms pulse width. The circularity of the entrance hole (defined as the ratio between the minimum and maximum diameters of the hole) ranges from 0.94 to 0.87, and is found to correlate with repeatability. The work shows that higher peak power, and shorter pulse width gives better hole geometry repeatability. The effect of melt ejection on hole geometry repeatability is also investigated. Melt ejection and spatter formation have been found to contribute to the poor repeatability of the process.