On resolution to Wu＇s conjecture on Cauchy function＇s exterior singularities

This is a series of studies on Wu’s conjecture and on its resolution to be presented herein. Both are devoted to expound all the comprehensive properties of Cauchy’s function f(z) (z = x + iy) and its integral J[f(z) ] ≡(2πi) -1 C f(t)(t z) -1dt taken along the unit circle as contour C,inside which(the open domain D+) f(z) is regular but has singularities distributed in open domain Doutside C. Resolution is given to the inverse problem that the singularities of f(z) can be determined in analytical form in terms of the values f(t) of f(z) numerically prescribed on C(|t| = 1) ,as so enunciated by Wu’s conjecture. The case of a single singularity is solved using complex algebra and analysis to acquire the solution structure for a standard reference. Multiple singularities are resolved by reducing them to a single one by elimination in principle,for which purpose a general asymptotic method is developed here for resolution to the conjecture by induction,and essential singularities are treated with employing the generalized Hilbert transforms. These new methods are applicable to relevant problems in mathematics,engineering and technology in analogy with resolving the inverse problem presented here.     

Centers and Isochronous Centers for Two Classes of Generalized Seventh and Ninth Systems

We classify new classes of centers and of isochronous centers for polynomial differential systems in \mathbb R²{\mathbb R^2} of arbitrary odd degree d ≥ 7 that in complex notation z = x + i y can be written as

Temperature solutions due to time-dependent moving-line-heat sources

A closed-form model for the computation of temperature distribution in an infinitely extended isotropic body with a time-dependent moving-line-heat sources is discussed. The temperature solutions are presented for the sources of the forms: (i) $\dot Q_1 (t) = \dot Q_0 \exp ( - \lambda t)$ , (ii) $\dot Q_2 (t) = \dot Q_0 (t/t^ \star )\exp ( - \lambda t)$ , and $\dot Q_3 (t) = \dot Q_0 [1 + a\cos (\omega t)]$ , whereλ andω are real parameters andt? characterizes the limiting time. The reduced (or dimensionless) temperature solutions are presented in terms of the generalized representation of an incomplete gamma function Γ (α,x;b) and its decompositionsC _Γ andS _Γ. It is also demonstrated that the present analysis covers the classical temperature solution of a constant strength source under quasi-steady-state situations.     

Remnant functions

Remnant functions are defined, with \(\kappa = \sigma + \tau + \tfrac{1}{2}\) , by $$R_{\sigma \tau } (z) = [{{\Gamma (\sigma - [\kappa ])} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\Gamma (\sigma - [\kappa ])} {\Gamma (\sigma )}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\Gamma (\sigma )}}]\sum\limits_{r = 1}^\infty {r^{2\tau } \left[\kern-0.15em\left[ {(r^2 + z)^{\sigma - 1} } \right]\kern-0.15em\right]_\kappa }$$ where \(\left[\kern-0.15em\left[ \right]\kern-0.15em\right]_\kappa\) denotes subtraction of sufficiently many terms of the Taylor series in powers of z to yield a convergent sum; for integral σ a factor \([1 + ({z \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {z {r^2 }}} \right. \kern-0em} {r^2 }})]\) may also enter. These functions arise in various contexts, in particular, in the calculation of uniform remainder terms for the approximation by integrals of sums with singular summands. Differential recurrence relations, Taylor expansions, and various integral representations are obtained. The full asymptotic expansions for ¦z¦→∞ with ¦arg z¦ <π are derived, and it is shown that for integral τ these converge exponentially fast.     

On the generalized Cauchy function and new Conjecture on its exterior singularities

This article studies on Cauchy’s function f (z) and its integral, (2πi)J[ f (z)] ≡■C f (t)dt/(t z) taken along a closed simple contour C, in regard to their comprehensive properties over the entire z = x + iy plane consisted of the simply connected open domain D + bounded by C and the open domain D outside C. (1) With f (z) assumed to be C n (n < ∞-times continuously differentiable) z ∈ D + and in a neighborhood of C, f (z) and its derivatives f (n) (z) are proved uniformly continuous in the closed domain D + = [D + + C]. (2) Cauchy’s integral formulas and their derivatives z ∈ D + (or z ∈ D ) are proved to converge uniformly in D + (or in D = [D +C]), respectively, thereby rendering the integral formulas valid over the entire z-plane. (3) The same claims (as for f (z) and J[ f (z)]) are shown extended to hold for the complement function F(z), defined to be C n z ∈ D and about C. (4) The uniform convergence theorems for f (z) and F(z) shown for arbitrary contour C are adapted to find special domains in the upper or lower half z-planes and those inside and outside the unit circle |z| = 1 such that the four general- ized Hilbert-type integral transforms are proved. (5) Further, the singularity distribution of f (z) in D is elucidated by considering the direct problem exemplified with several typ- ical singularities prescribed in D . (6) A comparative study is made between generalized integral formulas and Plemelj’s formulas on their differing basic properties. (7) Physical sig- nificances of these formulas are illustrated with applicationsto nonlinear airfoil theory. (8) Finally, an unsolved inverse problem to determine all the singularities of Cauchy function f (z) in domain D , based on the continuous numerical value of f (z) z ∈ D + = [D + + C], is presented for resolution as a conjecture.     

The limiting absorption principle and spectral theory for steady-state wave propagation in inhomogeneous anisotropic media

Many wave propagation phenomena of classical physics are governed by systems of the Schrödinger form-iD _t u+Λu=f(x,t) where 1 $$\Lambda = - iE(x)^{ - 1} \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {(A_j D_j )} $$ , (1) E(x) and the A _j are Hermitian matrices, E(x) is positive definite and the A_j are constants. If f(x, t)=e ^?iλt f(x) then a corresponding steady-state solution has the form u(x, t)=e^{?i λ t}ν(x) where ν(x) satisfies (Λ-λ) ν=f(x), xεR ⁿ . (2) This equation does not have a unique solution for λεR ¹?{0} and it is necessary to add a radiation condition for ¦ x ¦ → ∞ which ensures that ν(X) behaves like an outgoing wave. The limiting absorption principle provides one way to construct the correct outgoing solution of (2). It is based on the fact that Λ defines a self-adjoint operator on the Hilbert space ? defined by the energy inner product 2 $$(u,v) = \int\limits_{R^n } {u^* } E{\text{ }}v{\text{ }}d{\text{ }}x$$ . It follows that if ζ=λ+iσ and σ≠0 then (Λ-ζ) ν=f has a unique solution 3 $$v(,\zeta ) = R_\zeta (\Lambda )f \in $$ ? where 4 $$R_\zeta (\Lambda ) = (\Lambda - \zeta )^{ - 1} $$ is the resolvent for Λ on ?. The limiting absorption principle states that 5 $$v(,\lambda ) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\sigma \to 0} v(,\lambda + i\sigma )$$ (3) exists, locally on R ⁿ, and defines the outgoing solution of (2). This paper presents a proof of the limiting absorption principle, under suitable hypotheses on E(x) and the A _j . The proof is based on a uniqueness theorem for the steady-state problem and a coerciveness theorem for nonelliptic operators Λ of the form (1) which were recently proved by the authors. The coerciveness theorem and limiting absorption principle also provide information about the spectrum of Λ. It is proved in this paper that the point spectrum of Λ is discrete (that is, there are finitely many eigenvalues in any interval) and that the continuous spectrum of Λ is absolutely continuous.     

Uniform asymptotic expansions of integrals that arise in the analysis of precursors

Asymptotic expansions for λ ?1 of functions defined by integrals of the form $$I(\lambda ;\theta ) = \mathop \smallint \limits_\Gamma \exp \{ i\lambda \phi (k;\theta )\} g(k;\theta )dk$$ are considered in the case where there are two stationary points of φ which approach ±∞ as the second variable θ approaches some critical value, say θ ₀. In this limit the results of the classical methods of stationary phase and steepest descents become invalid. This paper is devoted to the development of an asymptotic expansion of I that remains valid even for θ near and equal to θ ₀. The motivating physical problem is the propagation of signals in dispersive media. Indeed, the results of the present paper can be used to study the behavior of that portion of a signal called the “precursor” in a neighborhood of its front of propagation. The technique used to obtain the uniform expansion is an adaptation of the method originally developed by Chester, Friedman and Ursell in their treatment of the problem of two nearby stationary points. Here, however, we find that a certain family of Bessel functions play the role of the Airy functions in that problem. We also obtain the interesting result that our expansion remains valid for λ merely bounded away from zero and θ → θ ₀. In fact a theorem is proved which establishes the asymptotic nature of our results in the relevant limits. Finally, two examples are considered to illustrate the use of these results.     

On the fundamental linear fractional order differential equation

This paper deals with the rational function approximation of the irrational transfer function G(s) = \fracX(s)E(s) = \frac1[(t₀s)^2m + 2z(t₀s)^m + 1]G(s) = \frac{X(s)}{E(s)} = \frac{1}{[(\tau _{0}s)^{2m} + 2\zeta (\tau _{0}s)^{m} + 1]} of the fundamental linear fractional order differential equation (t₀)^2m\fracd^2mx(t)dt^2m + 2z(t₀)^m\fracd^mx(t)dt^m + x(t) = e(t)(\tau_{0})^{2m}\frac{d^{2m}x(t)}{dt^{2m}} + 2\zeta(\tau_{0})^{m}\frac{d^{m}x(t)}{dt^{m}} + x(t) = e(t), for 0<m<1 and 0<ζ<1. An approximation method by a rational function, in a given frequency band, is presented and the impulse and the step responses of this fractional order system are derived. Illustrative examples are also presented to show the exactitude and the usefulness of the approximation method.     

Flow of K-BKZ fluids between parallel plates rotating about distinct axes: shear thinning and inertial effects

It has been shown that for any simple fluid, a flow field of the form u = –Ω[y - g(z)], v = Ω[x – f(z], w = 0, which is appropriate for modeling the flow in a orthogonal rheometer, is dynamically possible. The functions f(z) and g(z) depend on the choice of constitutive equation. In the present paper, these are calculated for a class of K-BKZ fluids which exhibit shear thinning. The results are then used to study the interaction of shear thinning and inertial effects on the flow field in an orthogonal rheometer.     

A complete expression of the asymptotic solution of differential equation with three-turning points

Ｗｅｈａｖｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｏｆｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｎ＿ｔｕｒｎｉｎｇｐｏｉｎｔｓｉｎｍｙｐａｐｅｒ［１］,ｉ．ｅ．,ａｓｅｃｏｎｄｏｒｄｅｒｌｉｎｅａｒｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｄ２ｙｄｘ２＋［λ２ｑ１（ｘ）＋λｑ２（ｘ,λ）］ｙ＝０,ｗｈｅｒｅｑ１（ｘ）＝（ｘ－μ１）（ｘ－μ２）…（ｘ－μｎ）ｆ（ｘ）,ｆ（ｘ）≠０,ａｎｄλｉｓａｌａｒｇｅｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒ．Ａｌｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｔｅｒｍｏｆｔｈｅａｓｙｍｐｔｏｔｉｃｅｘｐａｎ…     

Generalization of Kramers-Kronig transforms and some approximations of relations between viscoelastic quantities

On the basis of some very plausible assumptions about the response of physical systems to stimuli, such as Boltzmann's superposition principle and the causality principle, Spence showed that the following characteristics obtain for the modulus and compliance functions: (i) They are analytic in the lower half of the complex frequency plane, (ii) they are limited if the frequency tends to infinity, and (iii) the real and imaginary parts are even and odd functions, respectively, of the frequencyω. It can generally be demonstrated that the real and imaginary parts of every function satisfying these three requirements and (iv) without singularities on the real frequency axis, are interrelated by Kramers-Kronig transforms. Similar relations hold between the logarithm of the modulus and the argument of the function. Under certain conditions the Kramers-Kronig relations may be approximated by rather simple equations. For linear viscoelastic materials, for instance, the following approximate relations were obtained for the components of the complex dynamic shear modulus,G ^* (iω) = G′(ω) + iG″(ω) = G _d (ω) expiδ(ω): $$\begin{gathered} G'' (\omega ) \simeq \frac{\pi }{2}\left( {\frac{{dG'(u)}}{{d In u}}} \right)_{u = \omega } , \hfill \\ G' (\omega ) - G'(o) \simeq - \frac{{\omega \pi }}{2}\left( {\frac{{d[G''(u)/u]}}{{d In u}}} \right)_{u = \omega } , \hfill \\ \delta (\omega ) \simeq \frac{\pi }{2}\left( {\frac{{d In G_d (u)}}{{d In u}}} \right)_{u = \omega } . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The first of these relations was published long ago by Staverman and Schwarzl and is useful over broad frequency ranges, as is the second relation. The last equation is the most general one, and also is better supported by experiment.     

Singular Perturbations, Transversality, and Sil'nikov Saddle-Focus Homoclinic Orbits

We consider the singularly perturbed system $\dot x$ =εf(x,y,ε,λ), $\dot y$ =g(x,y,ε,λ). We assume that for small (ε,λ), (0,0) is a hyperbolic equilibrium on the normally hyperbolic centre manifold y=0 and that y ₀(t) is a homoclinic solution of $\dot y$ =g(0,y,0,0). Under an additional condition, we show that there is a curve in the (ε,λ) parameter space on which the perturbed system has a homoclinic orbit also. We investigate the transversality properties of this orbit and use our results to give examples of 4 dimensional systems with Sil'nikov saddle-focus homoclinic orbits.     

On exact solutions of a class of fractional Euler–Lagrange equations

In this paper, first a class of fractional differential equations are obtained by using the fractional variational principles. We find a fractional Lagrangian L(x(t), where _a ^c D _t ^α x(t)) and 0<α<1, such that the following is the corresponding Euler–Lagrange

Convergence of Global and Bounded Solutions of Some Nonautonomous Second Order Evolution Equations with Nonlinear Dissipation

In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the following nonautonomous wave equation with nonlinear dissipation.

$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} u_{tt}+\vert u_{t}\vert^{\alpha}u_{t}-\Delta u +f(u)=g(t,x),\quad{\rm in}\,\mathbb{R}_{+}\times\Omega,\\ \qquad\qquad u(t,x)=0,\quad\, {\rm on}\,\mathbb{R}_{+}\times\partial\Omega,\end{array}\right.$

where f is an analytic function, α is a small positive real and g(t, ·) tends to 0 sufficiently fast in L ²(Ω) as t tends to ∞.

We also obtain a general convergence result and the rate of decay of solutions for a class of second order ODE containing as a special case

$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \ddot{U}(t)+\Vert\dot{U}(t)\Vert^{\alpha}\dot{U}(t)+\nabla F(U(t))=g(t),\quad t \in \mathbb{R}_+,\\ \qquad U(0)=U_{0}\,\in \mathbb{R}^{N},\quad\dot{U}(0)=U_{1}\in \mathbb{R}^{N}. \end{array}\right.$

     

Asymptotic analysis of linearly elastic shells. I. Justification of membrane shell equations

We consider a family of linearly elastic shells with thickness 2?, clamped along their entire lateral face, all having the same middle surfaceS=φ(?ω) ?R ³, whereω ?R ² is a bounded and connected open set with a Lipschitz-continuous boundaryγ, andφ ∈l ³ ( $\overline \omega$ ;R ³). We make an essential geometrical assumption on the middle surfaceS, which is satisfied ifγ andφ are smooth enough andS is “uniformly elliptic”, in the sense that the two principal radii of curvature are either both>0 at all points ofS, or both<0 at all points ofS. We show that, if the applied body force density isO(1) with respect to?, the fieldtu(?)=(u _i(?)), whereu _i (?) denote the three covariant components of the displacement of the points of the shell given by the equations of three-dimensional elasticity, one “scaled” so as to be defined over the fixed domain Ω=ω×]?1, 1[, converges inH ¹(Ω)×H ¹(Ω)×L ²(Ω) as?→0 to a limitu, which is independent of the transverse variable. Furthermore, the averageξ=1/2ε _?1 ¹ u dx ₃, which belongs to the space $$V_M (\omega ) = H_0^1 (\omega ) \times H_0^1 (\omega ) \times L^2 (\omega ),$$ satisfies the (scaled) two-dimensional equations of a “membrane shell” viz., $$\mathop \smallint \limits_\omega a^{\alpha \beta \sigma \tau } \gamma _{\sigma \tau } (\zeta )\gamma _{\alpha \beta } (\eta ) \sqrt \alpha dy = \mathop \smallint \limits_\omega \left\{ {\mathop \smallint \limits_{ - 1}^1 f^i dx_3 } \right\}\eta _i \sqrt a dy$$ for allη=(η _i) εV _M(ω), where $a^{\alpha \beta \sigma \tau }$ are the components of the two-dimensional elasticity tensor of the surfaceS, $$\gamma _{\alpha \beta } (\eta ) = \frac{1}{2}\left( {\partial _{\alpha \eta \beta } + \partial _{\beta \eta \alpha } } \right) - \Gamma _{\alpha \beta }^\sigma \eta _\sigma - b_{\alpha \beta \eta 3} $$ are the components of the linearized change of metric tensor ofS, $\Gamma _{\alpha \beta }^\sigma$ are the Christoffel symbols ofS, $b_{\alpha \beta }$ are the components of the curvature tensor ofS, andf ⁱ are the scaled components of the applied body force. Under the above assumptions, the two-dimensional equations of a “membrane shell” are therefore justified.     

Oscillation criteria for a second-order quasilinear neutral functional dynamic equation on time scales

Our aim is to establish some sufficient conditions for the oscillation of the second-order quasilinear neutral functional dynamic equation

Decay estimates for some semilinear damped hyperbolic problems

Let Ω be a bounded open domain in R ⁿ , g ∶ R → R a non-decreasing continuous function such that g(0)=0 and h ε L _loc ¹ (R⁺; L ²(Ω)). Under suitable assumptions on g and h, the rate of decay of the difference of two solutions is studied for some abstract evolution equations of the general form u ^′′ + Lu + g(u ^′) = h(t,x) as t → + ∞. The results, obtained by use of differential inequalities, can be applied to the case of the semilinear wave equation $$u_u - \Delta u + g{\text{(}}u_t {\text{) = }}h{\text{ in }}R^ + \times \Omega ,{\text{ }}u = {\text{0 on }}R^ + \times \partial \Omega$$ in R ⁺×Ω, u=0 on R ⁺×?Ω. For instance if \(g(s) = c\left| s \right|^{p - 1} s + d\left| s \right|^{q - 1} s\) with c, d>0 and 1 < p≦q, (n?2)q≦n+2, then if \(h \in L^\infty (R + ;L^2 (\Omega ))\) , all solutions are bounded in the energy space for t≧0 and if u, v are two such solutions, the energy norm of u(t) ? v(t) decays like t ^?1/p?1 as t → + ∞.     

Asymptotic Stability of the Wave Equation on Compact Manifolds and Locally Distributed Damping: A Sharp Result

Let (M, g) be a n-dimensional ( ${n\geqq 2}Let (M, g) be a n-dimensional ( n\geqq 2{n\geqq 2}) compact Riemannian manifold with boundary where g denotes a Riemannian metric of class C ^∞. This paper is concerned with the study of the wave equation on (M, g) with locally distributed damping, described by

l utt - Dgu+ a(x) g(ut)=0,   on M×] 0,￥[ ,u=0 on ?M ×] 0,￥[, \left. \begin{array}{l} u_{tt} - \Delta_{{\bf g}}u+ a(x)\,g(u_{t})=0,\quad\hbox{on\ \thinspace}{M}\times \left] 0,\infty\right[ ,u=0\,\hbox{on}\,\partial M \times \left] 0,\infty \right[, \end{array} \right.      20. Periodic or Bounded Solutions of Carathéodory Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations      J. Mawhin  H. B. Thompson 《Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations》2003,15(2-3):327-334 In this paper we extend the guiding function approach to show that there are periodic or bounded solutions for first order systems of ordinary differential equations of the form x′=f(t,x), a.e. t∈[a,b], where f satisfies the Carathéodory conditions. Our results generalize recent ones of Mawhin and Ward.

Periodic or Bounded Solutions of Carathéodory Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations

In this paper we extend the guiding function approach to show that there are periodic or bounded solutions for first order systems of ordinary differential equations of the form x′=f(t,x), a.e. t∈[a,b], where f satisfies the Carathéodory conditions. Our results generalize recent ones of Mawhin and Ward.