Solvent extraction of zinc with 5,7-dichloro-2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline into chloroform

The distribution equilibria of the zinc complex with 5,7-dichloro-2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline in the water-chloroform system have been studied at 25 degrees . The influence of pH, reagent and metal concentrations, and the presence of sodium perchlorate in the aqueous phase has been determined. From quantitative evaluation of the extraction equilibrium data, it has been deduced that the complex extracted is the simple 1:2 chelate, ZnR(2), although at ligand concentrations higher than 0.3M, the self-adduct complex seems to begin to form. The extraction constant of the ZnR(2) species, refined by means of the program Letagrop-Distribution, has the value log K(ex) = - 6.15 +/- 0.07.     

二(2-乙基己基)膦酸对镉(Ⅱ)、钴(Ⅱ)和镍(Ⅱ)的萃取平衡

溶剂萃取;二(乙基己基)膦酸;二(2-乙基己基)膦酸对镉(Ⅱ)、钴(Ⅱ)和镍(Ⅱ)的萃取平衡     

The synthesis of (N2O2S2)-Schiff base ligands and investigation of their ion extraction capability from aqueous media

Two new Schiff bases (I) and (II) containing nitrogen-sulfur-oxygen donor atoms were designed and synthesized in a multi-step reaction sequence. The Schiff base (I) was used in solvent extraction of metal chlorides such as Cu2+ and Cr3+ as well as metal picrates such as Hg2+ and UO2(2+) from aqueous phase to the organic phase. The influences of the parameter functions, such as pH, solvent, ionic strength of aqueous phase, aqueous to organic phase and concentration of the extractant were investigated to shed light on their chemical extracting properties upon the extractability of metal ions. The effect of chloroform, dichloromethane and nitrobenzene as organic solvents over the metal chlorides extraction was investigated at 25±0.1 °C by using flame atomic absorption and the result is that the ability of extraction in solvents as follows: C6H5NO2>CHCl3>CH2Cl2 and the compositions of the extracted species have been determined. The metal picrate extraction was investigated at 25±0.1 °C by using UV-visible spectrometry. As well that the extraction of picrates metal such as UO2(2+) and Hg2+ with Schiff base(I) in absence and presence of 2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine was investigated in chloroform. The extraction results revealed the presence of neutral donors 2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine shifts the extraction percentage curves towards higher pH region, indicating a synergistic effect of this donors on extraction of UO2(2+) and Hg2+ by the studied Schiff base (I).     

Effect of extraction pH on metal speciation in plant root extracts

The species patterns of nutrient and trace metals (K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn) obtained by extraction of plant roots have been determined as a function of extraction pH in the range 4-9. The extractable metal concentrations were subdivided into low-molecular-weight (<10 kDa) and high-molecular-weight (>10 kDa) metal species by TXRF analysis. Except for pH 9, the low-molecular-weight fraction is predominant. This fraction was further separated by HPLC with AAS detection. It was demonstrated that the nature of the metal species changes dramatically when the extraction pH is changed, especially in the range 9-7. Information about the chemical nature of chromatographically separated metal species is obtained by use of different electrochemical detectors (amperometric detection at a glassy carbon or copper electrode and pulsed amperometric detection) and diode-array UV detection.     

Synergic extraction of zinc, cadmium and lead with hexafluoroacetylacetone and di-n-butylsulphoxide and tri-n-butyl phosphate, and the gas chromatography of the zinc adduct

The synergic solvent extraction of zinc(II), cadmium(II), and lead(II) with 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione, H(HFA), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) or di-n-butylsulphoxide (DBSO) as neutral donors, into cyclohexane has been investigated. Quantitative extraction occurs at pH 4.5-6.0 in extraction times of 10-30 min, depending on the metal species. The optimum pH, equilibration time, stoichiometry and stability of the extracted species, as well as the effect of fluorinated beta-diketone concentration, metal concentration and neutral donor concentration on the extraction are reported. The extracted species was found to be M(HFA)(2).2DBSO or M(HFA)(2).2TBP by mass-action studies. Thermogravimetric analysis of the complexes is reported. The gas chromatographic behaviour of the ternary complexes of the three metals has also been studied. A calibration plot of peak area vs. the amount of zinc injected was linear over the range 40-900 ng of zinc for the Zn(HFA)(2). 2DBSO species; the cadmium and lead species apparently decomposed on the column and useful chromatographic peaks were not observed. The calibration plot for zinc was determined on the basis of the averages of 3-5 replicate determinations for 14 different concentrations over the range stated. The average relative standard deviation was 2.9%.     

Solvent extraction of Er(III) and Lu(III) with 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester in presence of some reagents

The extraction of Er(III) and Lu(III) from thiocyanate media with 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (EHEHPA) and also with mixtures of EHEHPA and thenoltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) or tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) or bis 2-ethylhexyl sulfoxide (B2EHSO) in benzene has been studied systematically. Synergistic effects have been observed with mixtures of EHEHPA+HTTA or TOPO. On the other hand, antagonistic effects have been observed with mixtures of EHEHPA+B2EHSO. These extraction data have been analyzed theoretically with the aid of a computer by taking into account complexation of the metal in the aqueous phase by SCN^– and plausible complexation in the organic phase. The extraction constants of the various product species have been deduced by non-linear regression analysis. The stability constants for the thiocyanate complexes of the metal ions have also been determined.     

Utility of 1-octanol/octane mixed solvents for the solvent extraction of aluminum(III), gallium(III), and indium(III) with 8-quinolinol.

Using 1-octanol/octane mixed solvents, the extraction of aluminum(III), gallium(III) and indium(III) with 8-quinolinol was carried out at 25 degrees C. The formation constants of the respective metal(III) 8-quinolinolates in the aqueous phase and their partition constants between the mixed solvents and water were determined based on an analysis of the extraction equilibria. The relationship between the partition constants of 8-quinolinol and its complexes was analyzed by the regular solution theory. The molar volumes of aluminum(III), gallium(III) and indium(III) 8-quinolinolates, calculated from the present results, suggest that the electrostriction effect functions in complex forming. It has been found that octane/1-octanol mixed solvents were available not only for the extraction of metal ions, but also for determining the formation constants of these metal 8-quinolinolates in the aqueous phase and their partition constants.     

4-甲基苯并-15-冠-5对某些镧系放射性核素的萃取

本文研究了4-甲基苯并-15-冠-5三氯甲烷溶液从苦味酸水溶液中对某些镧系放射性核素(¹⁴⁴Ce、¹⁴⁷Nd、^152+154Eu、¹⁷⁰Tm和¹⁶⁹Yb)的萃取。从斜率分析得出,被萃取状态为1:2:3(金属离子/冠醚/苦味酸根)络合物。在25℃,测定了三价镧系元素的苹取常数(K_ex),得到下列次序:Nd³⁺>Eu³⁺>Ce³⁺>Tm³⁺>Yb³⁺。结果表明,Nd³⁺的离子大小(r=0.995)比其它镧系元素可能更接近4-甲基苯并-15-冠-5环孔的大小。 为了将镧系元素与锕系元素作比较,还测定了4-甲基苯并-15-冠-5对Th⁴⁺、UO₂²⁺和Am³⁺的萃取率,所得到的萃取率次序为Th⁴⁺>Am³⁺UO₂²⁺。实验证明,4-甲基苯并-15-冠-5将可能是溶剂萃取法分离铀和钍的有用试剂。 溶剂和添加剂影响萃取实验表明,在有机相添加正丁醇或异戊醇,或者以高极性的溶剂(例如,硝基苯)替代三氯甲烷,都能显著地增加对镧系元素的萃取。     

Untersuchungen zur Trennung der Pt-Metalle Durch Mehrstufige Extraktion mit Tributylphosphat aus Salzsaurer Lösung

The separation of compounds of Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt by multistage batch liquid-liquid extraction with tributyl phosphate (TBP) from hydrochloric acid solution has been studied. The existence of complexes of the same platinum group metal, which are capable of being extracted to different degrees, has been concluded from the variation of the distribution coefficient of the respective platinum group metals with the stage number. In addition to monomeric chlorocomplexes, metastable inert species (presumably polymeric chloroaquo or aquo/oxo complexes) were found, which were not formed during the extraction, but had been present already in the initial solutions. Because the solvent TBP does not enter the internal coordination sphere, the separation effect attainable is determined by the extraction behaviour and the content of these complex types in the initial solutions. This fact explains the strong influence of solution preparation on the separation effect.      

Synergistic extraction of uranium(VI) by lower fatty acids in the presence of amines and its separation from some lanthanides

The synergistic extraction of UO₂(II) in a chloroform solution of propionic, butyric and valeric acids (HA) in the presence of some aliphatic and aromatic amines (B) has been investigated. The effect of various variables, like the concentration of hydrogen and metal ion, carboxylic acid and amine on extraction has been studied. The composition of the synergistic adducts has been determined on the basis of slope analysis and the species is proposed to be UO₂A₂B₂ 2HA. The extraction constants (K_ex) have been calculated and the relative effectiveness of the amines as synergists is compared. Extraction data have been used to separate UO₂(II) from lanthanides, like Ce(III), Nd(III), Gd(III), Eu(III) and Yb(III).     

Solvent extraction of uranium(VI) by LIX-54 and its mixtures

Studies on solvent extraction of uranium(VI) by a commercially available chelating extractant LIX-54 (a -diketone derivative) (HA) and its mixtures with tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in benzene diluent show quantitative extraction by a mixture of 5% LIX-54 and 5% TBP at pH 4.3. Influence of different proportions of LIX-54 or TBP in the mixtures on the extraction of the same metal ion has been studied. Pronounced synergism has been observed. The composition of the extracted species seems to be [UO₂(OH)(A)(HA)(TBP)] as determined from slope analysis. Slopes of the linear plots were computed employing regression analysis and variance in results has been shown.     

Solvent extraction of W(VI) with rhodamine-B in nitrobenzene

A rapid and selective method has been developed for the extraction of W(VI) with rhodamine-B in nitrobenzene. The extraction coefficient value for the extraction between aqueous solution and nitrobenzene showed a maximum value of E=63 at a pH of 5.0. The stoichiometry of metal to reagent has been determined by the method of substoichiometric extraction and slope ratio method.     

The extraction of trace amounts of gold from different aqueous mineral acid solutions by diphenyl-2-pyridylmethane dissolved in chloroform

Diphenyl-2-pyridylmethane, a high molecular weight substituted pyridine has been examined and found to be a useful solvent extraction reagent. Its behaviour is similar to amines in that it forms salts with mineral acids. The acid ionization constant (pK_BH ⁺) determined spectrophotometrically has a value of 4.41±0.06 at 25 °C. A study of the partition behaviour of trace amounts of gold between mineral acid solutions and 0.1M diphenyl-2-pyridylmethane dissolved in chloroform indicates that the metal can be quantitatively extracted from dilute mineral acid solutions and also from concentrated hydrochloric acid media in a single extraction. Attempts have been made to gain an understanding of factors affecting the extraction of gold. Common anions have little effect on extraction in concentrations upto 1M. Separation factors of a number of metal ions relative to gold are reported for three mineral acid systems; and gold has been estimated in some synthetic samples using neutron activation technique by prior extraction with 0.1M solution of diphenyl-2-pyridylmethane dissolved in chloroform.     

Thorium determination in aqueous solutions after separation by ion-exchange and liquid extraction

The concentration of thorium in aqueous samples has been determined by means of alpha-spectroscopy and UV?CVis photometry after chemical separation and pre-concentration of the actinide by cation exchange and liquid-liquid extraction using Chelex-100 resin and 30%TBP in dodecan, respectively. Method calibration was performed using thorium standard solutions and resulted in a high chemical recovery for cation exchange and liquid extraction. Regarding, the effect of physicochemical parameters (e.g., pH, salinity, competitive cations, and colloidal species) on the separation recovery of thorium from aqueous solutions by cation exchange has also been investigated. The investigation was performed to evaluate the applicability of cation exchange and liquid extraction as separation and pre-concentration methods prior to the quantitative analysis of thorium in water samples, and has shown that the method could be successfully applied to waters with relatively low-salinity and metal ion contamination.     

Preconcentration and separation of copper (II) with solvent extraction using N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-5-bromo-benzyl)1,2 diaminopropane

Preconcentration and separation with solvent extraction of Cu(II) from aqueous solution using N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-5-bromo-benzyl)1,2 diaminopropane (H₂L) as the new extractant has been studied. Separation of Cu(II) from other metal ions such as Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), Co(II) and Mn(II) at aqueous solutions of various pH values and complexing agent H₂L, has been described. The possible extraction mechanism and the compositions of the extracted species have been determined. The separation factors for these metals using this reagent are reported while efficient methods for the separation of Cu(II) from other metal ions are proposed. From the loaded organic phase, Cu(II) stripping was carried out in one stage with different mineral acid solutions. The stripping efficiency was found to be quantitative in case of HNO₃ and HCl. From quantitative evaluation of the extraction equilibrium data, it has been deduced that the complex extracted is the simple 1:1 chelate, CuL. The extraction constant has a value of logK_ex=−4.05±0.04.     

Solvent extraction behaviour of lanthanum(III), cerium(III), europium(III), thorium(IV) and uranium(VI) with 3-phenyl-4-benzoyl-5-isoxazolone

The extraction behaviour of La(III), Ce(III), Eu(III), Th(IV) and U(VI) with 3-phenyl-4- benzoyl-5-isoxazolone (HPBI) in chloroform has been studied. The mechanism of extraction and the species extracted have been identified. Extraction constants for each system have been calculated. The system has been used to separate Th(IV) from U(VI) and from La(III), Ce(III) and Eu(III). A comparison of the extraction constants with those for the 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (HPMBP) and thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) systems indicates that HPBI extracts these metal species better than HPMBP and HTTA do.     

Further study of extraction equilibrium of uranium(VI) with dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 and its application to separating uranium and thorium

In our publication (1), the extraction of uranium with dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (mixed isomers) has been described. The extraction equilibrium of uranium(VI) from aqueous hydrochloric acid solution with dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 isomer A (Ia) and isomer B (Ib) in 1,2-dichloroethane is presented in this paper. The extracted species are found to be 1:2 (metal/crown) for Ia and 2:3 for Ib from slope analysis and direct determination of extracted complexes. The extraction equilibrium constants (Kex) have been determined at 25°C, and equal 29.5 for the former and 0.208 for the latter. It is concluded that Ia has stronger coordinate ability for uranium than Ib. The different orientation of the lone pairs of the oxygen atoms in both isomers will be taken into account for interpreting above results. The extraction of uranium(VI) with dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (mixed isomers) or Ia from aqueous hydrochloric acid solution is effective and selective. In 0.1M crown ether-1,2-dichloroethane-6N HCl system, the separation factor U(VI)/Th(IV) exceeds 1000. The result can be taken in separating uranium and thorium.     

Equilibrium studies on complexation in water and solvent extraction of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) with benzo-18-crown-6

The formation constants (K(ML)) in water of 1:1 complexes of benzo-18-crown-6 (B18C6) and 18-crown-6 (18C6) with Zn(2+) and Cd(2+), the sizes of which are much smaller than the ligand cavities, were determined at 25 degrees C by conductometry. Compared with Cd(2+), the crown ethers form more stable complexes with Zn(2+) although the size of Zn(2+) is less suited for the cavities. B18C6 forms a more stable complex with each metal ion than 18C6. Moreover, the extraction equilibria of these metal ions (M(2+)) with B18C6 (L) for the benzene/water system in the presence of picric acid (HA) were investigated at 25 degrees C. The association between L and HA in benzene was examined for evaluating the intrinsic extraction equilibria of M(2+) with B18C6. The extracted species were found to be MLA(2) and ML(2)A(2), and the overall extraction constants (K(ex,1) and K(ex,2), respectively) were obtained. The values of K(ex,1) for these metal ions are almost the same, but the K(ex,2) is larger for Zn(2+) than for Cd(2+). The extraction selectivity was interpreted quantitatively by the constituent equilibrium constants, i.e. K(ML), the ion-pair extraction constant of ML(2+) with A(-), and the adduct formation constant of MLA(2) with L in benzene.     

Solvent extraction of Co/II/ with isonitrosobenzoylacetone into chloroform

A rapid and selective method has been developed for the extraction of Co/II/ with isonitrosobenzoylacetone into chloroform. The effect of various parameters on the extraction coefficient value such as effect of pH, time of equilibration, effect of various cations and anions have been evaluated. The stoichiometry of metal to reagent determined by the method of substoichiometric extraction was found to be 12. It was further supported by the slope ratio method.     

Extraction of zinc and cadmium thiocyanate complexes in the presence of pyridine and some metal ion separations

Extraction of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) from ammonium thiocyanate solutions has been studied in benzene in the presence of pyridine. The effect of such variables as the pH of aqueous phase and concentration of metal, thiocyanate and pyridine on extraction has been investigated and the extracting species identified. Extraction behaviour of silver(I), manganese(II), cobalt(II), mercury(II) and thallium(III) has also been studied under identical conditions and some binary metal ion separations of analytical and radiochemical importance are reported.