一步固相球磨法制备二硫化钼/石墨二维复合材料及其储锂性能

以商品化二硫化钼(MoS_2)和石墨为原料,首次通过一步固相球磨法制备了MoS_2/石墨二维复合材料。X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)测试结果表明,本体MoS_2和石墨在高速固相球磨过程中同时被剥离成较薄的片层,且剥离后的石墨片层均匀分散在MoS_2片层中。制备的MoS_2/石墨复合材料表现出优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能,其中,MoS_2/石墨(质量比7∶3)复合材料在100 mA/g电流密度下,首圈放电比容量801 mA·h/g,充放电循环100圈后仍保持在694 mA·h/g,远优于商品化的本体MoS_2(约110 mA·h/g)。这主要归功于球磨后得到的石墨片层不仅能提高复合材料的导电性,还能有效地抑制MoS_2片层团聚,保持材料的结构稳定性。该方法简便易行、成本低,适合于高性能锂离子电池电极材料的规模化制备。     

铜包覆多孔硅基材料p-Si@Cu(x)的制备与性能

在球形SiO_2颗粒表面包覆适量的CuO,经还原得到铜包覆的多孔硅复合材料[p-Si@Cu(x)].利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和比表面积分析等手段对样品的组成、物相结构、微观形貌和孔结构进行分析,并初步研究了材料的循环性能和倍率性能.结果表明,铜包覆量x=0.05时,在100 mA/g电流密度下,样品的首次放电容量为3596.9 mA·h/g,首次充电容量为2590.7 mA·h/g,首次库仑效率为72.03%;在1C倍率下可逆容量为1004.9 mA·h/g,0.1C倍率下循环100周后的可逆容量仍为1706.5mA·h/g,容量保持率为76.1%.     

用作锂离子电池负极的FeS2微球的制备及性能

以氯化亚铁和硫代硫酸钠为原料, 采用水热法一步合成了由FeS₂纳米片堆积的FeS₂微球. 通过调控铁源与硫源的摩尔比及水热合成时间, 并结合X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征结果推测了FeS₂的生长机理, 筛选出最优条件以提升其电化学性能. 电化学测试结果表明, 在500 mA/g的电流密度条件下, 材料的首次放电/充电容量可分别达到905和800 mA·h·g ^-1, 首次库伦效率达到88.4%; 在2000 mA/g的大电流密度条件下, 500次放电/充电循环后依然稳定保持350 mA·h·g ^-1的可逆容量.     

V2O3空心球的制备及在锂硫电池中的应用

在NH₃辅助下将制备的V₂O₅空心球高温还原为V₂O₃空心球, 并利用透射电子显微镜、 扫描电子显微镜、 X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱等手段对材料的形貌与结构进行表征. 将V₂O₃空心球与硫机械混合后, 不经过熔融复合直接作为锂硫电池的正极材料. 电化学测试结果显示, 在0.2C倍率下, 电池首次放电比容量达到1375 mA·h/g, 循环100次后放电比容量可以维持在815 mA·h/g; 在1C高倍率下, 电池首次放电比容量为710 mA·h/g, 经过500次循环后, 放电比容量仍能达到530 mA·h/g, 表明V₂O₃空心球的加入能够有效提高锂硫电池的循环性能.     

沉积法合成生物质碳磷锂离子负极材料及其高低温电化学性能

使用玉米杆芯作为碳源, 通过沉积法原位合成生物质碳磷复合材料. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和拉曼光谱(Raman)等对复合材料的形貌和结构进行表征, 通过恒电流充放电、 循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗(EIS)等对复合材料的电化学性能进行了测试. 结果表明, 当碳/磷质量比为4.5∶5.5时, 复合材料具有最佳的电化学性能: 扣除非活性材料的贡献, 室温下首次充电容量为1215.5 mA·h/g, 循环100次后可以保持847.7 mA·h/g 的比容量. 该复合材料随着温度的升高充电比容量逐渐增加: -20 ℃时, 0.1C倍率下的充电比容量为425.6 mA·h/g; 55 ℃时, 首次充电比容量高达1812.3 mA·h/g. 说明适量纳米磷均匀分布在无定形碳导电基体的孔结构中, 可以使制备出的复合材料现出良好的电化学性能.     

钙钒青铜/碳纳米管复合材料的 制备及电化学性能

采用水热法制备了具有二维层状结构的钙钒青铜(Ca_xV₂O₅·nH₂O, CVO)水系锌离子电池钒基正极材料, 并通过调控前驱体溶液中碳纳米管的含量, 得到3种钙钒青铜/碳纳米管复合材料(CVO@CNTs). 利用X射线衍射、 热重分析、 扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等对材料进行了表征. 结果表明, 所制备的CVO呈纳米带形貌, 长约十几微米, 宽约几百纳米, 选区电子衍射测试表明所得材料为单晶结构. 循环伏安测试结果表明, CVO和CVO@CNTs均具有多个氧化还原峰, 储锌机制包括赝电容行为和电池行为. 在放电倍率1C(1C=300 mA/g)测试条件下, CVO纳米带比容量稳定在210.1 mA·h/g; 与CNTs复合后, CVO@CNTs复合材料的电荷转移阻抗降低, 在相同测试条件下表现出更高的比容量和优异的倍率性能. 其中, CVO@CNTs-40表现出最高的比容量, 在1C倍率测试条件下的比容量可达274.3 mA·h/g, 即使在20C的测试条件下放电比容量仍可达85.2 mA·h/g, 且循环1000次后容量保持率能达到92%.     

稻壳制备锂离子电池炭材料的研究

本主要研究了炭化温度、升温速率以及碱处理浓度对稻壳制备锂离子电池负极材料结构及充放电性能的影响．通过差-热热重分析曲线(DT-TGA)、元素分析、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)以及电化学性能测试手段对材料进行了表征．结果表明：在最佳实验条件下，材料的首次充电容量为678mA h／g，首次放电容量为239mA h／g，循环10次的容量保持率为86．2％．     

N掺杂C包覆Li_4Ti_5O_(12)锂离子电池负极材料的制备与性能

以TiO2和Li2CO3分别作为钛源和锂源,聚苯胺(PANI)作为碳源和氮源,通过球磨辅助高温固相法合成N掺杂C包覆Li4Ti5O12.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、元素分析仪(EA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对材料的结构和形貌进行了表征,并将合成材料制成电极片组装成扣式电池,测试其电化学性能.结果显示,钛源的处理对样品的性能有影响,通过对TiO2预包覆合成的N掺杂C包覆Li4Ti5O12具有优异的电化学性能,在碳、氮源的包覆比例(PANI与Li4Ti5O12的质量比)为5%时效果最佳:1C放电时其比容量为157.6mA·h/g,20C放电时其比容量仍可达到119.6mA·h/g;在10C充放电循环100次后,其比容量保持率为97.8%,表明N掺杂C包覆Li4Ti5O12具有优异的倍率性能和循环稳定性.     

碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

本文以工业硅粉(600目)为原料,通过高能球磨和热解包碳方法制备了碳包覆纳米硅,在此基础上采用简单的机械球磨方法制备了碳包覆/石墨复合材料,并系统研究了碳包覆量及硅/石墨比例对碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料电化学性能的影响.与商业纳米硅粉/石墨复合材料相比,工业硅粉/石墨复合材料的循环性能及倍率性能均得到改善.通过高能球磨和热处理法得到的碳包覆材料为无定形碳和晶态硅材料的复合,所获碳包覆硅材料一次颗粒的粒径在100～200 nm左右.碳包覆量对材料的电化学性能有着重要影响,Si/C-2-1复合材料表现出高的可逆比容量、良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性,在0.1C倍率下,可逆比容量高达492.6 mA h·g~(-1),循环100周后容量保持率达85.8%,1C电流密度下放电比容量达369.7 mAh·g~(-1),为0.1C的73.9%.提高碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料中硅含量的比例可以提升其比容量,当硅含量达到20%时,Si/C-2-3复合材料在0.1C倍率下可逆比容量达到600.4 mAh·g~(-1),但材料循环性能有所下降,说明石墨在稳定硅/碳复合材料循环性能方面发挥着非常重要的作用.     

MoO2/C共包覆Si/石墨复合锂离子电池负极材料的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法, 用二氧化钼(MoO₂)和C共同包覆Si/石墨粒子制备了Si/石墨/MoO₂/C锂离子电池负极材料. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗(EIS)等分析了材料的形貌和性质. 结果表明, MoO₂/C的共包覆在缓解材料体积膨胀的同时提高了材料的电子和离子电导率, 进而提高了材料的电化学性能. 复合材料的首次充电比容量为2494 mA·h/g, 首次库仑效率为72%, 经过100次循环后比容量为636.6 mA·h/g.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.