生物细胞仿生药物递送系统在癌症治疗中的应用

纳米药物在癌症的精准医疗方面具有广阔的应用前景,但纳米材料易被机体免疫系统识别并清除的特性使得其在癌症治疗方面的应用存在很大的局限性.受自然界生物系统的启发,生物细胞介导的药物递送系统近年来得到了广泛关注.该技术通过将生物体内源性细胞膜作为功能材料包覆在纳米药物表面,赋予其细胞膜的天然属性,或者将纳米载药粒子直接与活细胞共孵育,制备载药细胞,有效地将生物体"自体"的性质与"人工"纳米材料的优势相结合.这不仅大大降低了纳米药物的免疫原性,延长其血液循环时间,而且还可使其具备更强的肿瘤靶向能力.本文初步探讨了生物细胞仿生药物递送系统在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展并对其未来研究进行展望.     

pH敏感性叶酸修饰羧甲基壳聚糖纳米粒子作为紫杉醇载体的研究

将活化的叶酸分子连接到O-羧甲基壳聚糖(O-CMCS)上.以CaCl2为交联剂,通过离子交联法制备叶酸修饰的O-CMCS纳米粒子(FCC NPs),并开展了从FCC NPs作为抗癌药物紫杉醇(PTX)载体的研究.结果表明:FCC NPs呈球形,粒子大小约190 nm,对PTX的载药量和包封率均受PTX加入量的影响.该纳米粒子对药物的释放具有较好的pH敏感性,能够增强PTX在癌细胞处的富集.同时,该纳米粒子无细胞毒性,纳米粒子表面由于叶酸的存在使其具有较好的细胞靶向性,且载药纳米粒子对癌细胞生长具有良好的抑制作用.     

Fe_3O_4/mSiO_2/P(IBA-co-AA)磁性复合粒子的制备及其负载阿霉素体外药效的研究

通过多步反应制备了一种p H响应性磁性介孔二氧化硅纳米复合粒子Fe_3O_4/m Si O_2/聚(丙烯酸异丁酯-co-丙烯酸)(Fe_3O_4/m Si O_2/P(IBA-co-AA)).纳米复合粒子由包覆介孔二氧化硅的Fe_3O_4核和聚(丙烯酸异丁酯-co-丙烯酸)的p H响应性外壳组成.利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)对其结构、物相和性能进行了表征。以抗癌药物阿霉素(DOX)为模型药物,研究了Fe_3O_4/m Si O_2/P(IBA-co-AA)磁性纳米复合粒子在模拟人体环境中的控释行为.选择SMCC7211肝癌细胞为模型细胞,用MTT法研究载药粒子的细胞毒性,并评价载药纳米粒子在细胞中的抗癌效果.结果表明:Fe_3O_4/m Si O_2/P(IBA-co-AA)可作为包载阿霉素的一种新型纳米材料,载药颗粒具有良好的p H响应性,可以有效释放DOX药物来抑制癌细胞的增殖.     

还原响应型羧甲基纤维素基纳米药物载体的构建及其性能研究

近年来,刺激响应型智能纳米药物载体以其可控的药物释放、毒副作用小等优点,在药物递送领域引起广泛关注。本研究以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为骨架材料,通过还原性二硫代二丙酰肼(TPH)连接疏水小分子胆酸(CA),合成两亲性高分子聚合物CMC-TPH-CA (CTC)。然后以10-羟基喜树碱(HCPT)为抗肿瘤模型药物,在水溶液中自组装制备CTC/HCPT纳米粒子,并对其物化性质及体外抗肿瘤活性进行了评价。结果表明,CTC/HCPT纳米粒子具有较高的包封率(～87.6%)及载药量(～21.4wt%),适当的粒径大小(～140nm)及低的溶血性(5%)。体外释放结果表明,CTC/HCPT纳米粒子具有明显的还原敏感性。最后,以LLC肿瘤细胞为模型,考察CTC/HCPT纳米粒子的体外细胞毒性。结果表明,相较于纯HCPT,CTC/HCPT纳米粒子的细胞杀伤作用有了明显的提升。     

Fe_3O_4磁性纳米粒子的PEG修饰剂的合成与性能

采用共沉淀法制备了用柠檬酸包覆的Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子,为提高其生物环境适应性和生物应用,利用聚乙二醇二胺(NH2-PEG-NH2)通过碳二亚胺化学法进一步修饰,得到具有良好性能的磁性纳米粒子修饰剂,并分别用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、洛伦兹透射电子显微镜(TEM)、马尔文激光粒度仪、X-射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、综合热分析仪(TG/DTA)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)对磁性纳米粒子的表面形态、化学结构、晶体结构、热稳定性和磁性能进行了表征.在此基础上用合成的磁性纳米粒子修饰剂对盐酸阿霉素(DOX·HCl)进行了修饰,研究了修饰剂的载药和释药行为.结果表明,所制备的修饰剂近乎球形,尺寸相对均匀,粒径在15 nm左右,饱和磁化强度为68 A·m2/kg,在磁靶向药物运输中可以达到良好的磁响应性能.在水中的载药量达到83%,在p H=7.4和p H=5.0下,磁性纳米粒子载药盐酸阿霉素释放均是一个缓慢的过程,具有明显的缓释效果,此外,由于不同p H值下,DOX中的氨基质子化程度存在差异,在较低的p H值下质子化的氨基互相排斥,这更有利于DOX的释放,累计释药率在72 h后分别为65.8%(p H=7.4)与73.6%(p H=5.0).研究表明该磁性纳米粒子具有很好的载药能力及缓释效果.     

温度敏感性壳聚糖基聚电解质载药纳米粒子的制备及表征

以天然高分子壳聚糖(CS)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和温度敏感性单体N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)为原料,通过自组装制备了温度敏感性聚电解质复合纳米粒子CS-g-PNIPAM/CMC-g-PNIPAM,并以5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)为模型药物研究了纳米粒子对药物的负载与可控释放性能。当CMC-g-PNIPAM与CS-g-PNIPAM的质量比为3:7时,形成的纳米粒子结构最稳定,动态光散射(DLS)测得其平均粒径为116nm,粒径分布较窄。载药纳米粒子对5-FU具有较高的载药量和包封率。在磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的释药行为表明,其累积药物释放量随pH和温度的增加而增大,表现出良好的pH与温度可控性能。     

肿瘤靶向pH响应载药ZnO量子点的制备、表征及对阿霉素的控制释放研究

聚丙烯酸(PAA)接枝聚乙二醇(PEG)和叶酸(FA)形成含有羧基的聚合物PAA-PEG-FA,与氨基修饰的ZnO量子点(ZnO QDs)表面的氨基通过静电作用过,形成具有肿瘤靶向pH响应的ZnO@(PAA-PEGFA)核/壳纳米粒子(量子点为核,聚合物为壳),抗癌药物阿霉素(DOX)通过配位形成肿瘤靶智能释药/显像体系:ZnO@(PAA-PEG-FA)-DOX(量子点的荧光可示踪/显像药物递送过程)。核磁共振(1 H-NMR)和红外光谱测试结果表明,PAA-PEG-FA聚合物和氨基ZnO QDs通过静电引力组合为核/壳纳米粒子;透射电镜(TEM)测得该体系呈规整球形且分布均匀,平均粒径约10nm;体外模拟释放结果表明,载药体系在癌细胞的溶酶体/内涵体(pH 5)内能很好地释放出阿霉素,而在药物输送过程(pH 7.4)中只有很少的阿霉素释放出来。因此,该肿瘤靶向pH响应型ZnO纳米颗粒作为抗癌药物载体具有潜在的应用价值。     

适配子修饰靶向PLGA纳米基因载体的构建

化学合成了功能性三嵌段复合物乳酸乙醇酸共聚物-聚乙二醇-适配子(PLGA-PEG-Apt)。使用双乳化挥发法制备包裹DNA片段的PLGA-PEG-Apt新型纳米基因药物载体,表征检测显示:制备的纳米基因载体粒径为(225.2±8.1)nm,Zeta电位约(-35.5±-3.3)mV。扫描电子显微镜下纳米颗粒形态呈圆形,表面光滑,粒径分布较均匀。纳米粒子对TFO的包封率为(25.4±3.1)%(n=3),载药量为(1.34±0.16)μg/mg。体外释放实验研究结果显示持续释放过程达23 d,且PLGA-PEG-Apt纳米粒子呈突释之后的持续缓释过程。细胞水平实验结果显示,A10适配子修饰的纳米基因载体能更多进入靶向的前列腺癌细胞株,进而发挥其抗前列腺癌增殖的作用。该研究成功制备了靶向PLGA纳米基因载体,结果满意。     

In vitro Studies of Chitosan-based Muitifunctional Drug Delivery Nanosystem

制备了一种壳聚糖基多功能纳米药物载体系统,并探讨了其体外释药性质.合成了甲氨蝶呤-壳聚糖偶联物(MTX-CS),甲氨喋呤(MTX)的取代度为6.3％;MTX-CS具有两亲性,在水性介质中能自组装形成纳米粒子,平均粒径为(269.5±18.3) nm,zeta电位为(25.7±0.9) mV.MTX-CS纳米粒子能有效包载抗血管生成药Combretastatin A-4(CA-4),当药物/载体材料投料比为1∶4时,载药量为15.7％,包封率为62.8％.体外释放实验结果显示,CA-4释放较快,MTX释放缓慢,有利于发挥2种药物的协同抗肿瘤作用.     

壳聚糖基多功能纳米药物载体的体外研究

制备了一种壳聚糖基多功能纳米药物载体系统, 并探讨了其体外释药性质. 合成了甲氨蝶呤-壳聚糖偶联物(MTX-CS), 甲氨喋呤(MTX)的取代度为6.3%; MTX-CS具有两亲性, 在水性介质中能自组装形成纳米粒子, 平均粒径为(269.5±18.3) nm, zeta电位为(25.7±0.9) mV. MTX-CS纳米粒子能有效包载抗血管生成药Combretastatin A-4(CA-4), 当药物/载体材料投料比为1∶4 时, 载药量为15.7%, 包封率为62.8%. 体外释放实验结果显示, CA-4释放较快, MTX释放缓慢, 有利于发挥2种药物的协同抗肿瘤作用.     

ICG and Sunitinib-loaded NH2-MOFs for Folate-mediated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Dual-modal Therapy

This research investigated a novel folic acid(FA)-modified zirconium core metal-organic framework(MOF) Uio-66 as a nanocarrier to deliver indocyanine green(ICG) and Sunitinib to cancer cells for combination therapy. Platinum-loaded Uio-66 nanoparticles(Pu) were synthesized via a one-pot method, followed by the modification with FA on their surfaces. This afforded FPu that enabled subsequent loading of ICG and Sunitinib to achieve dual-modal cancer therapy. Drug loading/release test and singlet oxygen detection were also conducted in vitro, and the nanoparticles showed considerable drug loading efficiency for both ICG and Sunitinib, coupled with a high singlet oxygen generation rate. Specifically, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of Sunitinib were 2.30% and 72.67%, while those for ICG were 2.87% and 90.28%, respectively. Additionally, cytotoxicity test on HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cancer cell line revealed that the fully functional nanoparticles possess excellent biocompatibility and as such could be further investigated as a potential drug delivery system for effectual carcinoma cancer treatment.     

Cytotoxicity of liver targeted drug-loaded alginate nanoparticles

In this study, novel liver targeted doxorubicin (DOX) loaded alginate (ALG) nanoparticles were prepared by CaCl₂ crosslinking method. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA, a liver targeted molecule) modified alginate (GA-ALG) was synthesized in a heterogeneous system, and the structure of GA-ALG and the substitution degree of GA were analyzed by ¹H NMR, FT-IR and elemental analysis. The drug release profile under the simulated physiological condition and cytotoxicity experiments of drug-loaded GA-ALG nanoparticles were carried out in vitro. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed that drug-loaded GA-ALG nanoparticles have spherical shape structure with the mean hydrodynamic diameter around 214 ± 11 nm. The drug release was shown to last 20 days, and the MTT assay suggested that drug-loaded GA-ALG nanoparticles had a distinct killing effect on 7703 hepatocellular carcinoma cells.     

葡聚糖分子量和接枝度对阿霉素/白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米粒子体外抗肿瘤效果的影响

以Maillard反应制备的牛血清白蛋白-葡聚糖共价接枝物作为载体, 通过调节混合溶液的pH值和温度制备负载阿霉素的白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米粒子. 利用分子量为5×10³, 10×10³和62×10³的葡聚糖制备了多种共价接枝物, 研究了共价接枝物分子量对载药纳米粒子的粒径和稳定性及载药量的影响. 用短链葡聚糖(分子量5×10³和10×10³)制备的纳米粒子粒径为60 nm左右, 用长链葡聚糖(分子量62×10³)制备的纳米粒子粒径约为200 nm; 阿霉素的包埋效率为81%~98%, 包埋量为7.4%~16.9%. 细胞实验结果表明, 共价接枝物具有很好的生物相容性; 与自由阿霉素相比, 纳米粒子可以促进阿霉素进入人口腔上皮癌细胞; 受缓释性质的影响, 纳米粒子在低浓度时的细胞毒性要小于自由阿霉素. 与长链葡聚糖纳米粒子相比, 接枝度高的短链葡聚糖纳米粒子由于具有较小的粒径、 密集的葡聚糖分子刷表面、 一定的自由阿霉素浓度和较快的阿霉素释放速率, 因而更容易进入细胞并具有更好的体外抗肿瘤活性.     

线性麦芽糊精聚合物功能化Fe3O4纳米复合物药物载体的合成和应用

采用共沉淀法制备得到了线性麦芽糊精聚合物功能化的Fe₃O₄磁性纳米粒子(LM-SP-MNPs),通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、透射电子显微镜、热重分析等技术对其结构、形貌进行了表征。 其粒径大小为(12±2) nm。 选取抗癌药物盐酸阿霉素(DOX)作为模型药物,运用荧光光谱法研究了LM-SP-MNPs的载药性能和释放行为,探讨了pH值对LM-SP-MNPs药物释放性能的影响。 最适pH条件下,LM-SP-MNPs对盐酸阿霉素的最大吸附量约为357.1 mg/g,吸附等温线符合Freundlich等温吸附模型。 LM-SP-MNPs与盐酸阿霉素的复合物(DOX@LM-SP-MNPs),在37 ℃的条件下药物在酸性条件下的释放效率大于中性条件。 pH=5.3时,盐酸阿霉素在7 h内的累积释放率为26.9%。 此外,细胞毒性试验表明,LM-SP-MNPs具有良好的生物相容性,而DOX@LM-SP-MNPs和肝癌细胞共培养后可以明显杀死HepG2肝癌细胞。     

Solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by solvent diffusion method in a nanoreactor system

In this study, water-in-oil (W/O) miniemulsion was used as nanoreactor to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) by solvent diffusion method. n-Hexane, Tween 80 and Span 80 were used as the oil phase and surfactant combination for preparation of W/O miniemulsion, respectively. The stable miniemulsion with the particle size of 27.1 ± 7.6 nm was obtained when the composition of water/Tween 80/Span 80/n-hexane was 1 ml/18 mg/200 mg/10 ml. Clobetasol propionate (CP) was used as a model drug. The physicochemical properties of the SLN, such as particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading capacity and in vitro drug release behaviors were investigated, comparing with those of SLN prepared by conventional aqueoethod. The SLN prepared by the novel method displayed smaller particles size and higher dus solvent diffusion mrug entrapment efficiency than those of SLN prepared by the conventional method. The drug entrapment efficiency decreased with increasing of charged amount of drug, and 15.9% of drug loading was achieved as the charged amount of drug was 20%. The in vitro drug release tests indicated that the drug release rate was faster than that of SLN prepared by the conventional method, and the drug content in SLN did not affect the in vitro drug release profile.     

Biomimetic Targeted Theranostic Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Treatment

The development of biomimetic drug delivery systems for biomedical applications has attracted significant research attention. As the use of cell membrane as a surface coating has shown to be a promising platform for several disease treatments. Cell-membrane-coated nanoparticles exhibit enhanced immunocompatibility and prolonged circulation time. Herein, human red blood cell (RBC) membrane-cloaked nanoparticles with enhanced targeting functionality were designed as a targeted nanotheranostic against cancer. Naturally, derived human RBC membrane modified with targeting ligands coated onto polymeric nanoparticle cores containing both chemotherapy and imaging agent. Using epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells as a disease model, the nature-inspired targeted theranostic human red blood cell membrane-coated polymeric nanoparticles (TT-RBC-NPs) platform was capable of not only specifically binding to targeted cancer cells, effectively delivering doxorubicin (DOX), but also visualizing the targeted cancer cells. The TT-RBC-NPs achieved an extended-release profile, with the majority of the drug release occurring within 5 days. The TT-RBC-NPs enabled enhanced cytotoxic efficacy against EpCAM positive MCF-7 breast cancer over the non-targeted NPs. Additionally, fluorescence images of the targeted cancer cells incubated with the TT-RBC-NPs visually indicated the increased cellular uptake of TT-RBC-NPs inside the breast cancer cells. Taken together, this TT-RBC-NP platform sets the foundation for the next-generation stealth theranostic platforms for systemic cargo delivery for treatment and diagnostic of cancer.     

Preparation and properties of inhalable nanocomposite particles for treatment of lung cancer

Nanoparticles have widely been studied in drug delivery research for targeting and controlled release. The aim of this article is application of nanoparticles as an inhalable agent for treatment of lung cancer. To deposit effectively deep the particles in the lungs, the PLGA nanoparticles loaded with the anticancer drug 6-{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino}-3-hydroxyl-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-one dihydrochloride (TAS-103) were prepared in the form of nanocomposite particles. The nanocomposite particles consist of the complex of drug-loaded nanoparticles and excipients. In this study, the anticancer effects of the nanocomposite particles against the lung cancer cell line A549. Also, the concentration of TAS-103 in blood and lungs were determined after administration of the nanocomposite particles by inhalation to rats.TAS-103-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared with 5% and 10% of loading ratio by spray drying method with trehalose as an excipient. The 5% drug-loaded nanocomposite particles were more suitable for inhalable agent because of the sustained release of TAS-103 and higher FPF value. Cytotoxicity of nanocomposite particles against A549 cells was higher than that of free drug.When the nanocomposite particles were administered in rats by inhalation, drug concentration in lung was much higher than that in plasma. Furthermore, drug concentration in lungs administered by inhalation of nanocomposite particles was much higher than that after intravenous administration of free drug.From these results, the nanocomposite particle systems could be promising for treatment of lung cancer.     

聚多巴胺-阿霉素纳米颗粒对癌细胞的化疗-光热治疗协同作用

通过在水相中加入乙醇和氨水, 将单分子多巴胺聚合成具有良好光热转换能力的聚多巴胺纳米颗粒(PDA), 并利用π-π作用与共价键作用, 将抗癌药物阿霉素(Dox)负载到聚多巴胺纳米颗粒的表面, 制备了聚多巴胺纳米颗粒负载阿霉素(PDA-Dox), 研究了PDA-Dox的药物缓释性能. 结果发现, PDA-Dox能够在酸性环境下增加药物释放. 细胞实验显示, PDA-Dox配合激光照射, 能够通过化疗和光热治疗高效地杀死癌细胞.     

Fabrication of 105Y,Alpha 1‐Anti Trypsin Peptide Conjugated Hybrid Nanoparticles for Biological Applications

In this report, we describe the characterizations and applications of hybrid nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have been synthesized by combination of organometallic, polymerization process and functionalized with a specific peptide for targeting expressed serpin‐enzyme complex (SEC) receptor of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. By using peptide conjugated hybrid nanoparticles, the specific receptor targeting, collections of cells were successfully achieved. The cell collection results indicated that, the maximum up to 95.32% of HepG2 cell were collected. The 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay of HepG2 cells incubated with these nanoparticles indicated that, the peptide conjugated hybrid nanoparticles did not possess significant cytotoxicity. The rotating magnetic field induced cell death studies indicated that, the HepG2 cell showed up to 70% of cell death was induced by hybrid nanoparticles under magnetic field. Concluding, these studies demonstrate that the hybrid nanoparticles have the capability of effective separation, imaging, targeting and killing of the human hepatoma cells.     

A surface architectured metal–organic framework for targeting delivery: Suppresses cancer growth and metastasis

Porous nanosized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are becoming possible candidates as drug-delivery nanocarriers for their versatile porous structures and large loadings of drugs. However, controlling synthesis of MOFs with uniform morphology, good biocompatibility and targeting drug delivery is still a challenge, which greatly limits their clinical applications. Herein, a multifunctional nano-sized drug-delivery material MIL-101(Fe)@FU@FA with a uniform particle size about 500 nm was successfully synthesized for targeting therapeutic purposes. The targeting reagent folic acid (FA) molecules are connected on the surface of 5-FU-loaded nanoparticle MIL-101(Fe)-NH₂ by a covalent conjugation. Cytotoxicity tests showed that the synthesized nanoparticles are biocompatible and can significantly inhibit cell proliferation on SMMC-7721 cells compared with MIL-101(Fe)@FU and free 5-FU. The cell metastasis and invasion experiments proved that the nanoparticles had a good anti-metastasis ability to tumor cells. Mechanistically, MIL-101(Fe)@FU@FA induces apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells and block cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase. Taken together, the drug-loaded nanoparticles MIL-101(Fe)@FU@FA have the effect of targeting and sustained release to achieve the therapeutic effect.