Origin of diffuse scattering appearing in iron-doped Ti-Ni shape memory alloys

Light diffraction in acoustic fields created by wedge-shaped and parabolic piezoelectric transducers is theoretically investigated. It is shown that the acoustic fields have a complicated amplitude-phase structure changing with the acoustic frequency. Principal characteristics of acousto-optic interaction are examined. It is demonstrated that the diffraction efficiency in the Bragg regime can approach 100% in spite of a noticeable phase mismatch.     

基于声光效应的光束偏转控制理论研究

基于参量互作用观点及声光互作用原理,构建了入射光为高斯光并且存在声波吸收情况下的声光偏转器模型.基于此模型研究了超声波频率、声波功率和光束入射角对衍射光的影响.对比了有声波吸收和无声波吸收两种情况下上述三个参量对衍射光产生的不同影响.计算结果表明,同无声光吸收时相比,当存在声波吸收时,偏转器的衍射效率将减小,导致衍射波形畸变,光强峰值位置发生偏移.     

Acousto-optic diffraction with allowance for the influence of the acousto-optic cell boundaries

The influence of the dimension of an acousto-optic cell in the plane orthogonal to the plane of acousto-optic diffraction on the acoustic field structure and, consequently, on acousto-optic diffraction is studied theoretically and experimentally. A method is suggested for approximate calculation of the acoustic field with regard to the acoustic column reflection from the crystal faces. Based on this method, the influence of the acousto-optic cell dimensions is analyzed in a wide range of ratios between the height of the piezoelectric transducer and the height of the crystal. A region of acoustic power concentration is predicted to arise both for parallel faces and for slight wedging. A number of statements are demonstrated with paratellurite used as an interaction medium. The results may be useful in designing acousto-optic devices.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Angular and power characteristics of noncollinear acousto-optic tunable filters

The angular and the power characteristics of noncollinear acousto-optic tunable filters are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The dependencies of the acoustic wave frequency, the bandpass width and the diffraction efficiency of the filter are studied as functions of the angle of incidence of the optical wave and of the acoustic signal power density. These dependencies are illustrated and tested on the basis of a realized such a filter based on tellurium dioxide (TeO₂). A good agreement of theory and experiment is demonstrated, which indicates that the approach used can be effective in designing such devices.     

Intermediate and Bragg acousto-optic interaction in elastically anisotropic medium

The Raman-Nath, intermediate and Bragg regimes of acousto-optic interaction in an acoustically anisotropic medium are theoretically examined in the paper. The general model of the interaction is extended over the case of an elastically anisotropic medium. Basic results of computer modeling of diffraction processes taking place in crystals are presented in the paper. The interaction of light and ultrasound is investigated in media with arbitrary elastic anisotropy in a wide range of the Klein-Cook and Raman-Nath parameters. The influence of the acoustic anisotropy on the process of light diffraction, especially on the light intensity in diffraction maxima, is also discussed.     

Acousto-optic interaction with leaky surface acoustic waves in Y-cut LiTaO3 crystals

The acousto-optic interaction with leaky surface acoustic wave radiation into the bulk of YX-cut LiTaO₃ crystals has been investigated. The light incidence and diffraction angles corresponding to the strongest acousto-optic interaction were calculated and measured as functions of the acoustic wave frequency. The dependencies of the diffracted light intensity on the amplitude of radio-frequency voltage applied to the interdigital transducer (IDT) were studied. Our acousto-optic measurements revealed generation, by the IDTs, of slow shear bulk acoustic waves propagating at different angles depending on their frequency. A secondary acousto-optic interaction from the bulk waves radiated by the receiving IDT has been studied.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

New acoustooptic effect: Constant high diffraction efficiency in wide range of acoustic power

A new effect, viz., acoustooptic Bragg diffraction without the overmodulation mode, in which the efficiency of the Bragg order attains its maximal value (close to 100%) upon an increase in the intensity of an acoustic wave and then remains practically unchanged, is predicted theoretically and observed experimentally. The effect takes place in the case of considerable bending of phase fronts of the acoustic field in the acoustooptic diffraction plane and attains its maximal value at a relatively low frequency of sound, a small width of a piezoelectric transducer, strong acoustic anisotropy of the medium, and a large distance between the light beam and the piezoelectric transducer.     

一种高通量宽带近红外声光可调滤光器的设计

声光可调滤光器(AOTF)是20世纪90年代以来近红外光谱仪最突出的进展,传统的单换能器结构使滤光器存在工作带宽较窄的问题。本文采用双换能器结构设计了一种高通量、宽带宽的近红外声光可调滤光器,基于“切面平行条件”波矢量布局方案,通过仿真计算确定声光晶体最优切向切角及换能器长度等最佳参数。两段换能器分别工作于两个不同的波段范围,使得滤光器的工作波段范围在光谱分辨率、衍射效率等参数满足要求的前提下大为改善。测试结果表明,设计的滤光器在900～2 400 nm波段范围内分辨率优于15 nm,衍射效率最高可到41%。     

Acousto-optic deflector based on a paratellurite crystal using broadband acoustic adhesive contact

A broadband acoustic matching of a piezoelectric transducer made of a lithium niobate crystal with an acousto-optic TeO₂ crystal has been studied. The transducer is acoustically attached to the crystal by the method of adhesive contact. The experimental method of creating a piezoelectric transducer with an acoustic matching layer from a tin film is developed. The conditions of the optimal technological regime when applying the matching layer are determined. The results of the research are used in creating a broadband high-performance deflector with a central ultrasound frequency of 37 MHz, with the frequency band scanning more than 30 MHz, and a diffraction efficiency of about 90% at a wavelength of 1.06 μm.     

Acousto-optic interaction in crystals with large acoustic anisotropy

The Bragg diffraction of light from a sinusoidal phase grating induced in an anisotropic medium by an acoustic wave has been studied theoretically for the case of a large acoustic energy walk-off. Based on the modified coupled-wave equations, the frequency and angular characteristics of an anisotropic diffraction in a paratellurite crystal have been calculated. It is shown that the acoustic beam walk-off significantly changes the angular and frequency ranges of acousto-optic interactions.     

Optimal conditions of the acousto-optic interaction in crystals with gyrotropy

The conditions of the acousto-optic interaction in the crystals with gyrotropy are considered. The optimal length of the acousto-optic interaction and the diffraction efficiency in the gyrotropic direction are calculated. The diffraction efficiency is determined by the coupled wave method which allows calculation of the field interaction in the gyrotropic crystal [1]. It is theoretically shown and experimentally confirmed that the diffraction efficiency in the gyrotropic direction is independent of incident light polarization, when the polarization plane rotates by 45° along the interaction length.     

Acousto-optic diffraction at liquid-solid interface with light incident at critical angle

A new acousto-optic diffraction configuration is described. At a liquid-solid interface, a light beam is incident from the solid side of higher refractive index. The maximum acousto-optic diffraction of the Raman-Nath type occurs in the liquid with light incident at the critical angle. The angular dependence of the diffraction efficiency indicates accurate optical alignment requirement. Application to acoustic imaging is briefly discussed.     

压电换能器等效模型分析与阻抗匹配设计

声光可调滤光器(Acousto-optic tunable filter,AOTF)的衍射效率不仅与功率信号源的质量、声光晶体氧化碲(TeO_2)的切型有关,而且压电超声换能器的结构以及其阻抗匹配网络也对AOTF的衍射效率有很大影响。本文对X切型铌酸锂(LiNbO_3,LN)四层镀膜压电超声换能器的等效模型进行了分析,确定了声光介质存在时换能器的阻抗特性,利用射频微波仿真软件,设计了电感-电容复合匹配网络。将换能器压合在TeO_2上,用复色光作为光源进行了声光衍射实验,经仿真与实验验证表明,该匹配电路可以有效的改善压电换能器的阻抗特性,提高换能器带宽,提高能量传输效率,AOTF衍射效率最高可达92.67%。     

Effect of the spatial structure of an acoustic field on Bragg’s acoustooptic diffraction under strong acoustic anisotropy conditions

Bragg’s acoustooptic diffraction in an acoustically anisotropic medium is considered taking into account the two-dimensional spatial diffraction structure of the acoustic beam. The conditions are determined under which reverse transfer of optical power from the diffracted to the transmitted beam in the regime of 100% efficiency of diffraction is considerably suppressed. It is shown that this effect is due to diffraction bending of wave fronts of the acoustic beam in the acoustooptic diffraction plane. The problem of optimization of the piezoelectric transducer size and the spatial position of the input light beam is solved using the criterion of the minimal required power of the acoustic field. The results of simulation in a wide range of the acoustooptic interaction parameters for a Gaussian light beam are reported. The correctness of the model is confirmed experimentally. Recommendations for designers of acoustooptic devices are formulated.     

基于布拉格声光衍射场的光强非均匀空间分布研究

为了保证合成孔径激光雷达测试中信号光的光束质量,从波动方程出发,推导出传统的衍射光源布拉格声光作用的耦合波方程。根据测试对光束质量的不同要求,借助有限差分方法分析衍射场光强的空间三维分布,发现声场振幅的不均匀分布会影响声光衍射场的光强分布,光强分布不均造成实验中信息光源的探测难度。通过光强空间分布研究增大有效通光孔径到3 mm,解决了声光调制器光束衍射质量问题,改进后的光束质量达到实验要求。该研究方法适用于改进声光器件工作参数。     

Anisotropic light diffraction in crystals with a large acoustic-energy walk-off

The influence of energy walk-off in an acoustic beam on the characteristic of anisotropic Bragg diffraction of light has been investigated by the example of paratellurite crystal. The angular and frequency characteristics of acousto-optic diffraction have been calculated in wide ranges of ultrasound frequencies and Bragg angles using the modified Raman-Nath equations. It is shown that the walk-off of an acoustic beam may change (either widen or narrow) significantly the frequency and angular ranges. The calculation results have been experimentally checked on an acousto-optic cell made of 10.5°-cut paratellurite crystal.     

SiO2波导布拉格器件中声表面波及声光相互作用分析

针对SiO2光波导声光布拉格器件,计算了SiO2非对称平板波导TE模式的横向场分布;给出了SiO2/ZnO/Air层状介质结构的性能方程、运动方程和麦克斯韦方程,推导出这种层状结构的特征方程,并结合所满足的边界条件,得到了各层介质的位移及电磁场分布;计算了声表面波所引起的光学相对介质隔离率张量的变化,最后讨论了声光衍射效率和光场与声场的重叠积分、声功率、声频率、声孔径和光波导参数之间的关系。结果表明,在低频范围内光场与声表面波场重叠良好;低阶模的重叠积分始终大于高阶模重叠积分,最低阶模与声表面波相互作用最强,所需声功率最小;当声功率一定时,增加声孔径可以提高衍射效率。     

Theory of Acousto-Optic Filtering of Radiation in the Multifrequency Near-Field Zone of a Plane Piezoelectric Transducer

Acoustical Physics - A theory of acousto-optic filtering is developed based on Bragg diffraction of a plane light wave in the near field of radiation from an acoustic transducer excited by an...