Hydrated alizarin complexes: hydrogen bonding and proton transfer

We investigated the hydrogen bonding structures and proton transfer for the hydration complexes of alizarin (Az) produced in a supersonic jet using fluorescence excitation (FE), dispersed laser induced fluorescence (LIF), visible-visible hole burning (HB), and fluorescence detected infrared (FDIR) spectroscopy. The FDIR spectrum of bare Az with two O-H groups exhibits two vibrational bands at 3092 and 3579 cm(-1), which, respectively, correspond to the stretching vibration of O1-H1 that forms a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond with the C9=O9 carbonyl group and the stretching vibration of O2-H2 that is weakly hydrogen-bonded to O1-H1. For the 1:1 hydration complex Az(H(2)O)(1), we identified three conformers. In the most stable conformer, the water molecule forms hydrogen bonds with the O1-H1 and O2-H2 groups of Az as a proton donor and proton acceptor, respectively. In the other conformers, the water binds to the C10=O10 group in two nearly isoenergetic configurations. In contrast to the sharp vibronic peaks in the FE spectra of Az and Az(H(2)O)(1), only broad, structureless absorption was observed for Az(H(2)O)(n) (n≥ 2), indicating a facile decay process, possibly due to proton transfer in the electronic excited state. The FDIR spectrum with the wavelength of the probe laser fixed at the broad band exhibited a broad vibrational band near the O2-H2 stretching vibration frequency of the most stable conformer of Az(H(2)O)(1). With the help of theoretical calculations, we suggest that the broad vibrational band may represent the occurrence of proton transfer by tunnelling in the electronic ground state of Az(H(2)O)(n) (n≥ 2) upon excitation of the O2-H2 vibration.     

Water complexes of styrene and 4-fluorostyrene: a combined electronic, vibrational spectroscopic and ab-initio investigation

The binary complexes of water with styrene and fluorostyrene were investigated using LIF and FDIR spectroscopic techniques. The difference in the shifts of S 1 <-- S 0 electronic transitions clearly points out the disparity in the intermolecular structures of these two binary complexes. The FDIR spectra in the O-H stretching region indicate that water is a hydrogen bond donor in both complexes. The formation of a single O-H...pi hydrogen-bonded complex with styrene and an in-plane complex with fluorostyrene was inferred based on the analysis of the FDIR spectra in combination with ab initio calculations. The in-plane complex with fluorostyrene is characterized by the presence of O-H...F and C-H...O hydrogen bonds, leading to formation of a stable six-membered ring. The synergistic effect of O-H...F and C-H...O hydrogen bonds overwhelms the O-H...pi interaction in fluorostyrene-water complexes.     

Separation of different hydrogen-bonded clusters by femtosecond UV-ionization-detected infrared spectroscopy: 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoline.(H2O)(n=1,2) complexes

Experimental and theoretical studies are presented for complexes of water with 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoline (PQ), a bifunctional compound acting simultaneously as a hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor. A 1:1 complex, which is not fluorescent and only very short-lived in the electronically excited state, was analyzed by isolating the complex under supersonic jet conditions and characterizing its structure by infrared-induced ion depletion spectroscopy utilizing multiphoton ionization by femtosecond UV pulses (IR/fsMPI spectroscopy). On the other hand, a long-lived 1:2 complex was identified as the smallest microhydrate of PQ contributing to the laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum. Its structure was assigned by fluorescence-detected IR spectra and analyzed using density functional theory. The structures of the 1:1 and 1:2 clusters are assigned to species in which the water molecule(s) form a hydrogen-bonded solvent bridge between the two functional groups. In accord with calculations, both 1:1 and 1:2 PQ/water complexes reveal weaker hydrogen bonding than the analogous clusters of PQ with methanol.     

IR-UV double resonance spectroscopic investigation of phenylacetylene-alcohol complexes. Alkyl group induced hydrogen bond switching

The electronic transitions of phenylacetylene complexes with water and trifluoroethanol are shifted to the blue, while the corresponding transitions for methanol and ethanol complexes are shifted to the red relative to the phenylacetylene monomer. Fluorescence dip infrared (FDIR) spectra in the O-H stretching region indicate that, in all the cases, phenylacetylene is acting as a hydrogen bond acceptor to the alcohols. The FDIR spectrum in the acetylenic C-H stretching region shows Fermi resonance bands for the bare phenylacetylene, which act as a sensitive tool to probe the intermolecular structures. The FDIR spectra reveal that water and trifluoroethanol interact with the pi electron density of the acetylene C-C triple bond, while methanol and ethanol interact with the pi electron density of the benzene ring. It can be inferred that the hydrogen bonding acceptor site on phenylacetylene switches from the acetylene pi to the benzene pi with lowering in the partial charge on the hydrogen atom of the OH group. The most significant finding is that the intermolecular structures of water and methanol complexes are notably distinct, which, to the best of our knowledge, this is first such observation in the case of complexes of substituted benzenes.     

IR spectroscopy of Nb+(N2)n complexes: coordination, structures, and spin states

Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the N-N stretching region is reported for gas-phase Nb+(N2)n complexes (n=3-16). The coordination of nitrogen to the metal cation causes the IR-forbidden N-N stretch of N2 to become active in these complexes. Fragmentation occurs by the loss of intact N2 molecules, and the yield as a function of laser wavelength produces an IR excitation spectrum. The dissociation patterns indicate that Nb+ has a coordination of six ligands. The infrared spectra for all complexes contain bands red-shifted from the N-N stretch in free nitrogen, consistent with ligand-metal charge-transfer interactions such as those familiar for metal carbonyl complexes. Using density functional theory, we investigated the structures and ground electronic states for each of the small cluster sizes. Theory indicates that binding to the low-spin triplet excited state of the metal ion becomes progressively more favorable than binding to its high-spin quintet ground state as additional ligands are added to the cluster. Although the quintet state is the ground state for the n=1-4 complexes, IR spectroscopy confirms that the low-spin triplet electronic state becomes the ground state for the n=5 and 6 complexes. The n=4 complex has a square-planar structure, familiar for high-spin d4 complexes in the condensed phase. The n=5 complex has a geometry that is nearly a square pyramid, while the n=6 complex has a structure close to octahedral.     

Laser-induced fluorescence and pure rotational spectroscopy of the CH2CHS (vinylthio) radical

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra of the B-X (2)A(") electronic transition of the CH(2)CHS radical, which is the sulfur analog of the vinoxy (CH(2)CHO) radical, were observed under room temperature and jet-cooled conditions. The LIF excitation spectra show very poor vibronic structures, since the fluorescence quantum yields of the upper vibronic levels are too small to detect fluorescence, except for the vibrationless level in the B state. A dispersed fluorescence spectrum of jet-cooled CH(2)CHS from the vibrationless level of the B state was also observed, and vibrational frequencies in the X state were determined. Precise rotational and spin-rotation constants in the ground vibronic level of the radical were determined from pure rotational spectroscopy using a Fourier-transform microwave (FTMW) spectrometer and a FTMW-millimeter wave double-resonance technique [Y. Sumiyoshi et al., J. Chem. Phys. 123, 054324 (2005)]. The rotationally resolved LIF excitation spectrum for the vibronic origin band of the jet-cooled CH(2)CHS radical was analyzed using the ground state molecular constants determined from pure rotational spectroscopy. Determined molecular constants for the upper and lower electronic states agree well with results of ab initio calculations.     

Structure of host-guest complexes between dibenzo-18-crown-6 and water, ammonia, methanol, and acetylene: evidence of molecular recognition on the complexation

Complexes of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6, host) with water, ammonia, methanol, and acetylene (guest) in supersonic jets have been characterized by laser induced fluorescence (LIF), UV-UV hole-burning (UV-UV HB), and IR-UV double resonance (IR-UV DR) spectroscopy. Firstly, we reinvestigated the conformation of bare DB18C6 (species m1 and m2) and the structure of DB18C6-H(2)O (species a) [R. Kusaka, Y. Inokuchi, T. Ebata, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2008, 10, 6238] by measuring IR-UV DR spectra in the region of the methylene CH stretching vibrations. The IR spectral feature of the methylene CH stretch of DB18C6-H(2)O is clearly different from those of bare DB18C6 conformers, suggesting that DB18C6 changes its conformation when forming a complex with a water molecule. With the aid of Monte Carlo simulation for extensive conformational search and density functional calculations (M05-2X/6-31+G*), we reassigned species m1 and m2 to conformers having C(1) and C(2) symmetry, respectively. Also, we confirmed the DB18C6 part in species a of DB18C6-H(2)O to be "boat" conformation (C(2v)). Secondly, we identified nine, one, and two species for the DB18C6 complexes with ammonia, methanol, and acetylene, respectively, by the combination of LIF and UV-UV HB spectroscopy. From the IR spectroscopic measurement in the methylene CH stretching region, a similar conformational change was identified in the DB18C6-ammonia complexes, but not in the complexes with methanol or acetylene. The structures of all the complexes were determined by analyzing the electronic transition energies, exciton splitting, and IR spectra in the region of the OH, NH, and CH stretching vibrations. In DB18C6-ammonia complexes, an ammonia molecule is incorporated into the cavity of the boat conformation by forming "bifurcated" and "bidentate" hydrogen-bond (H-bond), similar to the case of the DB18C6-H(2)O complex. On the other hand, in the DB18C6-methanol and -acetylene complexes, methanol and acetylene molecules are simply attached to the C(1) and C(2) conformations, respectively. From the difference of the DB18C6 conformations depending on the type of the guest molecules, it is concluded that DB18C6 distinguishes water and ammonia from methanol and acetylene when it forms complexes, depending on whether guest molecules have an ability to form bidentate H-bonding.     

IR spectroscopy of hydrogen-bonded 2-fluoropyridine-methanol clusters

The electronic and infrared spectra of 2-fluoropyridine-methanol clusters were observed in a supersonic free jet. The structure of hydrogen-bonded clusters of 2-fluoropyridine with methanol was studied on the basis of the molecular orbital calculations. The IR spectra of 2-fluoropyridine-(CH3OH)n(n = 1-3) clusters were observed with a fluorescence-detected infrared depletion (FDIR) technique in the OH and CH stretching vibrational regions. The structures of the clusters are similar to those observed for 2-fluoropyridine-(H2O)n (n = 1-3) clusters. The existence of weak hydrogen bond interaction through aromatic hydrogen was observed in the IR spectra. The theoretical calculation also supports the result. The vibrational frequencies of CH bonds in CH3 group are affected by hydrogen bond formation although these bonds do not directly relate to the hydrogen bond interaction. The B3LYP/6-311 ++G(d,p) calculations reproduce well the vibrational frequency of the hydrogen-bonded OH stretching vibrations. However, the calculated frequency of CH stretching vibration could not reproduce the IR spectra because of anharmonic interaction with closely lying overtone or combination bands for nu3 and nu9 vibrations. The vibrational shift of nu2 vibration is reproduced well with molecular orbital calculations. The calculation also shows that the frequency shift of nu2 vibration is closely related to the CH bond length at the trans position against the OH bond in hydrogen-bonded methanol.     

LIF spectroscopy of jet-cooled 1:1 complex between 7-azaindole and 2-pyrrolidinone

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of a 1:1 complex between 7-azaindole (7AI) and five-member cyclic amide 2-pyrrolidinone (2-PDN) have been measured in a supersonic free jet expansion. The bands in the excitation spectrum appear doublet, which has been attributed to splitting of the zero-point level in the ground state due to puckering of 2-PDN moiety of the complex in a symmetric double minimum potential. This feature is consistent with low puckering barrier (～260 cm^?1) predicted by electronic structure calculation. The complex emits only UV fluorescence from locally excited state in the jet, but visible tautomer fluorescence is observed in hydrocarbon solution.     

超声射流CCl2自由基激光诱导荧光激发谱

对CCl4/Ar混合气体脉冲直流高压放电产生CCl2自由基,在超声射流冷却下获得了CCl2 1B1－ 1A1420～600 nm 波长范围的激光诱导荧光激发谱,系统标识了9个带系,81个振动带,其中56个振动带是我们新标识的.通过CCl2自由基的超声射流LIF谱与常温下压力为150 Pa 左右的LIF谱相结合分析,初步证实CCl2自由基电子态带源为17 255.04 cm－1.     

Excited-state intermolecular proton transfer reactions of 7-azaindole(MeOH)(n) (n = 1-3) clusters in the gas phase: on-the-fly dynamics simulation

Ultrafast excited-state intermolecular proton transfer (PT) reactions in 7-azaindole(methanol)(n) (n = 1-3) [7AI(MeOH)(n=1-3)] complexes were performed using dynamics simulations. These complexes were first optimized at the RI-ADC(2)/SVP-SV(P) level in the gas phase. The ground-state structures with the lowest energy were also investigated and presented. On-the-fly dynamics simulations for the first-excited state were employed to investigate reaction mechanisms and time evolution of PT processes. The PT characteristics of the reactions were confirmed by the nonexistence of crossings between S(ππ*) and S(πσ*) states. Excited-state dynamics results for all complexes exhibit excited-state multiple-proton transfer (ESmultiPT) reactions via methanol molecules along an intermolecular hydrogen-bonded network. In particular, the two methanol molecules of a 7AI(MeOH)(2) cluster assist the excited-state triple-proton transfer (ESTPT) reaction effectively with highest probability of PT.     

Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of mixed-ligand and polymeric dinuclear transition metal complexes with bis-acylhydrazone tetradentate ligands and 1,10-phenanthroline

Two types of dinuclear copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with two tetradentate N2O2 donor ligands 1,4-bis(1-anthranoylhydrazonoethyl)benzene (L1), 1,4-bis(1-salicyloylhydrazonoethyl)benzene (L2) and N,N'-bidentate heterocyclic base [1,10-phenonthroline (phen)] have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, UV-vis electronic absorption spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The reaction of metal(II) acetates with the solution containing ligand and 1,10-phenonthroline in methanol gives mixed-ligand dinuclear metal(II) complexes with general formula [M2L(phen)2]Cl2 (L=L1 or L2), whereas, the ligands react with metal(II) acetates to form polymeric dinuclear complexes with general formula [(M2L2)n] (L=L1 or L2). In the complexes, the ligands act as dianionic tetradentate and coordination takes place in the enol tautomeric form with the enolic oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms while the phenolic hydroxyl and amino groups of aroylhydrazone moiety do not participate in coordination. The effect of varying pH and solvent on the absorption behavior of both ligands and complexes has been investigated.     

Synthesis, characterization and DNA-binding studies of 1-cyclohexyl-3-tosylurea and its Ni(II), and Cd(II) complexes

1-Cyclohexyl-3-tosylurea (HL) and its two complexes, ML2.2H2O [M=Ni(1), and Cd(2)], have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, molar conductivities, IR spectra and thermal analyses. In addition, the DNA-binding properties of the ligand and the two complexes have been investigated by electronic absorption, fluorescence, CD spectroscopy and viscosity measurements. The experiment results suggest that the ligand and its two complexes bind to DNA via a groove binding mode, and the binding affinity of the complex 2 is higher than that of the complex 1 and the ligand.     

Electronic structures of ruthenium and osmium complexes of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone

The reaction of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) with [M(II)(H)(CO)(X)(PPh(3))(3)] in boiling toluene leads to the homolytic cleavage of the M(II)-H bond, affording the paramagnetic trans-[M(PQ)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)X] (M = Ru, X = Cl, 1; M = Os, X = Br, 3) and cis-[M(PQ)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)X] (M = Ru, X = Cl, 2; M = Os, X = Br, 4) complexes. Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations of 1, 2·toluene, and 4·CH(2)Cl(2), EPR spectra, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have substantiated that 1-4 are 9,10-phenanthrenesemiquinone radical (PQ(?-)) complexes of ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) and are defined as trans-[Ru(II)(PQ(?-))(PPh(3))(2)(CO)Cl] (1), cis-[Ru(II)(PQ(?-))(PPh(3))(2)(CO)Cl] (2), trans-[Os(II)(PQ(?-))(PPh(3))(2)(CO) Br] (3), and cis-[Os(II)(PQ(?-))(PPh(3))(2)(CO)Br] (4). Two comparatively longer C-O [average lengths: 1, 1.291(3) ?; 2·toluene, 1.281(5) ?; 4·CH(2)Cl(2), 1.300(8) ?] and shorter C-C lengths [1, 1.418(5) ?; 2·toluene, 1.439(6) ?; 4·CH(2)Cl(2), 1.434(9) ?] of the OO chelates are consistent with the presence of a reduced PQ(?-) ligand in 1-4. A minor contribution of the alternate resonance form, trans- or cis-[M(I)(PQ)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)X], of 1-4 has been predicted by the anisotropic X- and Q-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the frozen glasses of the complexes at 25 K and unrestricted DFT calculations on 1, trans-[Ru(PQ)(PMe(3))(2)(CO)Cl] (5), cis-[Ru(PQ)(PMe(3))(2)(CO)Cl] (6), and cis-[Os(PQ)(PMe(3))(2)(CO)Br] (7). However, no thermodynamic equilibria between [M(II)(PQ(?-))(PPh(3))(2)(CO)X] and [M(I)(PQ)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)X] tautomers have been detected. 1-4 undergo one-electron oxidation at -0.06, -0.05, 0.03, and -0.03 V versus a ferrocenium/ferrocene, Fc(+)/Fc, couple because of the formation of PQ complexes as trans-[Ru(II)(PQ)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)Cl](+) (1(+)), cis-[Ru(II)(PQ)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)Cl](+) (2(+)), trans-[Os(II)(PQ)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)Br](+) (3(+)), and cis-[Os(II)(PQ)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)Br](+) (4(+)). The trans isomers 1 and 3 also undergo one-electron reduction at -1.11 and -0.96 V, forming PQ(2-) complexes trans-[Ru(II)(PQ(2-))(PPh(3))(2)(CO)Cl](-) (1(-)) and trans-[Os(II)(PQ(2-))(PPh(3))(2)(CO)Br](-) (3(-)). Oxidation of 1 by I(2) affords diamagnetic 1(+)I(3)(-) in low yields. Bond parameters of 1(+)I(3)(-) [C-O, 1.256(3) and 1.258(3) ?; C-C, 1.482(3) ?] are consistent with ligand oxidation, yielding a coordinated PQ ligand. Origins of UV-vis/near-IR absorption features of 1-4 and the electrogenerated species have been investigated by spectroelectrochemical measurements and time-dependent DFT calculations on 5, 6, 5(+), and 5(-).     

Synthesis, characterization and luminescence property of N,N'-di(pyridine N-oxide-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide and corresponding lanthanide (III) complexes

A new ligand, N,N'-di(pyridine N-oxide-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide (LH2) and its several lanthanide (III) complexes (La, Eu, Gd, Tb, Y) were synthesized and characterized in detail based on elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, IR, 1H NMR, MS (FAB) and UV spectra and TG-DTA studies. The results indicated that the composition of these binary complexes is [Ln(LH2)(NO3)2.H2O]NO3.nH2O (n=0-1); while the ligand has a good planar structure with strong hydrogen bonds. The fluorescence spectra exhibits that the Tb (III) complex and the Eu (III) complex display characteristic metal-centered fluorescence in solid state while ligand fluorescence is completely quenched. However, the Tb (III) complex displays more effective luminescence than the Eu (III) complex, which is attributed to especial effectivity in transferring energy from the lowest triplet energy level of the ligands (T) onto the excited state (5D4) of Tb (III) than that (5D1) of Eu (III).     

Synthesis, structure, infrared and fluorescence spectra of new rare earth complexes with 6-hydroxy chromone-3-carbaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone

A novel 6-hydroxy chromone-3-carbaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone ligand and its four complexes, [LnL2(NO3)2]NO3 [Ln = Eu(1), Sm(2), Tb(3), Dy(4)], were synthesized. The complexes were characterized by the elemental analyses, molar conductivity and IR spectra. The crystal and molecular structure of Sm(III) complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: crystallized in the triclinic system, space group P-1, Z = 1, a = 11.037(4) A, b = 14.770(5) A, c = 15.032(7) A, alpha = 60.583(4), beta = 75.528(7), gamma = 88.999(4), R1 = 0.0349. The fluorescence properties of complexes in the solid state and in the organic solvent were studied in detail, respectively. Under the excitation of ultraviolet light, strong red fluorescence of solid europium complex was observed. But the green fluorescence of solid terbium complex was not observed. These observations show that the ligand favor energy transfers to the emitting energy level of Eu3+. Some factors that influence the fluorescent intensity were also discussed.     

Electronic and infrared spectroscopy of [benzene-(methanol)(n)](+) (n = 1-6)

The microsolvation structure of the [benzene-(methanol)(n)](+) (n = 1-6) clusters was analyzed by electronic and infrared spectroscopy. For the n = 1 and 2 clusters, further spectroscopic investigation was carried out by Ar atom attachment, which has been know as a useful technique for discriminating isomers of the clusters. The coexistence of multiple isomers was confirmed for the n = 1 and 2 clusters, and remarkably, preferential production of the specific isomers occurred in the Ar attachment. The most stable isomer of the n = 1 cluster was suggested to be of the "on-ring" structure where the nonbonding electrons of the methanol moiety directly interact with the pi orbital of the benzene cation moiety. This is a sharp contrast to [benzene-(H(2)O)(1)](+), exhibiting the "side" structure, where the water moiety is bound to the C-H sites of the benzene cation moiety. The structure of the n = 2 cluster was discussed with the help of density functional theory calculations. Spectral signatures of the intracluster proton-transfer reaction were found for n > or = 5. The intracluster electron-transfer reaction leading to the (methanol)(m)()(+) fragment was also seen upon vibrational and electronic excitation of n > or = 4.     

The visible spectrum of zirconium dioxide, ZrO2

The electronic spectrum of a cold molecular beam of zirconium dioxide, ZrO(2), has been investigated using laser induced fluorescence (LIF) in the region from 17,000 cm(-1) to 18,800 cm(-1) and by mass-resolved resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy from 17,000 cm(-1)-21,000 cm(-1). The LIF and REMPI spectra are assigned to progressions in the A?(1)B(2)(ν(1), ν(2), ν(3)) ← X?(1)A(1)(0, 0, 0) transitions. Dispersed fluorescence from 13 bands was recorded and analyzed to produce harmonic vibrational parameters for the X?(1)A(1) state of ω(1) = 898(1) cm(-1), ω(2) = 287(2) cm(-1), and ω(3) = 808(3) cm(-1). The observed transition frequencies of 45 bands in the LIF and REMPI spectra produce origin and harmonic vibrational parameters for the A?(1)B(2) state of T(e) = 16,307(8) cm(-1), ω(1) = 819(3) cm(-1), ω(2) = 149(3) cm(-1), and ω(3) = 518(4) cm(-1). The spectra were modeled using a normal coordinate analysis and Franck-Condon factor predictions. The structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and the potential energies as a function of bending angle for the A?(1)B(2) and X?(1)A(1) states are predicted using time-dependent density functional theory, complete active space self-consistent field, and related first-principle calculations. A comparison with isovalent TiO(2) is made.     

Ab initio calculations and Franck-Condon simulation of the absorption spectra of GeCl2 including anharmonicity.

Geometrical parameters, vibrational frequencies and relative electronic energies of the X1A1, ?3B1 and A1B1 states of GeCl2 have been calculated at the CCSD(T) and/or CASSCF/MRCI level with basis sets of up to aug-cc-pV5Z quality. Core electron correlation and relativistic contributions were also investigated. RCCSD(T)/ aug-cc-pVQZ potential energy functions (PEFs) of the X1A1 and ?3B, states, and a CASSCF/MRCl/aug-cc-pVQZ PEF of the A1B1 state of GeCl2 are reported. Anharmonic vibrational wavefunctions of these electronic states of GeCl2, obtained variationally using the computed PEFs, are employed to calculate the Franck-Condon factors (FCFs) of the ?-X and A-X transitions of GeCl2. Simulated absorption spectra of these transitions based on the computed FCFs are compared with the corresponding experimental laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of Karolczak et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 60-70]. Excellent agreement is obtained between the simulated absorption spectrum and observed LIF spectrum of the ?-X transition of GeCl2, which confirms the molecular carrier, the electronic states involved and the vibrational assignments of the LIF spectrum. However, comparison between the simulated absorption spectrum and experimental LIF spectrum of the A-X transition of GeCl2 leads to a revision of vibrational assignments of the LIF spectrum and suggests that the X1A1 state of GeCl2 was prepared in the experimental work, with a non-Boltzmann vibrational population distribution. The X(0,0,1) level is populated over 4000 times more than expected from a Boltzmann distribution at 60 K, which is appropriate for the relative population of the other low-lying vibrational levels, such as the X(1,0,0) and X(0,1,0) levels.     

Intermolecular vibrations and dynamics of the anisole—benzene complex studied by multi-resonance spectroscopy

The intermolecular vibrations of the anisole—benzene complex in the ground and excited electronic states have been observed by the LIF (laser-induced fluorescence) and fluorescence-dip techniques. Short progressions due to the intermolecular vibrations suggest a small structure change of the complex upon electronic excitation. The LIF excitation spectrum shows predominant progressions of 27 cm⁻¹, which is tentatively assigned to one of the intermolecular bending modes in the excited electronic state. On the other hand, the fluorescence-dip spectrum shows only a series of bands with irregular intervals due to the intermolecular modes in the ground electronic state. The decay rates of the vibrationally excited complex in the ground electronic state have also been measured with the SEP-LIF (stimulated emission pumping-laser-induced fluorescence) technique, where the complex vibrationally excited by SEP is probed by the delayed LIF measurements. The complex excited to its purely intermolecular mode stays in the initially prepared state after a delay time of 1 μs. On the other hand, the complex excited to the intramolecular vibrational states above 500 cm⁻¹ does not seem to stay in the prepared states. Neither the relaxed complex nor the dissociated monomer was detected. A possible reason for this observation is discussed.