高能重离子碰撞中有QGP形成时的多π关联信号

对高能重离子碰撞中有夸克–胶子等离子体(QGP)形成时的多粒子玻色–爱因斯坦关联进行了分析.通过考查多π关联平均强度随事件π多重数的变化表明,当有QGP产生时,多π关联平均强度在某一高多重数区域会有明显的上升;这种信号能够敏感地检测在高能重离子碰撞中少数有QGP形成的高π多重数事件.     

QGP强子化的多粒子玻色–爱因斯坦关联分析

计算了由夸克–胶子等离子体(QGP)颗粒表面强子化所产生的π介子和K介子的多粒子玻色–爱因斯坦关联.对有限初始重子数密度的情况,K⁺介子的多粒子关联比π介子的多粒子关联弱,K^－介子的平均多粒子关联强度随QGP颗粒数目N_d的增加而快速下降.在零初始重子数密度情况下,K⁺和π介子的平均多粒子关联强度的差别随N_d的增加而变得明显.     

柱形夸克胶子等离子体的2π干涉学检测

在2п干涉学中,对不同的п源2п,关联函数可以是不同的. 如果在相对论重离子碰撞中出现柱形夸克胶子等离子体,п介子将从柱形夸克胶子等离子体表面发射,此时2п关联函数将出现一种特殊的振荡行为.这种振荡行为可以用来探明夸克胶子等离子体的存在性,同时也是相对论重离子碰撞中出现夸克胶子等离子体的一个信号.     

科学家在寻找宇宙早期物质

夸克-胶子等离子体是在宇宙大爆炸后10^-5S内存在的一种宇宙早期物质形态，那时夸克不是被囚禁在中子、质子等强子中，而是可以自由运动，寻找夸克-胶子等离子体的工作就是要在现今的实验室中使加速到极高能量的粒子进行碰撞来形成早期宇宙的环境。     

产生在夸克–胶子等离子体中的中等质量双轻子的增强

基于一个相对论流体力学模型,在夸克–胶子等离子体中具有中等质量双轻子的产生被研究.由于相边对夸克–胶子等离子体系统演化的影响和产生在RHIC能量的夸克–胶子等离子体系统有高的初始温度,夸克相的贡献变得比强子相互作用的贡献重要得多,甚至能与本底相比较.它表明这样的增强是夸克–胶子等离子体形成的一种信号.     

只带一种基本标量粒子的轻子-夸克复合模型

我们提出一个包括两种基本费米子和一种基本标量粒子的轻子-夸克复合模型. 其中, 基本费米子无质量并且不带色, 基本标量粒子是色的三重态. SU(3)_H定域规范作用将基本粒子束缚成轻子、夸克和弱玻色子等复合粒子. 轻子是由三个基本费米子组成的三体复合粒子, 夸克由一个基本费米子和一个基本标量粒子组成. 本模型基本粒子的数目较少, 存在为数不多的exotic粒子. 解释了轻子-夸克的对称性. 弱作用是超色单态之间的一种短距剩余作用, 它只在复合层次出现. 通过动力学对称破缺破坏了宇称守恒.     

铜-铜对撞产生更多的奇异性

在铜离子对撞中,每个核子产生的奇异夸克比更重的金离子对撞要多很多．这是在美国BNL实验室的相对论性重离子对撞机RHIC上物理学家的一项惊人发现．夸克通常被束缚在强子中．预期高能重核碰撞会产生早期宇宙中曾存在过的夸克-胶子等离子体．对夸克一胶子等离子体的研究不仅可以增进对把夸克束缚在一起的强力的了解,而且能提供关于早期宇宙的微观图像．     

一种新的物质形态——夸克胶子等离子体

进入21世纪以来,随着美国Brookhaven国家实验室的相对论重离子对撞机和欧洲核子中心的大型强子对撞机的相继运行,对于物质深层次状态的认识达到了前所未有的高度。特别是对于夸克胶子等离子体这种新的物质形态的研究得到蓬勃发展,取得很多成就。文章主要介绍：(1)强相互作用和量子色动力学的相结构;(2)夸克胶子等离子体的物理性质;(3)夸克胶子等离子体在重离子碰撞实验中的信号。     

Higgs粒子初露端倪

最近几年 ,全世界的粒子物理学家都会注视位于瑞士日内瓦的欧洲核子研究中心ＣＥＲＮ的大型电子正电子对撞机ＬＥＰ寻找Ｈｉｇｇｓ粒子的实验结果 .粒子物理的标准模型认为 ,构成物质的最小单元是轻子和夸克 .共有 6种轻子 ,它们是电子和电子中微子、μ子和 μ中微子、τ子和τ中微子 ;6种夸克 ,它们是上夸克、下夸克、粲夸克、奇夸克、顶夸克和底夸克 .传递相互作用的粒子是光子、中间玻色子(Ｗ ,Ｗ-,Ｚ0 )和胶子 .而由于存在Ｈｉｇｇｓ粒子 ,产生真空对称性的自发破缺 ,上述所有有质量的粒子的质量都是通过与Ｈｉｇｇｓ场相互作用而获得的…     

重离子对撞机实验中令人费解的信号

两位研究人员对重离子对撞机(RHIC)实验上观测到的令人费解的信号做出了解释．他们认为这种信号是伴随着夸克一胶子等离子体或早期宇宙中类似的奇特物质而产生的核物质原初形态的证据．在美国布鲁克海文国家实验室(BNL)的相对论性RHIC上，物理学家们使两束金原子核对撞，企图生成夸克一胶子等离子体，这是一种夸克和胶子在其中自由运动的原初物质．     

Multiparticle Bose Correlations: Probes for Granular Source of Quark-Glunon-Plasma Droplets

The multiparticle Bose correlations of bosons emitted from dispersed thermal droplets of quark-gluon plasma are simulated by Monte Carlo.Multiparticle Bose correlations can offer more sensitivity to probe the granularity of the Bosonemitting source than two-particle Bose correlations.A promising signal of the existence of a mixed phase of quark-gluon plasma and hadronic gas can be obtained from multiparticle observables.     

Quantum clan model description of Bose-Einstein correlations

We propose a novel numerical method of <i≯modeling</i≯ Bose–Einstein correlations (BEC) observed among identical (bosonic) particles produced in multiparticle production reactions. We argue that the most natural approach is to work directly in the momentum space in which the Bose statistics of secondaries reveals itself in their tendency to bunch in a specific way in the available phase space. Because such procedure is essentially identical to the clan model of multiparticle distributions proposed some time ago, therefore we call it the <i≯Quantum Clan Model</i≯.     

Verification of the model of a collision of a 800-GeV proton with an emulsion-nucleus tube

The production of quark-gluon plasma is discussed within the hydrodynamic theory of multiparticle hadron production in head-on collisions of nucleons with nucleons and nuclei. In searches for collisions of a proton with a tube of a track-emulsion nucleus, the use of parametrically invariant quantities is proposed. An experimental verification of statistical models involving qualitatively different pseudorapidity distributions of weakly ionizing secondary particles is performed. The results of this verification are discussed.     

Fluctuations and correlations in STAR

The study of correlations and fluctuations can provide evidence for the production of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Various theories predict that the production of a QGP phase in relativistic heavy-ion collisions could produce significant event-by-event correlations and fluctuations in transverse momentum, multiplicity, etc. Some of the recent results using STAR at RHIC will be presented along with results from other experiments at RHIC. The focus is on forward-backward multiplicity correlations, balance function, charge and transverse-momentum fluctuations, and correlations.     

Two-photon correlations as the signal of a sharp transition in quark-gluon plasma

The photon production arising due to time variation of a medium has been considered. The Hamilton formalism for photons in a time-variable medium (plasma) has been developed with application to inclusive photon production. The results have been used for calculation of the photon production in the course of the transition from a quark-gluon phase to a hadronic phase in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The relative strength of the effect and the specific two-photon correlations have been evaluated. It is demonstrated that the opposite-side two-photon correlations are indicative of a sharp transition from the quark-gluon phase to hadrons.     

Test of Quark-Gluon Plasma of Cylinder Shape by Two-Pion Interferometry

The two-pion correlation functions are different for some pion source distributions in two-pion interferometry.If quark-gluon plasma of cylindrical shape is produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions, the pion mesons will emit from the surface of quark-gluon plasma of cylindrical shape and the corresponding correlation function will have a special oscillation behavior. The oscillation behavior can be used to verify the existence of quark-gluon plasma and is also a signature of the appearance of quark-gluon plasma.     

An Explanation of a Phenomenon in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

The multi-source pion interferometry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is presented and two-source models for hadron gas and hadron gas plus quark-gluon plasma are proposed. The models can resolve the HBT puzzle. For the same $q$ and different direction of \bar{q}, the two-pion correlation functions show characteristic oscillation behaviors, which may be used to distinguish the two-source models. Our research also showes that the multi-source pion correlations can resolve the HBT puzzle.     

QCD at finite temperature

Quantum chromodynamics is studied at finite temperatures and densities using the temperature Green functions method. For the Green functions the renormalized Schwinger-Dyson equations are obtained and their qualitative properties are discussed. The equality of the renormalization constants for the equations obtained at T, μ ≠ 0 with those for quantum field theory is pointed out. General properties of the gluon polarization tensor are investigated at T, μ ≠ 0. The temperature Green functions are calculated within the one-loop approximation using both relativistic and axial gauges. The fulfilment of the Slavnov-Taylor identities is verified. The asymptotic behaviour of the polarization tensor at T, μ ≠ 0 is established and the excitation spectrum of quark-gluon plasma is found. Both Fermi and Bose excitations are considered and the gauge invariance of the spectra is demonstrated. The renormalization group extension of the dispersion laws into the regions of high temperatures and densities is presented. The exact representation of the thermodynamical potential in QCD is found in terms of the temperature Green functions. For the quark-gluon plasma the thermodynamical potential is calculated with the g³-term taken into account. The equation of state of the hot quark-gluon plasma is found and its properties are discussed. The complete evolutional diagram of the hadronic matter is outlined. The phase curve asymptotics, which put bounds on the quark-gluon plasma domain, are found for the two limiting cases (μ = 0, T → T₀; T = 0, μ → μ₀). The phase transition of the hot quark-gluon plasma placed in external Abelian field is studied. The instability of such plasma has been found and the program of its stabilization is indicated. The infrared behaviour of the non-Abelian gauge theory is studied for finite temperatures when power divergencies are essential. The propagator of transverse gluons is shown to be singular for momenta |p| ˜ g²T and this cannot be avoided by summing the simplest bubble chains. The infrared asymptotic behaviour of the tree-gluon vertex is found and the results obtained are checked using the Slavnov-Taylor identities. The Green functions asymptotics found indicate either an instability of the quark-gluon plasma in the infrared momentum domain or the inconsistency of the perturbational methods. A non-perturbative approach to the infrared problem in QCD is developed within the axial gauge. The closed equations for the structure functions that determine the gluon polarization tensor are obtained by using the Slavnov-Taylor identities to found approximately the three-gluon vertex. It is shown that the solution of the equations obtained by iterations does not remove the infrared singularity from the temperature Green functions. The nonperturbative solution of such equations is discussed.