烧原油高效燃烧器的研究

本文讨论了用于油田加热炉的一种烧原油高效燃烧器的设计，论述了Ｙ型蒸汽雾化喷嘴、正交蒸汽雾化喷嘴和高压离心喷嘴的具体设计结果。该燃烧器对原油加温并采用内、外双漩流器组织燃烧，明显提高了燃烧效率。最后还指出了这种燃烧器的开发与应用前景。     

燃煤电站锅炉颗粒物排放特性的实验研究

本文对某燃煤电厂的两台锅炉除尘器前后的飞灰颗粒进行采样,研究了可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的排放浓度、质量粒径分布、排放特征、对静电除尘器的穿透率和锅炉运行负荷对其的影响.试验采用低压撞击器(LPI)按不同粒径大小从0.03～10μm共分为13级,分别采集燃烧后的可吸入颗粒物.研究表明,两台锅炉产生的PM10均呈双峰分布,其除尘器入口峰值分别在0.1μm和4.0μm左右,而出口峰值则为0.1μm和2.0μm;随着颗粒物粒径的减小,颗粒物对除尘器的穿透率是降低的,其中在0.2～0.6μm的穿透率达到一个峰值;相比除尘器入口,除尘器出口PM1和PM2.5的质量百分比都大大增加,这也是由于除尘器对飞灰中的大颗粒脱除效果更佳的原因造成的.随着锅炉运行负荷的降低,PM,10占总灰颗粒的质量百分比含量下降.     

燃煤锅炉PM10形成与排放特性的实验研究

应用低压撞击器分别对某50 MW和100 MW燃煤机组锅炉除尘器前后飞灰颗粒进行采样,研究了除尘器前后煤灰颗粒的排放特性及元素分布特征,对颗粒物形成机理进行了探讨。结果表明,粒径小于0．377μm颗粒可能是通过气化-凝结机理形成,煤灰中元素Na、Mg、S、Cu、Zn和Pb约有10％-30％分布在粒径小于0．377μm颗粒中, 元素Al、Si和Ca相应的值只有1％左右,元素Fe、Cr和Mn相应的值约为3％-8％。两台锅炉除尘器入口和出口 PM10的质量粒径呈双峰分布,其峰值分别在0．1μm和4μm左右。除尘器对不同粒径颗粒除尘效果的不同导致了除尘器入、出口处颗粒组成特征的明显不同。     

固体粒子在直流式除尘器中湍流脉动的数值模拟

本文对直流除尘器涡室内固体粒子的湍流脉动现象进行了数值分析,通过气体速度随机脉动谱,把气相湍流运动对固体粒子运动的影响引入粒子的运动平衡方程中,用拉格朗日法模拟了粒子的轨迹及其扩散运动,应用四阶龙科库塔方法求解粒子的运动方程。计算结果表明对粒子的数值模拟可以较好地预测除尘器的性能,如除尘器的切割粒径。     

瞬时弹射式蒸汽爆破处理生物质的能量模型及能耗理论分析

在生物质资源化利用领域,蒸汽爆破技术是打破生物质抗降解屏障、实现生物炼制的关键技术途径,具有清洁、短时和高效的显著特点。针对生物质蒸汽爆破过程中能量消耗和能量平衡问题,基于传热学基本原理,对生物质蒸汽爆破过程中的能量组成和转化进行了分析,建立了生物质蒸汽爆破能耗模型,阐明了蒸汽爆破过程中蒸汽热能转换机械功,并利用能量模型对影响生物质蒸汽爆破预处理能耗因素进行能耗分析。结果表明:该模型可以较为准确地反映物质蒸汽爆破过程中的热能利用和转化过程,能够定量分析生物质蒸汽爆破过程中物料含水率、蒸汽爆破强度和装料量的能耗变化规律。研究结果为蒸汽爆破技术的生物液体燃料或生物炼制产业化应用提供了理论参考。     

工况对两相流引射制冷系统性能的影响

以R134a为工质,在不同工况条件下采用两段式喷嘴引射器对两相流引射制冷系统进行了实验研究,分析了冷凝温度和蒸发温度对R134a两相流引射制冷系统性能COP和引射比的影响,并与传统制冷循环系统进行了比较。实验结果表明:对于一定几何尺寸的引射器,系统COP随冷凝温度的升高而降低,随蒸发温度的升高而增大,在冷凝温度为40℃时,蒸发温度为1℃时,使用两段式喷嘴引射器时系统的COP要比传统蒸汽压缩循环的COP高22.7%,两相流引射制冷循环系统在较低的冷凝温度下更具有优势。     

蒸汽流速对竖直管外Marangoni凝结换热特性影响的实验研究

本文在不同蒸汽流速下对水-酒精混合蒸汽在竖直管外Marangoni凝结换热特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:在相同蒸汽压力下,混合蒸汽在竖直管外凝结换热系数随蒸汽流速的增加而增加.当蒸汽酒精浓度较低时(1%、2%、5%),凝结换热系数随流速的增加而明显增加.当蒸汽酒精浓度较高时(20%、50%),流速的增加对凝结换热系数影响较小.这主要是由于蒸汽流速在低酒精浓度下对凝结扩散层热阻的影响大于在高酒精浓度下对扩散层热阻的影响.     

流速对混合蒸汽Marangoni凝结换热影响的实验研究

本文在蒸汽压力为47.36 kPa的条件下,通过实验研究了不同蒸汽流速(u=2、4、5 m/s)下纯水和不同酒精浓度水-酒精混合蒸汽沿重力方向流过竖直紫铜平板表面上的凝结换热特性,并实现了实验的可视化,同时分析了不同蒸汽流速下造成Marangoni凝结换热特性差异的原因.实验及分析结果表明,在相同蒸汽浓度、蒸汽压力和表面过冷度条件下,高流速下的凝结换热系数比低流速的大.且蒸汽流速对凝结换热的影响因混合蒸汽酒精浓度的不同而不同,低浓度0.5%和高浓度50%时流速的增加对凝结换热特性的影响较小,而在中间浓度2%时凝结换热强度随流速的增加明显.     

辅助引射对蒸汽喷射器性能影响的数值研究

首次提出了通过局部低压区辅助引射来改善蒸汽喷射器工作性能的技术途径,并利用FLUENT软件对蒸汽喷射器辅助引射前后内部流场进行了数值模拟计算,重点研究分析了双临界范围内背压波动工况下不同辅助引射方式对工作蒸汽质量流量、引射蒸汽质量流量、辅助引射蒸汽质量流量、内部流场和激波现象的影响及其原因。结果表明:混合室辅助引射不利于改善蒸汽喷射器的引射性能,而喉部辅助引射和扩压室辅助引射能提高蒸汽喷射器的引射效率,且在不同背压下存在一个最佳的辅助引射优化方案。     

变质量流率蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡特性研究

本文对变质量流率蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡特性开展了实验研究,发现蒸汽质量流率随时间延长呈指数规律下降。蒸汽射流凝结经历了稳定凝结、振荡凝结、过渡喘振和喘振四个阶段,射流初始水温越高,各个凝结区域转换点对应的蒸汽质量流率越高。在不同的凝结区域,蒸汽质量流率和过冷水温度对振荡特性的影响程度不同。相同蒸汽质量流率时,初始水温越高振荡频率越小。振荡强度均方根值和峰值均在凝结振荡区达到最大,且初始水温越高,最大值对应的蒸汽质量流率越高,振荡强度峰值最高可达70 kPa。     

超声治疗设备中换能器失效原因分析

超声治疗设备中换能器失效主要是电气绝缘受到损伤或被破坏。在医院这种特殊的使用场合,频繁的装拆、清洗,特别是反复的高温、高压水蒸气消毒是造成电气绝缘下降的主要原因。本文并提出了补救的办法。     

Cavitation mapping by sonochemiluminescence with less bubble displacement induced by acoustic radiation force in a 1.2 MHz HIFU

An acoustic radiation force counterbalanced appliance was employed to map the cavitation distribution in water. The appliance was made up of a focused ultrasound transducer and an aluminum alloy reflector with the exactly same shape. They were centrosymmetry around the focus of the source transducer. Spatial–temporal dynamics of cavitation bubble clouds in the 1.2 MHz ultrasonic field within this appliance were observed in water. And they were mapped by sonochemiluminescence (SCL) recordings and high-speed photography. There were significant differences in spatial distribution and temporal evolution between normal group and counterbalanced group. The reflector could avoid bubble directional displacement induced by acoustic radiation force under certain electric power (⩽50 W). As a result, the SCL intensity in the pre-focal region was larger than that of normal group. In event of high electric power (⩾70 W), most of the bubbles were moving in acoustic streaming. When electric power decreased, bubbles kept stable and showed stripe structure in SCL images. Both stationary bubbles and moving bubbles have been captured, and exhibited analytical potential with respect to bubbles in therapeutic ultrasound.     

发展中的集成霍尔传感器及在高科技领域中的应用

简述集成霍尔传感器的分类、特性及其在物理实验中的应用。并着重介绍其在工业、交通、家电等领域的广泛应用。     

Electric arc plasmatorch for steam heating

A construction arrangement of electric arc plasmatorch with copper tubular electrodes for steam plasma generation was developed and tested. Experimental data on energy curves of this plasmatorch with nominal power of 100 kW are presented.     

Improvement of CANDU-1000 MW(e) power cycle by moderator heat recovery

Four different moderator heat recovery circuits are proposed for CANDU-1000 MW (e) reactors. The proposed circuits utilize all, or part, of the 155 MW(th) moderator heat load (at 70°C moderator outlet temperature from calandria) to the first stage of the water heating system. An economics study was carried out and indicated that the direct circulation of feed water through the moderator heat exchanger (with full heat recovery) is the most economical scheme. For this scheme the saved steam from the turbine extraction was found to produce additional electric power of 8 MW(e). This additional power represents a 0.7% increase in the plants nominal electric output. The outstanding features and advantages of the selected scheme are also presented.     

基于光电双测头技术的液位监测系统设计

阐述了一种利用光电检测方法对透明容器内的液位进行监控的系统设计。系统利用激光平行于液面射入后被凹液面反射的光学现象实现了非接触式测量。实验证明该系统抗干扰能力强,具有良好的稳定性,监测误差仅为0．30%,能广泛应用于医疗、工业、家电等领域。     

A case study of cogeneration for Jeddah and Yanbu petromin refineries in Saudi Arabia

The Petromin refineries in Jeddah and Yanbu, Saudi Arabia produce power and process steam separately. The Jeddah refinery gas turbines that have an installed capacity of 88 MW, run at less than 50% utilization factor. The refinery demand of steam is 70–120 tons h⁻¹.The electric power demand of Yanbu refinery is supplied by The Royal Commission of Yanbu at a rate of 16–25 MW. The steam consumption is 68 tons h⁻¹. Data were collected for the performance and requirement for both plants. An integrated system for cogeneration is proposed which consists of a gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator equipped with a supplementary duct burner and economizer. The thermal and economical analyses have proved the feasibility of the proposed system with payback periods of 23 and 36 months for Jeddah and Yanbu refineries, respectively. However, the payback period for Jeddah refinery can be reduced to 15 months if the utilization factor is improved, and the excess power generated by the gas turbines is connected to the public utility grid. In fact, it is worth mentioning that the present study is considered the first to be carried out in Saudi Arabia; more studies and investigations could lead to tremendous saving in the fuel consumption in this country.     

Drying Characteristics-Property Correlationships in Gas-Fired Infrared Drying of Paper Obtained by Diffuse Reflectance FT-IR Spectroscopy

Introduction

Infrared (IR) drying of paper in a pilot scale has been investigated by several researchers in the past [1–3]. Both high-intensity electric heating and medium-intensity gas heating are now being used industrially either to preheat wet paper before conventional steam drying [1] or as a moisture-profile corrector just before paper sizing press [2]. Our own investigation [3] on the use of radiant energy from a gas-fired IR radiator have revealed that the drying efficiency of IR radiation is influenced by the nature of association of water molecules with cellulose in wet paper. Depending on the total moisture content of a paper, the free and bound moisture contents of paper will vary in wet paper sheet. Our previous study [3] has also confirmed that it is possible to remove free moisture more efficiently using gas-fired IR emitter operated at 1373 K rather than as 1223 K. It is reported that besides emitter temperature, the efficiency of drying also depends on the location of the emitter. In general, the efficiency is high if the emitter is installed near the preheating zone and the efficiency changes in the following order: falling rate < constant rate < preheating. Pikulik [4] compared the efficiency of hot gas impinging drying with conventional steam drying emphasizing the paper properties. The properties of a high-intensity hot gas-dried paper has been reported to be better than those of conventionally steam dried paper. An immediate quality improvement in terms of reduced moisture steaks and superior resistance to paper embrittleness was also observed when installing a high-intensity infrared drying system [5,6].     

注蒸汽井井筒内参数计算新模型

从动量定理角度出发建立求解蒸汽压降方程,而从能量守恒角度出发建立求解蒸汽干度变化的方程,采用节点分析方法和数值计算方法对模型求解.计算过程中借鉴传统的气液两相流Beggs-Brill方法计算水蒸汽混合物的物性参数.通过对辽河油田齐40块和杜80块10口井井筒的压力、温度和干度分布计算表明该模型计算精度较高.     

过膨胀超音速蒸汽浸没射流凝结的实验研究

针对入口压力为 0.20～0.60 MPa 的饱和蒸汽在 20～70℃过冷水中形成的过膨胀超音速蒸汽浸没射流凝结进行了实验研究.观察到了渐缩形、收缩-膨胀-收缩形、收缩-膨胀-发散形和发散形汽羽,汽羽形状主要由入口蒸汽压力和过冷水温度决定,给出了汽羽凝结形态分布图.同时,给出了汽羽的轴向和径向温度分布规律,在靠近喷嘴附近,温度变化幅度比较大,在远离喷嘴处,温度变化趋于平缓;汽羽的轴向温度分布与汽羽的形状密切相关.