开放式自屏蔽全身成像高场超导MRI磁体优化设计

本文发展了开放式自屏蔽全身成像高场超导磁共振成像（MRI）磁体的优化设计方法,使设计出来的磁体仅有4 对超导线圈. 这种开放结构的超导MRI磁体优化设计方法集成了线性规划算法和遗传算法. 通过迭代线性规划算法可以在考虑成像区域（DSV）磁感应强度约束、磁场不均匀度约束、5 Gs线范围约束、线圈区域最大磁场值约束和最大环向应力约束的条件下,获得用线量最少的线圈初始形状和位置,同时可以得到每个线圈的层数和每层匝数;通过遗传算法可以提高DSV区域的磁场不均匀度,以达到高质量成像的要求. 这种集成的优化设计方法既可以灵活有效的设计开放式MRI磁体,也可以设计传统的圆柱形MRI磁体,本文通过一个1.2 T的开放式MRI磁体的设计清楚的展示了这种优化方法. 关键词： 线性规划算法 遗传算法 自屏蔽 开放式超导MRI磁体     

短腔、自屏蔽磁共振成像超导磁体系统的混合优化设计方法

本文提出一种用于短腔、自屏蔽磁共振成像超导磁体系统的混合优化设计方法,通过结合线性规划和非线性优化算法,设计出的磁体系统具有建造成本低、结构简单、以及线圈中最高磁场、电流安全裕度和电磁应力可控等优点.首先,通过线性规划算法在欲布置线圈空间范围内建立二维连续网格划分,搜索满足磁场约束条件的网格电流分布图;其次,将电流分布图中的非零电流簇离散成螺线管线圈,通过非线性优化算法计算出满足成像区域磁场均匀度要求、5 Gs杂散场限制、线圈中最高磁场限制、电流安全裕度以及线圈间尺寸间隔等约束条件的线圈结构参数.文中给出一个中心磁场为1.5T自屏蔽磁共振成像超导磁体系统的设计案例,在50 cm球形成像区域所产生的磁场峰峰值不均匀度为10 ppm,线圈最大长度为1.32 m.该设计方法可用于对称、非对称螺线管线圈系统以及开放式双平面线圈系统的磁共振成像磁体系统设计.     

短腔自屏蔽核磁共振成像超导磁体的设计

本文提出了一种短腔自屏蔽核磁共振成像(MRI)超导磁体的设计方法.先将矩形截面螺线管线圈简化成截面为一个点的电流环,得到一个线性规划模型,采用线性规划的方法得到合适的线圈位置和电流大小,然后再利用遗传算法对线圈的截面形状进行优化,得到合适的线圈截面尺寸.线性规划的引入,减少了优化变量,降低了优化规模,结合遗传算法,使得短腔自屏蔽MRI超导磁体设计变得简单易行.文章最后给出了一个设计算例.     

开放式线圈屏蔽高场超导MRI磁体的优化设计

提出了开放式高场线圈屏蔽超导MRI磁体的混合优化设计方法,所设计的开放式MRI磁体仅有2对超导线圈。首先采用ISIGHT集成有限元分析软件ANSYS,构成协同式集成优化设计平台,设计磁体的主线圈和屏蔽线圈;然后提出改进的电磁场形状优化方法,设计磁体的匀场铁环,最后通过MATLAB运行遗传算法调用ANSYS进一步优化成像区域(Diameter of Spherical Volume,DSV)的磁场不均匀度,以达到高质量成像的要求。通过一个1.2T的开放式MRI磁体的设计实例清楚地展示了这种优化方法。     

基于0-1整数线性规划的自屏蔽磁共振成像超导磁体设计

本文提出一种基于0-1整数线性规划的自屏蔽磁共振成像（MRI）超导磁体设计方法．在磁体线圈可行载流区内按照所用线材尺寸划分网格,同时综合考虑线材内最大磁感应强度、成像区磁场均匀度、漏场范围等设计要求,以超导线材使用量最小为目标函数,采用0—1整数线性规划算法得到磁体线圈的初始导线集中区块分布;然后通过合理的调整限制各分离导线区块截面尺寸及其中心位置,得到最终易于实际加工和绕制的矩形磁体线圈结构．并根据不同的约束要求,该方法也适用于其他结构超导磁体的优化设计．文中最后给出一个设计实例．     

7T大口径NbTi超导磁体降温通电实验

介绍了用于超导导体测试用超导磁体降温通电实验,降温采用500W@4.5K制冷机系统。300—10K直接采用冷He气循环冷却超导磁体,温度低于10K直接输入LHe。该磁体在4.2K温度下可通1000A的电流,其中心磁场为7T,储能为3M J。     

一种大口径无液氦低温超导磁体系统的研制

将铜和不锈钢材料制作成Φ646mm×1175mm大口径低温超导磁体复合骨架,骨架两端设计有传热热桥。选用1.5W@4.2K的G-M制冷机作为冷源,采用高导热的无氧铜编织带作为制冷机二级冷头和传热热桥之间的柔性连接件,来实现柔性传热。经过124h后,实现了低温超导磁体系统的冷却。超导磁体闭环运行后,磁场强度达到设计值,均匀区内不均匀度优于指标要求。     

利用Monte Carlo进行MRI主磁体的优化设计

磁共振成像（MRI）中的磁体系统是MRI整体装置的主体,而主磁体作为磁体系统的核心,为整个磁体系统提供基础磁场。其磁场位型、均匀性直接关系到磁体系统其它组件的设计以及最终的性能。文中提出一种利用ANSYS中的概率设计——Monte Carlo进行主磁体优化的设计方法,使得中心场区的磁场偏差从几千ppm降低到120 ppm左右。达到设计的目的．     

大口径主反射镜轻量化结构拓扑优化设计方法

介绍了一种大口径主反射镜轻量化结构拓扑优化设计方法,该方法是一种理论性强、效率高的新型轻量化优化设计方法。采用变密度法建立连续体结构拓扑优化数学模型,利用OPTISTRUCT优化软件,以主反射镜光轴垂直时在自重作用下的镜面变形与第一阶自然频率作为约束,将主反射镜体积最小作为目标函数进行了连续体拓扑优化。依据优化的拓扑结构形式,结合结构力学及灵敏度分析得到了满足镜面面型、结构刚度及轻量化率要求的最佳主反射镜轻量化结构。     

一种大口径大非球面度天文镜面磨制新技术

主动抛光盘技术是近年来因天文望远镜的口径越来越大,焦比越来越快而发展起来的一种能够根据需要将抛光盘面实时地主动变形成偏轴非球面来磨制大口径非球面度高精度天文镜面的磨制技术。非球面表面的曲率不仅各点不一致,而且同一点的径向与切向曲率也不相同,所以经典的大的抛光盘不可能使其表面形状始终与所接触的非球面表面形状相吻合;常用的小磨盘抛光的致命缺点是解决不了高频切带,抛光效率也低。而主动抛光盘技术正好解决这些难题。与传统方法相比,它具有较高的磨削速率和较大范围内的自然平滑(无切带)。这是一种用计算机控制的磨镜技术,通过它可以像加工球面一样来加工一个深度的非球面。介绍了我国成功研制的主动抛光盘以及它在直径910mm,焦比F／2抛物面镜加工中的成功应用和加工的结果,以及此项技术将在2m以上直径天文镜面,特别是30m巨型天文光学／红外望远镜的分块子镜磨制中的应用前景。     

An Optimized Passive Shimming Method for Bi-planar Permanent MRI Magnets

An optimized passive shimming method with iron shims is presented in this paper. First, the influence value of a single iron or magnetized shim is fast calculated and determined by analytic solution with a single practical measurement. Then, the correlation between the influence value and parameters of a single shim is analyzed, and the proper parameters, including the position, polarity, and size (radius and thickness), of the shimming pieces are well selected. Finally, the numbers and locations of the passive shims are optimized by mixed-integer linear programming method based on a modified central magnetic field. The optimized method is applied to a 0.5 T Bi-planar permanent magnet magnetic resonance imaging system, and the presented results prove the efficacy of this optimized passive shimming methodology.     

Optimal design of a 7 T highly homogeneous superconducting magnet for a Penning trap

A Penning trap system called Lanzhou Penning Trap (LPT) is now being developed for precise mass measurements at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP). One of the key components is a 7 T actively shielded superconducting magnet with a clear warm bore of 156 mm. The required field homogeneity is 3×10-7 over two 1 cubic centimeter volumes lying 220 mm apart along the magnet axis. We introduce a two-step method which combines linear programming and a nonlinear optimization algorithm for designing the multi-section superconducting magnet. This method is fast and flexible for handling arbitrary shaped homogeneous volumes and coils. With the help of this method an optimal design for the LPT superconducting magnet has been obtained.     

Optimal design of a 7 T highly homogeneous superconducting magnet for a Penning trap

A Penning trap system called Lanzhou Penning Trap（LPT） is now being developed for precise mass measurements at the Institute of Modern Physics（IMP）.One of the key components is a 7 T actively shielded superconducting magnet with a clear warm bore of 156 mm.The required field homogeneity is 3 × 10-7 over two 1 cubic centimeter volumes lying 220 mm apart along the magnet axis.We introduce a two-step method which combines linear programming and a nonlinear optimization algorithm for designing the multi-section superconducting magnet.This method is fast and flexible for handling arbitrary shaped homogeneous volumes and coils.With the help of this method an optimal design for the LPT superconducting magnet has been obtained.     

Asymmetric MRI Magnet Design Using a Hybrid Numerical Method

This paper describes a hybrid numerical method for the design of asymmetric magnetic resonance imaging magnet systems. The problem is formulated as a field synthesis and the desired current density on the surface of a cylinder is first calculated by solving a Fredholm equation of the first kind. Nonlinear optimization methods are then invoked to fit practical magnet coils to the desired current density. The field calculations are performed using a semi-analytical method. A new type of asymmetric magnet is proposed in this work. The asymmetric MRI magnet allows the diameter spherical imaging volume to be positioned close to one end of the magnet. The main advantages of making the magnet asymmetric include the potential to reduce the perception of claustrophobia for the patient, better access to the patient by attending physicians, and the potential for reduced peripheral nerve stimulation due to the gradient coil configuration. The results highlight that the method can be used to obtain an asymmetric MRI magnet structure and a very homogeneous magnetic field over the central imaging volume in clinical systems of approximately 1.2 m in length. Unshielded designs are the focus of this work. This method is flexible and may be applied to magnets of other geometries.     

An approach for computer-aided detection of brain metastases in post-Gd T1-W MRI

Purpose

To develop an approach for computer-aided detection (CAD) of small brain metastases in post-Gd T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Method

A set of unevenly spaced 3D spherical shell templates was optimized to localize brain metastatic lesions by cross-correlation analysis with MRI. Theoretical and simulation analyses of effects of lesion size and shape heterogeneity were performed to optimize the number and size of the templates and the cross-correlation thresholds. Also, effects of image factors of noise and intensity variation on the performance of the CAD system were investigated. A nodule enhancement strategy to improve sensitivity of the system and a set of criteria based upon the size, shape and brightness of lesions were used to reduce false positives. An optimal set of parameters from the FROC curves was selected from a training dataset, and then the system was evaluated on a testing dataset including 186 lesions from 2753 MRI slices. Reading results from two radiologists are also included.

Results

Overall, a 93.5% sensitivity with 0.024 of intra-cranial false positive rate (IC-FPR) was achieved in the testing dataset. Our investigation indicated that nodule enhancement was very effective in improving both sensitivity and specificity. The size and shape criteria reduced the IC-FPR from 0.075 to 0.021, and the brightness criterion decreases the extra-cranial FPR from 0.477 to 0.083 in the training dataset. Readings from the two radiologists had sensitivities of 60% and 67% in the training dataset and 70% and 80% in the testing dataset for the metastatic lesions <5 mm in diameter.

Conclusion

Our proposed CAD system has high sensitivity and fairly low FPR for detection of the small brain metastatic lesions in MRI compared to the previous work and readings of neuroradiologists. The potential of this method for assisting clinical decision- making warrants further evaluation and improvements.     

一种超小型专用黑体的温度控制

介绍了一种野外用超小型高稳定度的热象基准源。通过控制该信号源可以消除环境温度的影响,可用于调校仪器的光轴、线性热敏电阻组件的稳压源及蓄电池故障报警器。     

TriTone: a radiofrequency field (B1)-insensitive T1 estimator for MRI at high magnetic fields

Fast, high-resolution, longitudinal relaxation time (T1) mapping is invaluable in clinical and research applications. It has been shown that two spoiled gradient recalled echo (SPGR) images acquired in steady state with variable flip angles is an attractive alternative to the multi-image sets previously acquired with inversion or saturation recovery. The known sensitivity of the two-point method to transmit radiofrequency field (B1) inhomogeneity exacerbated at 3 T and above, however, mandates its combination with an additional, time-consuming and possibly specific-absorption-rate-intensive B1 measurement, preventing direct migration of the method to these fields. To address this, we introduce a method designed to be free of systematic errors caused by B1 inhomogeneity in which the value of T1 is extracted from three SPGR images acquired with echo planar imaging (EPI) readout. The precision of the T1 maps produced is found to be comparable to the two-point method, while the accuracy is greatly improved in the same time and spatial resolution. A welcome byproduct of the method is a map of B1 that can be used to correct other acquisitions in the same session. Tables of the optimal acquisition protocols are provided for several total imaging times.     

Simple but Reliable Solutions for Spiral MRI Gradient Design

The efficiency of gradient design in MRI is limited by the simple fact that the gradient coil current and slew rate cannot exceed hardware threshold values. In spiral MRI, which requires gradients to be very rapidly switched between positive and negative values, minimization of the acquisition time is achieved by maintaining the current and slew rate as high as possible during the entire measurement. Since the current and slew rate compete against each other, an efficient gradient design consists of two parts in which current and slew rate are pushed alternatively to their limits. Values for these types of gradients can be obtained by solving numerically the equation of motion for the spiral trajectory. This paper shows that simple but reasonable mathematical approximations deliver reliable analytical solutions. Images obtained using these analytical solutions do not show evident distortions when compared with images obtained with numerical solutions.     

气动/几何约束条件下翼型优化设计的最优控制理论方法

基于最优控制理论原理和Navier-Stokes方程,研究了气动/几何约束条件下多设计变量的翼型气动优化设计问题.根据给定的目标函数表达形式,在计算坐标下详细推导了相应的共轭方程及边界条件,以及梯度方程的具体数学形式.通过合理数学变换,得到了物理空间上适应于CFD数值求解的共轭方程直观表达形式,并发展了有效数值求解目的.通过将流动方程、共轭方程、目标函数敏感性导数和优化算法相结合,发展了一种新的气动优化设计目的.相关设计算例表明该目的在设计理论、适用性以及时间费用等方面具有显著特色和优点,且设计结果更为可靠.