聚合物支载的有机催化剂Ⅱ.手性有机催化剂

对二十余年来聚合物支载的有机催化剂的合成、性能及其在催化反应中的应用,包括负载催化剂的回收和重复使用等进行了综述。用于支载体的聚合物包括交联聚合物、线型聚合物及树形聚合物;支载的有机催化剂包括手性及非手性催化剂两类。本文作为第二部分将介绍聚合物支载的手性有机催化剂,重点介绍近年来颇受重视的氨基酸及多肽类有机催化剂的研究及其应用进展。     

聚合物支载的有机催化剂Ⅰ.非手性有机催化剂

对二十余年来聚合物支载的有机催化剂的合成、性能及其在催化反应中的应用,包括负载催化剂的回收和重复使用等进行了综述.用于支载体的聚合物包括交联聚合物、线型聚合物及树形聚合物;支载的有机催化剂包括手性及非手性催化剂两类.本文作为第一部分将介绍聚合物支载的非手性有机催化剂,包括相转移催化剂、氧化催化剂、酸以及碱催化剂.     

Synthesis of Anchored Rh-Co Cluster Catalysts and Their Hydroformylation Properties

A series of polymer-anchored Rh-Co heteronuclear carbonyl cluster catalysts was synthesized by the reaction of Co₂Rh₂(CO)₁₂ with various kinds of polymer supports, such as poly(2-vinylpyridine), poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), and aminated products of the latter. The structure of the catalysts was characterized by IR, SEM, XPS, and ICP. The influence of the support structure and crosslinking, the metal content, and the type of substrate on the catalyst's hydroformylation properties was studied. The stability of the catalysts was examined by IR. The experimental results indicate that the supported cluster catalysts possess high catalytic activity, better selectivity, good stability, and reproducibility.     

Novel type of heterogenized CuCl2 catalytic systems for oxidative carbonylation of methanol

A novel type of heterogenized CuCl₂ catalysts was designed for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) taking account of the plausible reaction mechanism and intermediates. To prevent severe corrosion of the reaction equipment materials due to Cl^? while keeping the catalytic activity of the homogeneous CuCl₂ catalyst, we adopted, as supports (or ligands) of CuCl₂, four polymers, bearing a 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) or pyridine (py) unit, namely, poly(2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl) (Pbpy), poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) (Ppy), poly(N,N′-bisphenylene-2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic amide) (Bpya), and poly(4-methyl-4′-vinyl-2,2′-bipyridine) (Pvbpy), together with one chelate compound, 8-quinolinol. The catalytic activity, stability of heterogenized CuCl₂ and their corrosivities to stainless steels were examined in the liquid-phase reaction of the oxidative carbonylation of methanol. These polymer-supported catalysts showed considerable catalytic activity and stability for the DMC synthesis. In particular, the Pbpy-CuCl₂ and Ppy-CuCl₂ catalysts exhibited high DMC yields and selectivity comparable to those of the homogeneous CuCl₂ catalyst. This high activity appears to be associated with the presence of the π-conjugated system in the polymers, which affect the redox reactions of Cu involved in the catalytic reaction. All of the polymer-supported CuCl₂ catalysts could be easily recycled after filtration, and the initial catalytic activity was maintained after three times of use. The corrosive characters of the catalysts were closely related to CuCl₂ leaching from the supports, which reflects the ability of supports to coordinate Cu. These experimental results suggest that both the electronic structure and the coordination ability of the polymer supports are key factors for the development of an effective catalytic system.     

POLYMER-SUPPORTED CLUSTER II SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERSUPPORTED HETEROPENTAMETALLIC CLUSTER FeCO3 (CO)12 (μ3-AuPph2CH2■-■)*

The polymer-supported cluster FeCo3 (CO)_(12) (μ3-AuPph_2 CH_2) (4) has been synthesized through reaction of CH_2 ph_2 PAuCl with the cluster anion FeCo_3 (CO)_(12)~-. They are characterized through IR spectra, electronic spectra and XPS, with homogenous analog FeCo_3 (CO)_(12) (μ3-AuPph_3) (3) as reference compound. The cluster (3) and the polymer-supported cluster (4) are good catalysts for hydroformylation of olefins. They have better activity and selectivity than the cluster (1) and (2).The supported cluster (4) is more stable and has catalytic activity at higher temperature than its homogeneous analog (3). From the metal core level binding energies in XPS and λ_(max) in electronic spectra, it is found that the metal-metal bonds in (4) are reinforced bypolymer supporter. The cluster (3) and (4) can be reused , and possibly do not fragment to one metal species in the course of catalytic reaction.     

载体及活性组份对聚合物负载铑络合物的催化醛化性能和稳定性的影响

本文研究了载体和活性组份(包括载体交联度、孔径、比表面及铑负载量等因素)对聚合物负载铑络合物在己烯-1氢甲酰化反应中的催化性能与稳定性的影响。     

几种新型聚合物配体的合成及其固载化铑催化剂的醛化性能研究

本文使用交联聚苯乙烯为载体合成了几种新型的聚合物配体和固载化铑催化剂,考察了它们对二异丁烯和戊烯-1氢甲酰化反应的催化性能,探讨了催化剂的铑脱落现象。     

SYNTHESIS AND CATALYTIC PROPERTY OF POLYMER-SUPPORTED Fe-Co HETEROTETRAMETALLIC CLUSTERS

Four polymer-supported Fe-Co tetrametallic clusters have been prepared by ion exchange and ligand exchange. Their structures were characterized by IR, UV/visible diffuse reflectance spectra and elemental analysis, and by analogy with the reference cluster PhCH_2NMe_3FeCo_3 (CO)_2 . The four heterogenous clusters were efficient catalysts in the hydroformylation of 1-hexene, turnover numbers amounted to 823 —924 with the yield of 83.2—92.4% heptyl aldehydes and ratios of normal aldehyde to iso-aldehyde of 1.2—1.6, they are facilitated forming the normal aldehyde in comparison with the homogeneous analogue. For the polymer-supported clusters prepared by ion exchange, the polymer-cation parts had no obvious effect on the activity of the cluster anion. The polymer-phosphine substituted cluster prepared by ligand exchange was more stable than the clusters preparedby ion exchange.     

聚合物负载贵金属催化剂的合成及其在氢化反应中的应用进展

聚合物负载贵金属催化剂大多具有良好的光学催化活性,并且反应后容易从反应物中分离,重复实用性高,成为近年来人们研究的热点。常见的聚合物载体主要为有机聚合物及多种无机-有机杂化材料。本文主要按聚合物载体种类的不同,综述了聚合物负载Pt、Pd、Rh等贵金属催化剂的制备方法及其在烯烃、二烯烃、炔烃和硝基芳香化合物等物质的催化氢化中的应用情况。同时,对以树形分子为载体的催化剂、负载多元金属催化剂以及负载金型催化剂的研究及应用情况也进行了总结和评述。     

THE EFFECT OF MODIFICATION OF COORDINATING GROUPS ON THE CATALYTIC BEHAVIORS OF POLYMER CATALYSTS

Several polymer-supported palladium complex catalysts containing two different coordinatinggroups were prepared and the cooperative effect of the coordinating groups on the catalytic behaviorsof polymer catalysts was studied. It was found that poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylonitrile)-Pd complex(PAA-AN-Pd) is a more active and stable catalyst for hydrogenation than both poly(acrylic acid)-Pd and poly(acrylonitrile)-Pd complexes. A marked change of catalytic behaviors of poly(N-substituted maleamic acid-co-styrene)-Pd complexes was observed in comparison with poly(maleicacid-co-styrene)-Pd complex. Acetophenone was reduced to 1-phenyl ethanol by poly(N-phenylmaleamic acid-Co-styrene)-Pd complex (N-1-Pd), but ethylbenzene was obtained using poly(maleicacid-co-styrene)-Pd complex as a catalyst. The influence of solvents, additives and N/Pd gramatomic ratio on the catalytic behaviors of the polymer complexes was investigated.     

Poly(ethylene glycol)-supported nitroxyls: branched catalysts for the selective oxidation of alcohols

Nitroxyl radicals such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) are highly selective oxidation catalysts for the conversion of primary alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes. In this study, direct tethering of TEMPO units onto linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has afforded macromolecular catalysts that exhibit solubility in both aqueous and organic solvents. Recovery of the dissolved polymer-supported catalyst has been carried out by precipitation with a suitable solvent such as diethyl ether. The high catalyst activities and selectivities associated traditionally with nitroxyl-mediated oxidations of alcohols are retained by the series of "linker-less" linear PEG-TEMPO catalysts in which the TEMPO moiety is coupled directly to the PEG support. Although the selectivity remains unaltered, upon recycling of the linker-less polymer-supported catalysts, extended reaction times are required to maintain high yields of the desired carbonyl compounds. Alternatively, attachment of two nitroxyl radicals onto each functionalized PEG chain terminus via a 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid linker affords branched polymer-supported catalysts. In stark contrast to the linker-less catalysts, these branched nitroxyls exhibit catalytic activities up to five times greater than 4-methoxy-TEMPO alone under similar conditions. In addition, minimal decrease in catalytic activity is observed upon recycling of these branched macromolecular catalysts via solvent-induced precipitation. The high catalytic activities and preservation of activity upon recycling of these branched systems is attributed to enhanced regeneration of the nitroxyl species as a result of intramolecular syn-proportionation.     

羰基铑簇合物衍生的多相烯烃氢甲酰化催化剂的性能及红外表征

在常压下,Rh_4(CO)_(12)或Rh_6(CO)_(16)簇合物衍生的Rh/SiO_2对乙烯,丙烯氯甲酰化反应表现出良好的催化活性和选择性,并有利于直线醛的形成.乙烯氢甲酰化体系的表面催化比活性与Rh分散性的关系表明.乙烯氢甲酰化反应具有结构敏感性,而乙烯加氢反应具有结构非敏感性,高分散的金属表面有利于主反应的选择性.通过红外光谱跟踪,发现表面Rh在反应气氛中显示零价.根据接触时间对催化反应的影响,推测多相烯烃氢甲酰化及加氢反应都在Ph~0活性中心上进行.另外,担载羰基铑簇合物的热分解红外研究结果指出,表面羰基化合物金属中心上的配位不饱和性对氢甲酰化催化活性似乎起着重要影响,簇合物只有完全脱羰才能提供高活性的催化中心.在反应气氛和CO气氛中,担载Rh_6(CO)_(16)表现出一致的热稳定性,说明反应气中的CO对稳定羰基物起着主导作用.     

可溶性高分子负载催化剂*

均相催化剂的负载化是解决催化剂分离与回收的一条有效途径,也是绿色化学研究的重要内容。可溶性高分子,尤其是树状大分子作为另一类催化剂载体近年来受到了越来越多的关注。通过选择合适的反应介质,可溶性高分子负载催化剂可以在均相条件下催化有机反应,反应结束后通过外加不良溶剂的固/液相分离、温度等调控的液/液相分离以及膜过滤等方法进行催化剂的分离与回收。本文概述了在可溶性高分子负载催化剂研究中取得的新进展,重点介绍了负载手性催化剂在不对称催化反应中的应用。     

Synthesis of polymer-supported phosphonium salts and their use as phase transfer catalysts

Spacer-modified polymer supports have been synthesized through the polymeric Grignard reagent method. Phosphonium-active sites were then introduced into these supports and the polymer-supported phosphonium salts were used as phase transfer catalysts for the nucleophilic substitution reactions. Influences of organic solvent, properties of the spacer and temperature on the catalytic activity have been investigated. Based on the experimental results, it was assumed that there might exist a dissolubility equilibrium of the catalytic site between the organic phase and the aqueous phase. With this idea, the results have been reasonably elucidated.     

Novel type of heterogenized CuCl2 catalytic systems for oxidative carbonylation of methanol

A novel type of heterogenized CuCl₂ catalysts was designed for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) taking account of the plausible reaction mechanism and intermediates. To prevent severe corrosion of the reaction equipment materials due to Cl^– while keeping the catalytic activity of the homogeneous CuCl₂ catalyst, we adopted, as supports (or ligands) of CuCl₂, four polymers, bearing a 2,2-bipyridine (bpy) or pyridine (py) unit, namely, poly(2,2-bipyridine-5,5-diyl) (Pbpy), poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) (Ppy), poly(N,N-bisphenylene-2,2-bipyridine-4,4-dicarboxylic amide) (Bpya), and poly(4-methyl-4-vinyl-2,2-bipyridine) (Pvbpy), together with one chelate compound, 8-quinolinol. The catalytic activity, stability of heterogenized CuCl₂ and their corrosivities to stainless steels were examined in the liquid-phase reaction of the oxidative carbonylation of methanol. These polymer-supported catalysts showed considerable catalytic activity and stability for the DMC synthesis. In particular, the Pbpy-CuCl₂ and Ppy-CuCl₂ catalysts exhibited high DMC yields and selectivity comparable to those of the homogeneous CuCl₂ catalyst. This high activity appears to be associated with the presence of the -conjugated system in the polymers, which affect the redox reactions of Cu involved in the catalytic reaction. All of the polymer-supported CuCl₂ catalysts could be easily recycled after filtration, and the initial catalytic activity was maintained after three times of use. The corrosive characters of the catalysts were closely related to CuCl₂ leaching from the supports, which reflects the ability of supports to coordinate Cu. These experimental results suggest that both the electronic structure and the coordination ability of the polymer supports are key factors for the development of an effective catalytic system.     

Metal complex catalysts immobilized in polymer gels

A number of polymer gels have been prepared using tertiary ethylene‐propylene‐ethylidenenorbomene copolymer as a rubber base with grafted poly‐4‐vinylpyridine, polymethacrylic acid and polymethacrylamide ligand chains. The grafted copolymers were crosslinked and complexes of nickel, zirconium and titanium were immobilized in the formed crosslinked copolymers. After treatment with organoaluminium compounds the obtained catalysts demonstrate high catalytic activity in the reactions of dimerization of lower olefins. Structures of the complexes and the catalytic activity of the gel immobilized catalysts have been investigated.     

Modification of poly(vinyl chloride) with pendant metal complex for catalytic applications

Poly(vinyl chloride) was modified to develop an alternative support for the preparation of polymer-supported catalysts. Commercially available poly(vinyl chloride) was synthetically modified to a polymer containing pendant primary amino groups. The Schiff-base of salicylaldehyde and the amino polymer were prepared and were used as the ligands in the synthesis of a polymer-supported copper complex. The polymer-supported ligand and catalysts were characterized by various physical methods. The polymer with the pendant copper complex was able to catalyze the one-pot three-component Mannich reaction between aldehydes, ketones and anilines under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. The catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and is reusable.     

负载型非晶态Co-B催化剂在1-辛烯氢甲酰化中的应用

以醇凝胶-氮气热处理方法制备的ZrO2、碳纳米管(CNTs)及介孔分子筛SBA-15作为载体,采用化学还原法制备了负载型非晶态Co-B催化剂,利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附等温线、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对催化剂进行了表征.以1-辛烯的氢甲酰化为目标反应,考察了负载型非晶态Co-B催化剂在氢甲酰化反应中的性能及循环使用效果.表征结果显示,以NaBH4为还原剂制备的负载型Co-B催化剂上的Co-B为非晶态,负载Co-B组分对载体的晶相结构没有影响.反应结果表明,在1-辛烯的氢甲酰化反应中,负载型非晶态Co-B催化剂都显示较高的初始活性.随着循环次数的增加,三种催化剂的活性下降,但下降幅度有所不同,Co-B/CNTs和Co-B/SBA-15的循环使用稳定性高于Co-B/ZrO2.     

有机高分子固载钯催化剂的羰基化和加氢催化性能

本文利用耐温性能较好的主链上含有多个配位原子(N,O)能成膜的直链高分子杂环联苯聚醚酮(PEK),带酚酞侧基的聚醚砜(PES-C)和两种聚酰亚胺(PCK和PIK)为载体固载PdCl~2,制备了高分子固载钯催化剂。研究了它们在烯丙基溴的常压羰基化反应和1-辛烯的常压加氢反应中的催化性能。考察了催化剂的制备方法、Pd含量、溶剂和高分子的主链结构对催化剂活性的影响。催化剂Pd-PEK(Ⅰ) (Pd wt%=0.22%)和Pd-PES-C(Ⅱ)(Pd wt%=0.28%)在温和的条件下对上述两反应都表现出了很高的催化活性。在极低的Pd含量(Pd wt%=0.04%)时,催化剂Pd-PES-C(Ⅲ)显示出了特别高的初活性,TOF~m~a~x分别达345mol CO/mol Pd·min和493mol H~2/mol Pd·min。实验结果表明制备方法等因素对催化剂的活性有很大的影响。     

Hydroformylation activity of multinuclear rhodium complexes coordinated to dendritic iminopyridyl and iminophosphine scaffolds

The synthesis of poly(propyleneimine)-iminopyridyl and iminophosphine rhodium(I) metallodendrimers, with rhodium coordinated to monodentate (N-donor) and chelating, heterobidentate (P,N) moieties respectively located on the periphery, has been accomplished in order to evaluate their potential as hydroformylation catalysts. Related mononuclear complexes were obtained in a similar manner to model the multinuclear complexes. The multinuclear rhodium(I) complexes were found to be effective catalyst precursors in the hydroformylation of 1-octene, achieving higher conversions, faster reaction rates and slightly enhanced catalytic activity when compared with analogous mononuclear rhodium complexes. Hydroformylation reactions using the tetra- and octanuclear rhodium complexes generally show a chemoselective formation of aldehydes, together with a small amount of isomerisation products.