金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

稀土(Ⅲ)与CPAⅢ生成的α型螯合物的可萃取性也是一种很有实用意义的特征。在pH 1.1~1.5的酸度条件下反应生成的α型螯合物可用正丁醇萃取。螯合物在有机相中吸光度可稳定至少24 h。与在水溶液的显色反应比较,螯合物在有机相中呈出3项特点:①稳定性好;②在水溶液中各单一稀土(Ⅲ)离子的螯合物的吸收峰波长略有差异,而在正丁醇中吸收峰的波长无差异,均为668 nm;③在正丁醇介质中,各单一稀土(Ⅲ)螯合物的摩尔吸光系数的值比在水溶液中的值高3倍左右;其值从镧至镝随原子序数增大而增加,而从镝至镥却随原子序数增大而减小(表6-21)。由于CPAⅢ…     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

以0.01 mol·L-1PMBP萃取溶液可在pH5.5左右的溶液中将稀土(Ⅲ)萃取入有机相,从而与较大量的其他金属离子,如镁、铝、铬等分离。然后用稀盐酸将有机相中的RE(Ⅲ)反萃取入水相并在水相作稀土的光度测定。第三种方式是用较小体积的有机溶液从较大体积的水相中将RE(Ⅲ)的有色络合物萃取入有机相,这样由于有色络合物存在的溶液体积的缩小使其得到富集,其吸光度也相应地增大,而且这种吸光度的增大不仅由于体积的缩小,也由于有色络合物在有机溶剂中的离解度减弱,因为有机溶剂的介电常数通常比水小。例如RE(Ⅲ)与CPAⅢ所生成的有色螯合物在正…     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行 第六讲 金属材料中稀土元素的测定（续）

稀土元素的4f电子层受配位场的影响,较易形成离子型螯合剂,这种与偶氮胂Ⅲ所形成的呈色螯合物的吸收光谱趋向红移。偶氮胂Ⅲ[Ar(Ⅲ)]试剂在游离状态时,它的分子结构是对称的。但由于胂酸基团的空间位阻效应,分子的左右两部分不在一个面上,它与稀土离子的螯合反应只有一个分析特征功能结构参与,即螯合反应只在分子的一侧发生,因而使分子的对称性破坏,这一现象的产生也使其色泽有所加深,而且在试剂与稀土离子的螯合物形成后产生了在可见光区内出现两个吸收峰,一个峰位于610 nm左右,是不与稀土离子反应的功能结构所引起的;另一个峰位于665 nm…     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

关于β-型螯合物的组成比和结构,虽曾报道为摩尔组成比为 1 : 1 的二聚体,并提出了"Z"字形的分子结构模式,但这些研究都是针对对称型结构的显色偶氮氯膦Ⅲ(CPA-Ⅲ)而言的.对不对称结构的变色酸双偶氮类试剂与钇(Ⅲ)的β型螯合物的组成比及分子结构尚未有明确的研究结果.     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲 金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

2.7.1.2偶氮氯膦Ⅲ1.试剂的性质偶氮氯膦Ⅲ(以下简写作CPAⅢ)的合成及其应用最早见诸于1961年的文献。其化学名为3,6-双(4-氯-2-膦羧基苯偶氮)变色酸,或称2,7-双(-4′-氯-2′-膦羧基苯偶氮)-1,8-二羟基萘-3,6-二磺酸,分子结构式为:相对分子质量(M.Wr)693.25,该试剂首先应用于铀的测定,其纯品为棕褐色粉末,微溶于乙醇,与偶氮胂Ⅲ相比较,在分子结构上,在两个2′-位上的-AsO(OH)2基团由-PO(OH)2基团取代,且在偶氮基团的对位引入吸电子基氯原子为其主要区别。应用于测定稀土时,在较氮胂Ⅲ有更高的灵敏度,更好的选择性,可在较高的酸性介质…     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

表6-21稀土(Ⅲ)与CPAⅢ的α型螯合物的光吸收特性在强酸性溶液中因质子化而可能出现以下两种形式上:式中R为-AsO目前,在成熟的分析方法中常用的试剂有偶氮氯膦-pN,偶氮氯膦-mN,偶氮氯膦-mA等几种。具有不对称结构的变色酸双偶氮类显色剂的优良分析性能与其分子结构有关。此类试剂在分子结构上的不对称性,使分子两端电子云分布不均匀且易于极化;在试剂分子中引入了电负性较大的助色基团,导致产生强烈的诱导效应,例如在偶氮氯膦型试剂的分子中,-PO3H2为较强的成盐基团,在-PO3H2基团的间位上,也就是在偶氮基的对位上引入了电负性较强的氯…     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行——第六讲 金属材料中稀土元素的测定（续）

2.3.2 EDTA与稀土离子的螯合物的稳定性根据软硬酸碱的概念,稀土离子属硬酸,EDTA分子中的羧基属硬碱,其所含的氨基属中间碱,因此它们之间可形成稳定或较稳定的螯合物,在螯合反应中,三价稀土离子与EDTA分子中的氧原子和氮原子相键合,生成多个五员环结构。螯合物的组成比都是1∶1。由于在日常分析中都用EDTA的二钠盐(Na2H2Y·2H2O)配制滴定剂溶液,溶解度较酸式的EDTA大,在22℃时,每100 mL水中可溶解11.1 g固体,此溶液的浓度约为0.3 mol·L-1,酸度约为pH4.7。因此,在写反应式时也可用H2Y2-代表EDTA,它与稀土离子的反应式可写作:R…     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行——第六讲 金属材料中稀土元素的测定（续）

2.5钪及其螯合滴定2.5.1钪的性质21号元素钪位于周期系ⅢB族,常作为稀土元素之一,其3d14s2的结构使它的某些性质与镧系元素相似,特别是其电子构型与镧(5d16s2)相似。但钪的离子半径(81 pm)和共价半径(144 pm)比镧系元素小得多。在水溶液中,钪(Ⅲ)具有很大极化力,容易形成络合物。钪(Ⅲ)的有些性质较类似于重稀土离子,如能生成硫酸复盐沉淀,草酸盐沉淀和氟化物沉淀等,而另一些性质又与钍、锆等离子相似,如能生成硫代硫酸盐沉淀等,总的说来,钪不是一个非常典型的稀土元素。钪含量较高的矿物只有钪钇石[(ScY)2Si2O7,含Sc2O3(w%)约35%~42%]和…     

过渡金属乙酰丙酮螯合物的体积排除色谱研究

用定量体积排除色谱方法研究了过渡金属Fe(Ⅲ)、Co(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)的乙酰丙酮螯合物在四氢呋喃溶液中的加合和缔合行为。在溶液中乙酰丙酮钴(Ⅲ)以单个螯合物分子的形式存在,乙酰丙酮铜(Ⅱ)和乙酰丙酮铁(Ⅲ)与溶剂加合生成加合物,乙酰丙酮铁(Ⅲ)除加合物外还存在缔合度为2-10的多分散缔合物,乙酰丙酮镍(Ⅱ)水合物在四氢呋喃中产生了加合交换作用,同时存在缔合度为6左右的缔合物。色谱数据给出了螯合物、加合物及缔合物     

过渡金属乙酰丙酮螯合物的体积排除色谱研究

用体积排除色谱方法研究了过渡金属Fe(Ⅲ)、Co(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)的乙酰丙酮螯合物在四氢呋喃溶液中的加合和缔合行为。在溶液中乙酰丙酮钴(Ⅲ)以单个螯合物分子的形式存在,乙酰丙酮铜(Ⅱ)和乙酰丙酮铁(Ⅲ)与溶剂加合生成加合物,乙酰丙酮铁(Ⅲ)除加合物外还存在缔合度为2-10的多分散缔合物,乙酰丙酮镍(Ⅱ)水合物在四氢呋喃中产生了加合交换作用,同时存在缔合度为6左右的缔合物。色谱数据给出了螯合物、加合物及缔合物的相对含量。螯合物与相同分子量的聚苯乙烯相比,其保留体积的滞后以Ni相似文献   

Generation and detection of levuglandins and isolevuglandins in vitro and in vivo

Levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins (isoLGs), formed by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through the cyclooxygenase and free radical induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are extraordinarily reactive, forming covalent adducts incorporating protein lysyl ε-amino groups. Because they accumulate, these adducts provide a dosimeter of oxidative injury. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the generation of LG/isoLG in vitro and in vivo and the detection methods for the adducts of LG/isoLG and biological molecules in vivo.     

Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in dimethylsulfoxide

Journal of Solution Chemistry - Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in demethylsulfoxide were measured calorimetrically in the temperature range 25–40°C. ΔH s...     

Coassembly of Nanorods and Nanospheres in Suspensions and in Stratified Films

The entropically driven coassembly of nanorods (cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) and nanospheres (dye‐labeled spherical latex nanoparticles, NPs) was studied in aqueous suspensions and in solid films. In mixed CNC‐latex suspensions, phase separation into an isotropic latex‐NP‐rich and a chiral nematic CNC‐rich phase took place; the latter contained a significant amount of latex NPs. Drying the mixed suspension resulted in CNC‐latex films with planar disordered layers of latex NPs, which alternated with chiral nematic CNC‐rich regions. In addition, fluorescent latex NPs were embedded in the chiral nematic domains. The stratified morphology of the films, together with a random distribution of latex NPs in the anisotropic phase, led to the films having close‐to‐uniform fluorescence, birefringence, and circular dichroism properties.     

Determination of diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma in the presence of oxazepam and temazepam

For studies on the excretion of drugs into milk a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed to quantitate diazepam and nordazepam in the milk and plasma of humans and rabbits in the presence of their major metabolites, oxazepam and temazepam. Flurazepam was used as an internal standard. The assay involves extractions with diethyl ether and an additional acid clean-up step. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a LiChrospher 60 RP-select B (5 microns) column and KH2PO4- acetonitrile (69:31, v/v) adjusted to pH 2.80 as a mobile phase. The same extraction and chromatographic conditions were suited to both types of samples, milk and plasma. The limits of determination using ultraviolet detection at 241 nm was for diazepam 20 ng/ml and for nordazepam 15 ng/ml. The absolute recoveries of diazepam, nordazepam and flurazepam in human milk were 84, 86 and 92% and in human plasma 97, 89 and 94%, respectively. The within- and between-day accuracy and precision for diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma at all concentrations tested (20-1500 ng/ml) were better than 8%. The high fat content which occurs in rabbit milk presented no limitation for the extraction of lipophilic diazepam: the method was successfully used to monitor milk and plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordazepam in lactating New Zealand White rabbits during 26-h infusions of diazepam (1.4 mg/h).     

Structure of dimethoxyamine in the crystalline and gaseous phases and in solution

Conclusions It has been established by the methods of x-ray diffraction analysis and electron diffraction analysis and measurements of the dipole moments and the birefringence that in the crystalline and gaseous phases, as well as in solution, N,N-dimethoxyamine has a gauche-gauche conformation, which is stipulated by a stabilizing nO-N-O* orbital interaction. The geometric parameters of the molecule have been determined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2235–2242, October, 1986.     

Comparison and correlation of in vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluations of alpha, beta and gamma cyclodextrin complexes of curcumin

In the present study investigated the effect of curcumin (CUR) alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) cyclodextrin (CD) complexes on its solubility and bioavailability. CUR the active principle of turmeric is a natural antioxidant agent with potent anti-inflammatory activity along with chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive properties. Poor solubility and poor oral bioavailability are the main reasons which preclude CUR use in therapy. Extent of complexation was β-CD complex (82 %) > γ-CD (71 %) > α-CD (65 %). Pulverization method resulted in significant enhancement of CUR (0.002 mg/ml) solubility with CUR α-CD complex (0.364 mg/ml) > CUR β-CD complex (0.186 mg/ml) > CUR γ-CD complex (0.068 mg/ml). Gibbs-free energy and in silico molecular docking studies favour formation of α-CD complex > β-CD complex > γ-CD complex. With reference to CUR, relative bioavailability of CUR α-CD, CUR β-CD and CUR γ-CD complexes were 460, 365 and 99 % respectively. CUR–CD complexes exhibited increased bioavailability with an increase in t_½, tmax, Cmax, AUC, Ka, and MRT; and a decrease in Ke, clearance and Vd values. AUC increase was CUR α-CD complex > CUR β-CD complex > CUR γ-CD complex. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between CUR α-CD complex and CUR γ-CD complex by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple comparison analysis. Correlation observed between in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods indicates potential of in silico and in vitro methods in CD selection.     

Homo- and hetero-complexes of exchangeable apolipoproteins in solution and in lipid-bound form

The self-association state of human plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) in solution and in complexes with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) varying in stoichiometry was studied in sub-micromolar concentration range by gel filtration, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence quenching and energy transfer measurements with apolipoprotein labeled with lysine-specific fluorescent dyes. Together, these results confirm the equilibrium scheme for various apoE structures in solution: oligomer (in aged preparations) <==> 'closed' tetramer <==> 'open' tetramer ('molten globule' state) <==> native or partially denatured monomer <==> fully denatured monomer. Within DMPC:apoE discoidal complex (125:1) the apolipoprotein association state seems to be intermediate between that in solution and in larger vesicular complex (1000:1); for both complexes, the degree of exposure of fluorescein chromophores into water phase decreased. Hetero-associates of apoA-I and apoC-III-1 in solution and in the complexes with DMPC appear to behave similarly to apoE. When extrapolated to native HDL particles, 'molten globule' state seems to be a structure responsible for the interaction of exchangeable apolipoproteins with phospholipid. For a first time, the location of various apolipoprotein molecules on disc periphery was confirmed. The lysine residue(s) seems to locate closely to reacting residue(s) within apolipoprotein molecules in associates, however, with different package constraints for discoidal versus vesicular complexes with phospholipid.     

Fluorimetric quantification of clodronate and alendronate in aqueous samples and in serum

The bisphosphonates clodronate and alendronate are drugs in the therapy of osteoporosis or Paget's disease. They are highly hydrophilic and therefore of low oral bioavailability. Determination methods for bisphosphonates are often laborious and expensive equipment is needed. The presented quantification method based on kinetic measurement of the fluorescence decrease of an Al³⁺-morin complex can be used to determine the bisphosphonate content in aqueous and plasma samples. The intra- and inter-assay accuracies were found to be within 98.8% and 102.3% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.2% and 105.0% of the target samples for alendronate. The LOQ was defined as 15.6 ng/ml for clodronate and 62.5 ng/ml for alendronate. In serum samples, intra- and inter-assay accuracy was found to be within 99.0% and 101.6% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.8% and 102.6% of the target samples for alendronate. In serum samples, the LOQ was defined as 1.55 mg/ml for clodronate and 0.39 mg/ml for alendronate. Though less sensitive in serum, the presented method could support research on the development of drug delivery systems in vitro and in vivo for the investigated and other structurally related bisphosphonates.