氧氯化催化剂的组成和分散状态

对氧氯化催化剂C_uCl_2/γ-Al_2O_3的XRD相定量和差热分析表明, 倦化剂的活性组分C_uCl_2以单层分散于载体表面, 最大分散量(阈值)约为O.13gC_uCl_2/gγ-Al_2O_3(γ-Al_2O_3比表面约为170 m~2g~)。TG, XRD和HCI的化学吸附实验表明, 催化剂中活性组分的存在状态和化学组成(CI/Cu比)可随催化剂的处理条件和所处气氛而变化; 在HCl气氛下CI/Cu<2的催化剂可恢复Cl/Cu比为2或大于2; 倦化剂吸附HCl的位置在未被CuCl_2覆盖的γ-Al_2O_3表面上。     

CuCr／γ—Al2O3催化剂结构及其对糠醛加氢制糠醇的影响

Cu-CrCa系列复合氧化物催化剂用于糠醛液相加氢制糠醇已有较多报道。已知的气相加氢催化剂有低铬铜系复合氧化物,Cu/SiO_2、Cu/Al_2O_3等。我们发现CuCr/γ-Al_2O_3用于常压糠醛气相加氢制糠醇时负荷量大,活性组分用量少,加氢转化率高,选择性好。本文讨论催化剂结构对加氢反应的影响。     

负载型CuO—ZnO／γ—Al2O3催化剂抗硫中毒性能的研究

采用XPS、TPR法证明浸渍法制备的CuO-ZnO/Al_2O_3催化剂中的CuO、ZnO和γ-Al_2O_3之间存在强相互作用,Cu量≤7.0wt%,Zn量≤11Wt%时,CuO和ZnO以单分子层分散在γ-Al_2O_3上.催化剂表面Cu和Zn实际含量的比值远小于配制时的比值(Cu/Zn=2),表明ZnO比CuO优先分布在表面.因ZnO比CuO更易和S作用生成ZnS,ZnO在表面的大量存在减少了Cu被S中毒的机率;另外CuO单层分散在Al_2O_3上,还原后生成的Cu~0,由于γ-Al_2O_3的拉电子作用使其处于缺电子状态(CU~(?+)),加上催化剂表面可能有部分CuO和Al_2O_3形成尖晶石,使一部分Cu以Cu~(n+)存在,Cu~((?)+)或Cu~(n+)对S的吸附弱.以上两个原因使负载型铜催化剂具有良好的抗硫中毒性能.     

MoO3在不同来源的γ-Al2O3表面单层分散的研究

MoO_3与不同制备方法和来源的γ-Al_2O_3(包括η-Al_2O_3)干混、焙烧制备的样品,或者用浸渍、焙烧制备的样品,通过X光衍射测得的MoO_3最大分散量都与按密置单层模型计算得到的结果(每100米~2γ-Al_2O_3表面0.117克MoO_3,即4.9×10~(18)Mo原子/米~2)相近。这样可以通过X光衍射测定MoO_3在每克γ-Al_2O_3上的最大分散量而得到γ-Al_2O_3的比表面。比表面和孔容的研究结果也支持MoO_3在γ-Al_2O_3表面呈密置单层分散的模型。     

CuMnCeLa-O/γ-Al2O3催化剂助燃脱硝性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Cu Mn-O/γ-Al_2O_3、Cu Mn Ce-O/γ-Al_2O_3和Cu Mn Ce La-O/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂.用XRD、BET、SEM、XPS和H_2-TPR技术对其物相和表面性质进行了表征.在连续固定床微反装置上评价了催化剂的CO+O_2和CO+NO反应性能.结果表明,催化剂样品中观测不到Cu O、Mn O_x、Ce O_2和La_2O_3的XRD晶相峰,活性组分在γ-Al_2O_3载体表面呈高度分散状态.Ce、La的引入对催化剂的比表面积、孔容和孔径分布影响不大.SEM谱图中未观测到活性组分的形貌,金属氧化物在载体表面均匀分布.Ce~(3+)!Ce~(4+)之间的可变价转换,引起Cu Mn Ce-O/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂表相Cu O中具有非完整结构的[Cu~(2+)_(1-x)Cu_x~+][O_(1-2)1_x□1_(2x)]增多,Cu~+/Cu~(2+)比例增大,表相氧空位增多,H_2-TPR还原峰温度向低温区偏移.Ce~(4+)、La~(3+)之间不平衡电荷以及共生过程中Cu-Mn-Ce-La-O之间的强相互作用,加大了Cu O和Mn O_x结构的不完整性,导致Cu Mn Ce La-O/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂样品表相产生更多的Cu~+、Mn~(2+)、Mn~(3+)和氧空位,相应的H_2-TPR还原峰温度进一步向低温区偏移.催化氧化CO和CO催化还原NO实验结果表明,在反应空速20 000 h~(-1),350℃反应温度下,Cu Mn Ce La-O/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂CO催化还原NO反应的CO转化率达到88.2%,NO转化率达到了96.1%,表现出了较好的氧化还原活性.     

铜钼组分对γ-Al_2O_3负载镍催化剂脂肪酸甲酯加氢脱氧性能的影响（英文）

制备一系列包含或不包含铜、钼组分的Ni/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,并对其进行表征和性能测试。考察了铜、钼负载量,浸渍顺序(包括连续浸渍和共浸渍),反应条件对脂肪酸甲酯加氢脱氧反应性能的影响。根据TG数据,使用过的20Ni-6Cu/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂其热失重小于20Ni/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,这表明,铜的引入能够有效抑制反应过程中催化剂表面的积炭行为。对于20Ni-6Cu/γ-Al_2O_3和20Ni-6Cu-n Mo/γ-Al_2O_3(n=2、5、8和12)催化剂,NH_3-TPD分析结果显示,钼物相的引入对载体γ-Al_2O_3的酸性位有着显著影响,当钼负载量达到5%时,可以观察到一个新的酸位对应于中强酸位。铜和钼修饰过的催化剂其催化性能要高于Ni/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂。从XPS的分析可以看出,催化剂中的铜主要以正二价形式存在,钼主要以正四价和正六价形式存在,而且不同的浸渍顺序会影响催化剂表面活性组分的实际含量。此外,脂肪酸甲酯的转化率和烷烃产品的收率也和所制备出来的催化剂的浸渍顺序有关。在所有的催化剂中,使用连续浸渍(先浸渍镍铜组分、浸渍钼组分)所制备的三金属20Ni-6Cu-5Mo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂展现了优异的催化性能。在适宜的反应条件下(350℃,2.5 MPa,WSHV=2.0 h~(-1),H_2/oil ratio=1250 mL/mL),脂肪酸甲酯的转化率和烷烃产品的收率分别达到98.4%和94.2%。     

表面酸性对Ni/SiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂催化1,4-丁炔二醇高压加氢性能的影响

通过浸渍法分别在Al(OH)_3和Al_2O_3中引入SiO_2,经焙烧后制备具有不同表面酸性质的SiO_2-Al_2O_3载体,以上述SiO_2-Al_2O_3及Al_2O_3为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备Ni负载量为15%的Ni/SiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂(分别为Ni/SA-1和Ni/SA-2)与Ni/Al_2O_3.采用N2物理吸附、Py-FTIR、NH3-TPD、XRD、H2-TPR和H2-TPD手段对催化剂进行表征,考察了表面酸性质对催化剂催化1,4-丁炔二醇高压加氢性能的影响.结果表明,SiO_2引入方式会影响Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂表面酸性质及活性组分Ni在载体表面的分散行为.在Al(OH)3中引入SiO_2时,Ni/SA-1催化剂不仅活性组分具有高分散度,而且表面具有丰富的L酸位点,L酸位点与Ni活性中心协同作用有效提高了催化剂的高压加氢性能.而在Al_2O_3中直接引入SiO_2时,SiO_2覆盖了Al_2O_3表面的L酸位点,催化剂活性组分分散度较低,表现出低的加氢活性.     

用于合成聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的KF/Al_2O_3催化剂研究

采用浸渍法制备了KF/Al_2O_3催化剂,研究了KF含量和焙烧温度对KF/Al_2O_3催化剂结构、活性和性能的影响,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和N2低温物理吸附对KF/Al_2O_3催化剂的结构进行表征,也用Hammett indicator测定了KF/Al_2O_3催化剂的碱度和碱量.探讨了KF含量、焙烧温度与KF/Al_2O_3催化剂结构、碱度和碱量的关系以及KF/Al_2O_3催化剂结构、碱度和碱量与其用于酯化法合成聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)催化活性的关系.研究结果表明,KF/Al_2O_3催化剂中出现了K3AlF6、KAlO2和K_2CO_3等新的物相,催化剂中的中等强度的碱性有利于PET的聚合反应、强碱性会促进PET的降解反应. KF含量为25%,在400°C焙烧的25-KF/Al_2O_3-400催化剂中含γ-Al_2O_3、K3AlF6和少量K_2CO_3,碱性和碱量适中,催化活性最好,制备的PET的特性黏数为1.07 dL/g、端羧基值为20.29 mol/t、二甘醇含量为2.85%、聚酯黄度(L)值为86.6和聚酯白度(b)值为4.6.     

水热改性对铝基载体孔结构及异丁烷脱氢性能的影响

分别以两种水热介质对γ-Al_2O_3载体进行水热改性,并将改性后的载体负载CrO_x后应用于异丁烷催化脱氢,考察了水热温度对载体物化性质以及水热改性对催化脱氢性能的影响。通过XRD、N_2吸附-脱附及H_2-TPR对载体结构进行表征。结果表明,水热改性使γ-Al_2O_3发生再水合过程,焙烧后,结晶度变好,活性组分与载体的相互作用增加,CrO_x/Al_2O_3催化剂的异丁烷脱氢性能得到改善。以盐溶液水热改性载体,140℃处理4h,CrO_x/Al_2O_3催化剂表现出较好的异丁烷脱氢性能,10h内异丁烷脱氢平均转化率为43.04%,平均选择性86.34%,失活参数13.7%。     

K_2O和SO_2对CuO/Al_2O_3催化剂脱硝的复合影响

本文以γ-Al_2O_3为载体,Cu(NO_3)_2·3H_2O和KNO_3为前驱体,利用等体积浸渍法制备不同K_2O负载量的CuO/Al_2O_3催化剂,预硫化处理后进行脱硝活性评价,考察了400℃下有和无SO_2时K_2O对铜铝催化剂脱硝活性的影响,并利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、原位红外(IS-FTIR)、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)和H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)研究了影响机制.结果表明,气氛中无SO_2时,K_2O促进催化剂中的CuSO_4向非水溶性铜转变,可能是CuSO_4被NH_3还原为Cu_3N,该反应消耗了用于选择性催化还原氮氧化物(SCR)反应的NH_3,同时导致催化剂的酸性降低,两者的共同作用导致催化剂的脱硝活性降低.气氛中有SO_2时,CuSO_4向非水溶性铜的转变得到了削弱,SO_4~(2-)对催化剂酸性的增强作用、前期证明的SO_2与NH_3的竞争吸附以及K_2O对酸性减弱作用的相对大小决定SO_2如何影响碱金属中毒催化剂的脱硝.催化剂中无K_2O时,SO_2抑制脱硝;K/Cu比为0.13时,SO_2不影响脱硝;继续提高K/Cu比,SO_2促进脱硝(即SO_2缓解催化剂的碱金属中毒).     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.